灵芝菌丝体中β-葡聚糖的提取

比较了热水回流法、热水-酶回流法、超声波法以及超声波-酶水解法等4种提取方法对灵芝菌丝体中β-葡聚糖提取得率的影响。结果表明,采用超声波-酶水解法所得β-葡聚糖的得率最大,影响提取的关键因素为超声波功率(A),水料比(B),p H(C)和加酶量(D)。进一步采用Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析法对这4个因素进行了优化。结果显示,因素A、B、C对β-葡聚糖提取得率的影响达到极显著水平(P0.01),但因素D和所有因素之间的交互作用并不显著(P0.05)。通过回归拟合,建立了预测灵芝β-葡聚糖提取的多项式模型。经响应面最优分析,获得4个因素的最佳水平为:超声波功率275.54W,水料比25.62:1(V/M,m L/g),p H 7.17,加酶量1.05%。经实际试验验证,在该条件下,灵芝菌丝体β-葡聚糖得率可达5.50mg/g。     

灵芝菌丝液体深层发酵产β-葡聚糖的培养基优化

灵芝β-葡聚糖是灵芝多糖中生物活性较高的一类多糖。通过单因素试验确定影响灵芝液体发酵β-葡聚糖的3个关键参数为:可溶性淀粉(A)40g/L,蛋白胨(B)8g/L,K2HPO4(C)1.5g/L。在此基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析法对各参数及其交互作用进行了研究。结果显示,3因素及AB、AC的交互作用对β-葡聚糖得率的影响均为极显著水平(P0.01)。建立的预测灵芝β-葡聚糖发酵的多项式模型为:Yβ-葡聚糖=8.68+0.22A-0.13B+0.096C+0.13AB+0.16AC+0.045BC-1.17A2-0.81B2-1.06C2。经响应面最优分析,获得3个关键因素的最佳水平为:可溶性淀粉40.47g/L,蛋白胨7.86g/L,K2HPO4 1.53g/L,在该条件下,灵芝菌体β-葡聚糖得率可达8.68mg/g。     

基于UPLC-MS/MS定量检测法优化灵芝三萜热回流提取工艺的研究

基于超高效液相-三重四级杆质谱联用（UPLC-MS/MS）定量检测法优化出一种灵芝三萜热回流提取的工艺。通过本实验建立的灵芝三萜UPLC-MS/MS精确方法检测不同来源的7个栽培品种灵芝子实体中19个三萜化合物的含量,筛选出三萜含量较高的sd-2灵芝子实体作为提取原料,以三萜含量和提取物得率为指标,通过单因素和响应面实验对灵芝三萜的热回流工艺进行优化,获得的最佳条件为：乙醇浓度75%、提取时间2.5h、液料比14:1、提取次数2次。对获得的最佳提取工艺进行中试实验,灵芝子实体乙醇提取物的得率为6.10%,三萜含量为11.8591mg/g。研究结果可为灵芝三萜的工业大规模提取提供理论依据,为灵芝高附加值产品的开发利用提供技术支撑。     

外源物质对灵芝多糖和β-葡聚糖发酵的影响

研究了14种外源物质（化合物）对灵芝细胞生长和发酵合成多糖和β-葡聚糖的影响。结果表明,连翘水提物（3g/L）对灵芝细胞生长具有显著促进作用;薏苡仁酯（3g/L）对灵芝胞内多糖和β-葡聚糖的合成均具有促进作用;而桔梗水提物、硝酸铈铵、硝酸镨、茉莉酸甲酯和硝普钠对灵芝细胞生长和产物合成均具有抑制作用。进一步通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面法分析,建立了添加薏苡仁酯发酵产β-葡聚糖的二次多项式模型,经分析得到产β-葡聚糖的最优条件为：薏苡仁酯添加量10.5g/L、接种量16%、添加时间第88小时、发酵初始pH 7.00。在此条件下获得β-葡聚糖的产量可达(40.67±8.43)mg/L,与未添加薏苡仁酯的对照组相比,提高了41.86%;多糖产量为(0.99±0.21)g/L,与对照组相比,提高了31.99%。结果提示所得添加薏苡仁酯的优化条件可定向诱导灵芝β-葡聚糖的合成,同时也表明在灵芝液体发酵体系中添加薏苡仁酯发酵产多糖和β-葡聚糖具有一定的实用价值。     

乙醇-酶体系预处理结合水提法提取灵芝中β-葡聚糖的研究

采用乙醇-酶预处理体系,结合水提法较系统地研究了灵芝子实体中β-葡聚糖的提取技术。结果表明,乙醇-酶体系预处理的关键参数为:乙醇质量分数60%(V/V),加酶量1.5%(M/V,g/m L)、酶解温度45℃、酶解p H8.0;在乙醇-酶体系预处理的基础上,进一步采用单因素试验和Box-Benhnken试验设计与响应面分析法对灵芝子实体中β-葡聚糖的热水提取工艺进行了优化。结果显示水提温度、提取时间、水料比3个因素及水提温度与水料比二者的交互作用对β-葡聚糖的提取有显著影响。经优化后获得3个核心因素的最佳水平为:提取温度80℃、提取时间2.5h、水料比35:1。在乙醇-酶预处理结合水提取条件下,灵芝子实体中β-葡聚糖的提取得率可达0.412mg/g,是传统无水乙醇回流预处理结合水提法提取β-葡聚糖得率的2.1倍。本研究为灵芝β-葡聚糖的进一步提取放大试验奠定了技术基础。     

响应面法优化合萌总黄酮提取工艺

目的:利用响应面法优化合萌中总黄酮的提取工艺条件。方法:通过单因素试验分别考察提取时间、乙醇体积分数、液固比、提取温度及提取次数对合萌总黄酮得率的影响,并选取提取时间、乙醇体积分数、液固比、提取温度为影响因子,应用响应面法优化提取工艺。结果:合萌总黄酮的最佳提取条件为:提取时间60 min,乙醇浓度65%,液固比(g∶m L)25∶1,提取温度90℃,在此条件下,合萌总黄酮得率为4.08 mg/g,接近模型预测值4.11 mg/g。结论:响应面法在一定程度上可以提高合萌总黄酮得率,表明响应面法用于合萌总黄酮提取工艺的优化具有可行性。     

响应面优化微波-超声波协同提取灵芝三萜工艺及其清除自由基活性

探索微波-超声波协同提取仪对灵芝三萜的提取工艺及提取产物的抗氧化活性,在单因素实验的基础上,选择微波功率、超声波功率、乙醇浓度和提取时间4个因素,通过响应面分析进行灵芝三萜提取工艺的优化。结果显示,在乙醇含量75%、微波功率650W、超声波功率730W、提取时间20min时灵芝三萜的提取率达13.18mg/g,其中灵芝酸A含量为2.5mg/g;抗氧化活性结果表明,灵芝三萜粗提物对DPPH清除效果优于茶多酚。     

火棘不可萃取多酚的提取工艺优化及抗氧化研究

采用响应面法优化了火棘不可萃取多酚(non-extractable polyphenol,NEPP)的提取工艺,分析了火棘中可萃取多酚(extractable polyphenol,EPP)和不可萃取多酚分别占总酚(total polyphenol,TEPP)的比例,同时监测了NEPP萃取液的抗氧化能力。以NEPP得率为评价指标,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定NEPP含量。考察了乙醇浓度(%,v/v)、乙醇占乙醇-硫酸提取液的比率(%,v/v)、料液比(g/m L)、提取时间(h)及提取温度(℃)对火棘NEPP得率的影响。进一步通过Box-Behnken设计优化提取工艺,同时以ABTS及FRAP法对NEPP提取液的抗氧化能力进行测定。最佳提取工艺为:提取时间2.68 h,乙醇浓度94.44%(V/V),温度83.47℃,NEPP萃取量可达167.328 mg/g,EPP 40.4 mg/g。响应面模型优化火棘NEPP提取工艺结果可靠,NEPP占火棘TEPP比重较高,为80.55%,ABTS及FRAP抗氧化能力均与NEPP含量呈良好正相关性。     

稻绿核菌胞外多糖抗氧化活性和培养基优化

采用Fe3+还原能力和·OH清除能力为检测指标对稻绿核菌(Villosiclava virens)UV-2菌丝水提多糖(WPS)、菌丝碱提多糖(SPS)和胞外多糖(EPS)的抗氧化活性进行了评价,EPS表现出较好的抗氧化活性。为了有效提高发酵培养中EPS的得率,通过Plackett-Burman设计,筛选出培养基中影响EPS生产的主效因子为葡萄糖和蛋白胨。通过单因素实验,确定中心组合设计(CCD)中葡萄糖和蛋白胨浓度的取值范围分别为70~90g/L和10~20 g/L。采用CCD和响应面分析(RSM)优化了对稻绿核菌EPS得率具有显著影响的葡萄糖和蛋白胨的浓度,建立了EPS得率与这两个变量之间的二次回归模型。通过求解该模型EPS得率最大时对应变量的取值,当培养基中葡萄糖浓度为84.08 g/L,蛋白胨浓度为14.11 g/L时,EPS得率达到最大值,为881.40 mg/L。对该优化条件进行实验验证,得到EPS得率为917.80 mg/L,是优化前(87.00 mg/L)的10.55倍。研究结果为今后培养稻绿核菌大规模生产胞外多糖及其开发与应用提供了依据。     

灵芝悬浮培养中添加微颗粒Talc对灵芝酸产生的影响

灵芝酸是灵芝中重要的药理活性物质,其低产量限制了它的广泛应用和深入研究,高效提高液体发酵中灵芝酸的含量十分必要。以CGMCC 5.65为材料,在悬浮培养条件下,研究添加微颗粒Talc对灵芝酸产生的影响。结果表明,微颗粒Talc添加显著减小了灵芝细胞粒径,对照组为(3.33±0.16)mm,15g/L微颗粒Talc添加组为(2.04±0.12)mm。灵芝细胞中单体灵芝酸和总灵芝酸的含量在微颗粒Talc添加条件下也显著提高。15g/L微颗粒Talc添加组的总灵芝酸含量达到(1.51±0.02)mg/100mg细胞干重,GA-Mk、GA-T和GA-Me的含量最高为(6.02±0.29)、(5.08±0.14)和(1.71±0.09)μg/100mg细胞干重,分别是对照的1.6、4、1.9和1.4倍。另外,15g/L微颗粒Talc添加条件下鲨烯和羊毛甾醇的最大积累量分别为(3.69±0.23)和(34.86±6.41)μg/100mg细胞干重,是对照的2.6和4.2倍;灵芝酸生物合成途径关键基因fps和cyp-5150l8的表达量最高为对照的2.35和1.53倍。     

灵芝菌诱变育种与深层培养的研究

采用紫外线对灵芝菌进行了诱变处理,选育到一株高产菌株ＵＶ－６０Ｓ,其菌体干重达１３．１ｇ／Ｌ,粗多糖含量为６４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,分别比原菌株提高了２１．３％和３０．６％;并研究了培养基组成和培养条件对菌体生长的影响,优化了深层培养的工艺条件,使菌体产量与胞外多糖含量比优化前分别提高了１５．３％和１８．８％。     

Optimizing bioconversion of deproteinated cheese whey to mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum

A novel approach to utilize deproteinated cheese whey by cultivating mycelia of the edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is described. A central composite in cube design for the experiments was used to develop empirical models providing a quantitative interpretation of the relationships between the two variables studied, which were pH and temperature. The designed intervals were 3.3removed, was calculated as pH 4.2, and 28.5 °C soluble COD; which was almost the same as optimum condition for mycelial production. The high extract ratio of 10.7% (i.e. 1820 mg extract/17 057 mg mycelium) as well as high content of polysaccharide (i.e. 1.12 g/l) indicated that the deproteinated whey could be an alternative substrate for mycelial production. Therefore, cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia can offer a potential cost-effective solution for an alternative utilization of the deproteinated cheese whey.     

pH对灵芝液态发酵代谢物及抗氧化活性的影响

已有研究报道灵芝栽培生长的最适pH在中性偏酸环境,在碱性范围的生长及代谢情况鲜见报道。本研究主要探究广泛pH对灵芝液态发酵代谢物及其抗氧化活性的影响。采用摇瓶液态培养后分析代谢物中灵芝三萜、胞内外多糖、菌丝体蛋白及抗氧化活性等指标,系统比较灵芝菌丝体在pH值2-11的生长和代谢情况。研究结果表明,灵芝菌丝体生长、合成灵芝三萜、胞内多糖、30E胞外多糖、菌丝体蛋白和菌丝体水解氨基酸的最适pH值分别为10、3、2、7、2和2。对应结果分别为17.13 g/L、33.86 mg/g、72.73 mg/g、7.86 g/L、71.42 mg/g和107.10 mg/g。比对照分别提高28.5%、77.3%、22.4%、96.5%、97.1%和70.8%。胞内多糖组分1和组分2最高分子量均在初始pH 4,分别为1.016×10⁸ g/mol和9.280×10⁴ g/mol,胞外多糖组分1最高分子量在初始pH 10,为4.946×10⁶ g/mol;对菌丝体的总抗氧化能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力分析结果表明最佳的初始pH分别为3、7、9。本研究为液态发酵方式下灵芝生长及其代谢物定向调控发酵的工艺优化提供参考依据,同时发现灵芝菌丝体中优质蛋白及抗氧化活性可在功能性食品和化妆品领域推广应用。     

三种鹅膏菌培养条件及所产肽类毒素的比较研究

以外生菌根菌鹅膏菌属三个种Amanita muscaria,A.pseudoporphyria和A.fritillaria为研究材料,以生长速率为评价指标,对其最适生长温度、pH值、光照、培养基、C及N源的利用等基本培养条件及所产肽类毒素进行了比较研究。研究结果表明,三种菌株最适生长温度有差异,A.pseudoporphyria和A.fritillaria的最适温度为28℃,A.muscaria的最适温度为22℃;A.muscaria菌丝体生长的pH值范围为5-7,另外两个菌株的pH值范围为3-6;24h光照、12h光暗交替和24h黑暗对鹅膏菌的生长速率影响不大;SPDM培养基和MMN培养基都适合三种菌株的生长,但对于A.muscaria来说PDM培养基更适合其生长。鹅膏菌能够利用比较广泛的C、N源,但三个种在利用的C、N源种类上有一定的差别。通过抑芽法实验和HPLC分析分别表明三种鹅膏菌所含肽类毒素在种类和含量上有所不同,但都对绿豆发芽有一定的抑制作用。A.pseudoporphyria和A.fritillaria菌丝体中α-amanitin的含量分别为35.56μg/gDCW(drycellweight细胞干重)和26.02μg/gDCW,不含有phalloidin和β-amanitin;A.muscaria菌丝体中没有检测到α-amanitin、β-amanitin和phalloidin。结果表明供试的三种鹅膏菌在基本培养条件及所产肽类毒素方面存在种水平上的差异。     

Expanded bed adsorption of human serum albumin from very dense Saccharomyces cerevesiae suspensions on fluoride-modified zirconia.

The adsorption of proteins from high cell density yeast suspensions on mixed-mode fluoride-modified zirconia (FmZr) particles (38 to 75 microm, surface area of 29 m(2)/g and density of 2.8 g/cm(3)) was investigated using human serum albumin (HSA) added to Saccharomyces cerevesiae as the model expression host. Because of the high density of the porous zirconia particles, HSA (4 mg/mL) can be adsorbed from a 100 g dry cell weight (DCW)/L yeast suspension in a threefold-expanded bed of FmZr. The expanded bed adsorption of any protein from a suspension containing >50 g DCW/L cells has not been previously reported. The FmZr bed expansion characteristics were well represented by the Richardson-Zaki correlation with a particle terminal velocity of 3.1 mm/s and a bed expansion index of 5.4. Expanded bed hydrodynamics were investigated as a function of bed expansion using residence time distribution studies with sodium nitrite as the tracer. The adsorption of HSA on FmZr exhibited features of multicomponent adsorption due to the presence of dimers. The protein binding capacity at 5% breakthrough decreased from 22 mg HSA/mL settled bed void volume for 20 g DCW/L yeast to 15 mg HSA/mL settled bed void volume for 40 g DCW/L yeast and remained unchanged for the higher yeast concentrations (60 to 100 g DCW/L). However, the batch (or equilibrium) binding capacity decreased monotonically as a function of yeast concentration (20 to 100 g DCW/L) and the binding capacity at 100 g DCW/L yeast was fivefold lower compared with that at 20 g DCW/L yeast. The lower batch binding capacity at high cell concentrations resulted from the adsorption of cells at the surface of the particles restricting access of HSA to the intraparticle surface area. Batch (or equilibrium) and column HSA adsorption results indicated that the adsorption of HSA on FmZr occurred at a time scale that may be much faster than that of yeast cells. The zirconia particles were cleaned of adsorbed HSA and yeast with a total of 1500 to 2000 column volumes (over many cycles) of 0. 25 M NaOH, without any significant effect on the chromatographic performance.     

Effect of solvent concentration on the extraction kinetics and diffusivity of Cyclosporin A in the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum

The kinetics of solid-liquid extraction and extraction yields of the immunosuppressant drug Cyclosporin A (CyA) from the mycelia of Tolypocladium inflatum were examined in this study. A 2 L stirred, baffled vessel was used to extract CyA from wet mycelia mass. Three different organic solvents were used, namely, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol at different concentrations in aqueous mixtures at room temperature. It was found that the best solvent was acetone at 50% v/v concentration achieving 100% extraction of CyA from the mycelia of T. inflatum. Although acetone proved to be the better solvent for CyA extraction, further studies were performed using methanol. A linear relationship was found between extraction yield of CyA and methanol concentration with 100% CyA extraction at 90% v/v methanol. The partition coefficients of CyA between the solid mycelia phase and the aqueous solvent phase were found to decrease exponentially with increasing methanol concentration. A liquid extraction model was developed based on the diffusion equation to correlate the kinetic data of CyA extraction from the solid mycelia of T. inflatum. Non-linear regression analysis of experimental data was used with the diffusion equation in order to calculate the effective diffusivities of CyA in the mycelia of T. inflatum. For all three organic solvents used, the effective diffusivities of CyA were found to be between 4.41 x 10(-15) and 6.18 x 10(-14) m(2)/s. This is the first time CyA effective diffusivities in T. inflatum are reported in the literature.     

Comparison of Rapid DNA Extraction Methods Applied to PCR Identification of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma spp.

Abstract

Four different DNA extraction methods were used to extract genomic DNA of the medicinal mushroom Lingzhi from its developing stage materials, such as mycelium, dry fruiting body, or sliced and spore powder or sporoderm‐broken spore powder. The DNA samples were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis, UV spectrophotometer, and PCR amplification. According to the average yields and purity of DNA, high salt concentrations and low pH methods were the best for DNA extraction. The mycelia and sporoderm‐broken spore powder yielded higher and purer DNA. The method developed could effectively eliminate the influence of the secondary metabolites to DNA extraction. The DNA samples extracted from the developed method could be successfully used for PCR applications.     

Ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction of isoflavones from Iris tectorum Maxim and subsequently separation and purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography

We developed an ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction (ILUAE) method for the extraction of the three isoflavones, namely tectoridin, iristectorin B and iristectorin A from Iris tectorum Maxim of the Iridaceae family. Three kinds of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different alkyl chain and anion were investigated. The results indicated that ionic liquids (ILs) showed remarkable effects on the extraction yield of isoflavones. In addition, the ILUAE, including several ultrasonic parameters, such as the concentration, extraction time and solvent to solid ratio have been optimized. Under these optimal conditions (e.g., with 30 min extraction time and the solvent to solid ratio of 30 ml/g), this approach gained the highest extraction yields of tectoridin (37.45 mg/g), iristectorin B (2.88 mg/g) and iristectorin A (5.28 mg/g). Meanwhile, tectoridin, iristectorin B and iristectorin A in the ILUAE extract were separated and purified successfully through the high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system consisting of n-butanol-water (1:1, v/v). The additional advantage of this approach is that 60.21 mg tectoridin, 4.33 mg iristectorin B and 8.24 mg iristectorin A with more than 95.0% purities have been obtained from 400 mg ILUAE extract of I. tectorum within 5 h and one-step elution under the most optimized conditions (e.g., a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min, 900 rpm and the wavelengh of 280 nm). The obtained fractions were successfully analyzed by HPLC and identified by (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR.     

福建野生紫芝资源开发利用Ⅱ．“闽紫96”(中国灵芝)

由福建野生紫芝人工驯化得到的栽培菌株“闽紫96”,子实体中型,菌盖大小7．0～9．0×10．0～17．3cm,其担孢子形态饱满,6．84～7．37×10．26～11．05μm,较灵芝担孢子大;标本(HMAS 77207)经鉴定确认为紫芝(Ganoderma siruense J．D．Zhao,L．W．Hsu et X．Q．Zhang),是符合《中华人民共和国药典》记载的灵芝药材的来源菌物。2004-2005年,采用阔叶树枝桠材栽培“闽紫96”,推广栽培面积860m~3(菌材),平均年产量为12．70 kg/m~3(干品/菌材)。将“闽紫96”子实体超微粉碎加工成300目超细粉。扫描电镜观察可见:其超细粉呈纤维状,以分散、破碎的茵丝片段形态存在,长度范围为10～50μm,直径1．2～4．5μm不等;激光粒度检测结果表明:超细粉的表面积达到227．54 m~2/kg,D97=63．8μm。化学成分分析结果表明:“闽紫96”超细粉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、灰分及多糖含量分别为4．2 g/100g、10．84g/100g、3．71 g/100g、36．5g/100g、30．2g/100g、1．7 g/100g和1．3 g/100g;所含17种氨基酸总量为9．30 mg/100mg,其中必需氨基酸占65．7%;其脂肪酸构成以油酸(45．5%)、亚油酸(27．7%)及棕榈酸(18．8%)为主。此外,其重金属元素Pb,As,Hg,Cd等含量分别为＜0．2 mg/g、0．13 mg/g、0．072 mg/g、0．24 mg/g,符合国家商务部《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》(WM/T2-2004)要求。