模拟氮沉降下南方针叶林红壤的养分淋溶和酸化

以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区针叶林红壤为研究对象,在恒温(20 ℃)条件下,通过大土柱（直径10 cm、高60 cm）,8个月间隙性淋溶试验模拟研究了不同氮输入量（0、7.8、26和52 mg N/月/柱）对针叶林红壤NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、H⁺和土壤盐基离子(Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺⁾淋溶以及土壤酸化的影响.结果表明,土壤交换态盐基总量、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,土壤交换态Na⁺和K⁺则无明显影响.4种N输入处理的土壤交换态盐基总量净淋溶（淋溶出的盐基与淋洗液累计输入的盐基之差）分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.9%、18.6%、31.8% 和57.9％,土壤交换态Ca²⁺净淋溶分别占土壤交换性Ca²⁺总量的19.6%、25.8%、45.3%和84.8%,土壤交换态Mg²⁺净淋溶分别占土壤交换性Mg²⁺总量的4.4%、6.1%、10.9%和17.1%.随氮输入量增加,表层土壤pH值逐渐下降,4种N输入处理的表层土壤pH（KCl）分别为3.85、3.84、3.80和3.75;随氮输入量增加,淋溶液中无机氮、NO₃^-和H⁺逐渐增加.氮沉降可促进针叶林红壤的有机氮矿化,加速养分淋失和土壤酸化.     

重庆酸雨区人工木荷林对土壤化学性质的影响

 在属于酸雨区的重庆市铁山坪林场,选择在马尾松（Pinus massoniana）纯林火烧迹地上人工营造的木荷（Schima superba）纯林,采用钻取 土芯法调查木荷对土壤化学性质的影响,并与毗邻的同时造林但未遭受火烧的马尾松纯林比较。结果表明,木荷纯林0～20和20～60 cm土层的 pH值分别为3.61和3.77,盐基饱和度分别为4.68％和7.92％,而马尾松纯林的pH值分别为3.78和3.88,盐基饱和度分别为9.25%和16.32%。与马 尾松纯林相比,木荷纯林土壤的交换性盐基离子（K⁺ 、Na⁺ 、Ca ²⁺和Mg ²⁺ ）和全磷含量普遍低,而酸性阳离子Al ³⁺ 、Fe ³⁺和H⁺含量明显偏高 （p<0.05）。结果说明,并非木荷作为阔叶林对酸化土壤的改良作用就好于作为针叶林的马尾松,木荷纯林导致了土壤酸化加剧,养分非常缺 乏。因此,在酸雨区土壤酸化条件下,如果采用木荷营造防火林带或者进行马尾松纯林改造时,不宜集中大片营造木荷纯林,以避免对土壤环 境产生不利影响。     

控释氮肥对洞庭湖区双季稻田表面水氮素动态及其径流损失的影响

用渗漏池模拟洞庭湖区2种主要稻田土壤(河沙泥和紫潮泥),研究了施用尿素(CF)和控释氮肥(CRNF)对双季稻田表面水pH、电导率(EC)、全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）浓度变化规律及TN径流损失的影响.结果表明,双季稻田施用尿素后,表面水TN、NH₄⁺-N浓度分别在第1、3天达到高峰,然后迅速下降;NO₃^--N浓度普遍很低;早稻表面水pH在施用尿素后15 d内(晚稻3 d)逐渐升高;EC与NH₄⁺动态变化一致.与尿素相比,施用CRNF能显著降低双季稻田表面水pH、EC、TN和NH₄⁺-N浓度,70% N控释氮肥的控制效果最显著;但后期NO₃^--N浓度略有升高.径流监测结果表明,洞庭湖区种植双季稻期间施用尿素的TN径流损失为7.70 kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的2.57%;施肥后20 d内发生的径流事件对双季稻田TN径流损失的贡献极为显著;与施用尿素相比,施用控释氮肥显著降低了施肥后10 d内发生的第1次径流液中的TN浓度,施用CRNF和70%N CRNF的氮素径流损失分别降低24.5%和27.2%.     

盐胁迫下构树幼苗各器官中K+、Ca2+、Na+和Cl-含量分布及吸收特征

将当年生构树幼苗置于含有不同浓度（04、1、2、3、4 g·kg^-1）NaCl的土壤中,研究其生物量积累、叶片细胞质膜透性和K⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-等离子的吸收、分布及运输,并观察盐害症状.结果表明：构树幼苗的叶片质膜透性随着NaCl浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而升高,根冠比随NaCl浓度的升高而增加,大于3 g·kg^-1的土壤盐胁迫对构树叶片的质膜透性及植株的生物量积累影响显著.构树幼苗各器官中Na⁺和Cl^-含量随土壤NaCl浓度升高而显著增加,K⁺和Ca²⁺则随之降低,叶片各离子含量均明显高于根和茎.说明盐胁迫影响根系对K⁺和Ca²⁺的吸收,并抑制了它们向地上部分的选择性运输,使叶和茎的K⁺和Ca²⁺含量下降.构树通过吸收积累Na⁺和Cl^-抵御土壤盐分带来的渗透胁迫,但过量的Na⁺和Cl^-积累会造成单盐毒害.作为抗盐性较高的非盐生植物,构树地上部分的拒盐作用不显著.     

松嫩平原盐碱土饱和浸提液与土水比1∶5浸提液间化学参数的换算关系

采用饱和浸提液与土水比1∶5浸提液两种方法分析了松嫩平原94份盐碱土样品的电导率、钠吸附比、主要阳离子(Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺)以及总阳离子浓度等化学参数,并对两种方法测定的盐碱化参数相关性进行了研究。结果表明：饱和浸提液电导率、钠吸附比、总阳离子浓度、Na⁺离子浓度与土水比1∶5浸提液相应参数存在极显著的相关关系,其关系方程可用于松嫩平原盐碱土饱和浸提液与1∶5浸提液间化学参数的换算;而K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺离子浓度在两种浸提液间不存在相关性。     

荒漠盐生植物根际系统盐分分布特征

利用盐土和棉田土,采用水平根垫法对4种不同类型的荒漠盐生植物进行栽培实验,应用冰冻薄层切片法对距根表不同距离的土壤进行分层取样,并测定不同层次土壤中pH、总盐、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的含量。结果表明: 在盐土中,距根表不同距离的土壤中,pH值呈有规律的梯度分布,即根际微区pH值较土体下降,且距根表越近,pH值越低;而在棉田土中却没有显著变化;总盐在根际出现较大的亏缺区,最大亏缺率位于距根表0～4 mm处;在盐土中,除芦苇外,其余3种盐生植物的根际土中Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、K⁺、和Mg²⁺的含量在根际有明显的富集;在棉田土中,除K⁺外,这些离子在根际也有富集,但富集程度比盐土低,K⁺表现亏缺,而Ca²⁺却是富集的;4种植物尤其是稀盐盐生植物和泌盐盐生植物,地上部分的主要盐离子（如Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和K⁺）含量比地下部分高,在根际富集程度最高的Cl^-和Na⁺,在植株的地上部分也增加的最多。     

不同生态条件下长期施钾对土壤钾素固定影响的机理

采用X射线衍射分析技术和室内模拟法,研究了长期施钾对不同生态条件和不同轮作制度下黑土、塿土和灰漠土钾素固定的影响机理.结果表明,长期施钾对水云母含量较低土壤的钾素固定能力影响较大.与不施钾土壤相比,水云母含量较低的黑土和含量较丰富的塿土在外源钾加入浓度在400～4000 mg·kg^-1范围内,对外源钾的固定量分别降低了75～747mg·kg^-1和16～238 mg·kg^-1,而水云母含量丰富的灰漠土的固钾能力无明显变化.长期施钾主要通过影响土壤含钾矿物组成对土壤固钾能力产生影响,即延缓或阻止水云母向云母-蒙脱石混层层间矿物的转化,使土壤对外源钾的固定能力降低;另外,长期施钾使土壤缓效钾含量和K⁺饱和度增加,土壤固钾能力降低.     

氯化钠胁迫对不同品种南瓜幼苗阳离子含量的影响

选择19个不同类型南瓜品种,研究了300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,幼苗地上部和根系Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺含量、Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺、钠-钾和钠-钙运输选择性系数(S_Na⁺,K⁺和S_Na⁺,Ca²⁺值)的变化.结果表明：NaCl胁迫处理8 d后,不同品种南瓜幼苗Na⁺含量均明显增加,而K⁺含量下降,离子平衡被打破.青栗（Q₁）南瓜幼苗根系Na⁺含量、地上部Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺、S_Na⁺,K⁺和S_Na⁺,Ca²⁺值均明显高于黑蜜南瓜（H₂）和黑籽南瓜（H₃）.不同品种南瓜幼苗体内Na⁺含量、地上部Na⁺/K⁺和Na⁺/Ca²⁺、S_Na⁺,K⁺和S_Na⁺,Ca²⁺值变化趋势与NaCI胁迫下不同品种南瓜幼苗盐害指数的结果基本一致,进一步验证了Q₁耐盐性强与NaCl胁迫下地上部Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺、S_Na⁺,K⁺和S_Na⁺,Ca²⁺值较低以及K⁺、Ca²⁺含量较高有关;而H₂和H₃对盐敏感与NaCl胁迫下地上部Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺、S_Na⁺,K⁺和S_Na⁺,Ca²⁺值较高,以及K⁺、Ca²⁺含量较低有关.     

Cu2+胁迫对丹参生长及有效成分积累的影响

研究了土壤Cu²⁺胁迫对丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge）的生长和有效成分积累的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,Cu²⁺胁迫下丹参的生长受到抑制,土壤和丹参体内Cu²⁺残留量、膜脂过氧化程度增加,而叶绿素含量降低。此外,与对照相比,Cu²⁺胁迫下丹参地上部分中水溶性酚酸类成分咖啡酸、丹参素和原儿茶酸含量增加,迷迭香酸、原儿茶醛和丹酚酸B含量显著降低,而根系中这6种酚酸类成分和4种脂溶性丹参酮类成分二氢丹参酮、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA的含量均降低。表明铜胁迫抑制了丹参的生长,影响了有效成分的积累。     

添加玉米和水稻秸秆对淹水土壤pH、二氧化碳及交换态铵的影响

通过温室土壤培养试验,研究了不同添加量玉米和水稻秸秆对淹水土壤pH、CO₂及交换态铵的影响.结果表明：在接近中性的土壤中加入秸秆可使土壤pH值降低,4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤pH值均与对照差异显著（P＜0.05）,而1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理与对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）.土壤溶液中的CO₂含量随秸秆添加量的增加而增大,1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤溶液CO₂含量最大值分别为35.9％和31.9％（v/v）,与对照（25.8％）差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）,但两者间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤溶液CO₂含量最大值分别为54.2％和41.8％（v/v）,与对照差异极显著（P＜0.01）,两者间差异也达显著水平（P＜0.05）.在不施氮肥的情况下,添加秸秆可降低土壤铵态氮浓度,且铵态氮浓度随秸秆添加量的增加而降低,不同添加量处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）;在施入氮肥的情况下,1 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理提高了土壤铵态氮浓度,而4 g·kg^-1玉米和水稻秸秆处理降低了土壤铵态氮浓度.无论是否施入氮肥,玉米和水稻秸秆处理的土壤铵态氮浓度差异不显著（P＞0.05）.     

等距开槽结合施用石膏改良苏打盐碱土

采用田间小区试验,研究了等距开槽结合施用石膏对东北松嫩平原西部苏打盐碱土的改良效果。结果表明:等距开槽(20～40cm心土层开槽,槽间距1m)能有效降低开槽点的土壤紧实度,对槽间土壤紧实度也有一定的降低作用,且与对照(不开槽)紧实度的差异达到极显著水平;等距开槽必须结合石膏才能改善土壤的化学性质,加石膏与未加石膏处理的pH和碱化度达到差异显著水平,而电导率值在处理前后差异不显著,开槽松土处理对槽内土壤化学性质改善效果不明显;磷石膏与脱硫石膏在改土效果上差异不显著,石膏配合开槽能有效改善土壤理化性质和植物生长状况,且对槽间土壤改良和植物生长均有一定的促进作用。     

Effectiveness of sulfur with Acidithiobacillus and gypsum in chemical attributes of a Brazilian sodic soil

Gypsum and sulfur have been used as amendments for application in sodic and saline sodic soils, although gypsum is not effective in soil pH reduction. In this study the combined effects of elemental sulfur inoculated with Acidithiobacillus (S*) and gypsum (G) in chemical attributes of a Brazilian solodic soil was evaluated. The treatments consisted in addition of S* and G in various levels (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 t ha⁻¹) and different mixing proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 100:0), acting during 15, 30, and 45 days. Sulfur inoculated with Acidithiobacillus (S*) markedly reduced soil pH in the leaching solution, especially when applied in the highest levels. Gypsum or sulfur applied individually was not satisfactory for soil reclamation. At 15 days of incubation Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ showed higher values in the leaching solution, and a marked decrease was observed in the leaching solution at 30 days. Reduction in soil electrical conductivity and in exchangeable Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ was observed and in a general way best results were achieved with S* : G in the ratio 50:50, using 2.4 and 3.2 t ha⁻¹. Sulfur with Acidithiobacillus was more effective than gypsum in decreasing soil pH, and sulfur applied with gypsum in the proportion 50:50 showed the best results in relation to exchangeable sodium and electrical conductivity and showed values below those used for classification as sodic soils.     

Microbial Metabolism and Dynamic Changes in the Electrical Conductivity of Soil Solutions: a Method for Detecting Extraterrestrial Life

The addition of 0.5% glucose solutions to 12 different air-dried soils always resulted in increased electrical conductivity and water-soluble Ca and Mg in the soil solutions. The kinetics and magnitude of these changes for at least two and usually all three of these parameters over a 14-day period were clearly distinguishable from the changes in heat-sterilized controls or unsterilized controls without added glucose. In general, maximal values were achieved more rapidly under aerobic than anaerobic incubation. Some soils (less than half) also showed significant increases in water-soluble Na or K when compared with the controls. The 12 different soils studied represented four general soil groups: I, leached acid upland soils; II, saline alkaline soils; III, nonsaline neutral soils; and IV, high organic soils. Viable counts ranged from 10(4) to 10(7) per cm(3) of air-dried soil. Glucose metabolism by the indigenous soil microbiota was always accompanied by a significant decrease in the pH of soil solutions, but not necessarily by an increase in the viable count. The feasibility of using electrical conductivity and water-soluble Ca and Mg measurements to detect metabolic activity, either alone or in conjunction with other life detection techniques, is discussed.     

Field calibration of liming responses of four crops using soil pH,Al and Mn

Liming trials were conducted at 28 sites in the western Great Plains of Canada for barley, rape, red clover and alfalfa. Yield increases from liming correlated with soil pH and Al but not with Mn. When all sites were included, yield increases from liming correlated closely (r=0.86 to 0.94) with exchangeable Al, percent Al saturation and 0.02M CaCl₂-Al for barley, rape and red clover, these responses having correlated less well (R=0.56 to 0.72) with soil pH. Alfalfa yield responses gave low correlations with both pH and the Al measurements. When only the sites with soil pH≥5 were used, the yield responses to lime of barley and rape still correlated better with the Al measurements than with pH even though the correlations, in general, were much lower than when all sites were included. For the sites with soil pH>-5, the correlations were highest for yield responses of barley and rape with 0.02M CaCl₂-Al. It is suggested that the use of toxic Al and Mn for routinely diagnosing the limiting factor by soil acidity could improve on the economy of liming. Contribution Number 653.     

施肥方式和园龄对洛川苹果园土壤钙素退化的影响

为明确黄土高原苹果产区施肥方式和园龄对土壤钙素含量和钙素贮量的影响,本研究以位于世界苹果优生区的陕西省洛川县苹果园为研究对象,分别研究不同施肥方式和不同园龄苹果园0～100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙含量及其贮量的变化特征.结果表明: 洛川县苹果园土壤钙素递减式退化现象严重,长期大量单施化肥苹果园土壤钙素退化现象明显大于化肥与农家有机肥配施苹果园,单施化肥苹果园比化肥与农家有机肥配施苹果园0～100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙平均含量分别减少38.8%、25.4%和5.6%,3种形态土壤钙素贮量依次减少36.4%、26.0%和4.3%;苹果园土壤钙素退化程度随园龄增加不断加剧,园龄>25年苹果园比园龄≤10年苹果园0～100 cm土层土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙和交换性钙平均含量分别减少48.8%、69.4%和39.5%,3种形态土壤钙素贮量分别减少40.8%、64.1%和33.0%.长期大量单施化肥和长期种植苹果树均对土壤碳酸钙、水溶性钙、交换性钙有明显的耗竭作用,钙素递减式退化特征明显,化肥与农家有机肥配施能够有效减缓土壤钙素退化,对于园龄>25年的高龄苹果园应加强土壤钙素管理.施肥方式是苹果园土壤钙素递减的驱动因素,钙素递减呈现出明显的时(园龄)空(土层深度)效应.     

土壤湿度水平和湿—干循环对硝酸钙盐积累土壤锰锰释放的影响

在[Ca(NO3)2]盐处理土壤中,研究了两种湿度水平（200,400g.kg^-1)和湿－干循环对土壤Mn释放的影响,结果表明,土壤水分状况影响土壤Mn的有效性,湿度大时,易还原态Mn转化为水溶态,交换态Mn;盐分对易还原态Mn的转化有一定影响,NO3-能缓冲土壤Eh的下降,有抑制易还原态Mn转化的作用,连续的湿干循环能使土壤2价Mn(水溶态Mn,交换态Mn)浓度降低,而a(NO3)2盐能增加Mn的不溶性,这在Mn含量低的土训上,最终将导致Mn的缺乏。     

控释肥硫膜降解对微域土壤性质的影响

硫包膜控释肥在农业上的大面积应用,引起了硫膜降解产物对土壤环境影响的广泛关注。选用山东有代表性的耕作土壤棕壤和潮土,设置处理包括硫加树脂残膜、硫残膜、硫磺片,采用尼龙滤网分隔法获取受控释肥硫膜影响较强的微域土壤,对比研究了硫膜对微域和非微域土壤某些化学性质的影响。结果表明,在棕壤上施用各含硫材料会显著影响微域土壤的pH值,微域各含硫材料的氧化高峰期出现在60d左右。硫膜降解对潮土pH值影响与棕壤相比不显著,但肥际微域与非微域相比下降明显。硫残膜对土壤中的微量元素能起到一定的活化作用,尤其是对潮土肥际微域有效铁的影响最为显著,培养结束时硫加树脂残膜处理是空白处理的6.58倍。潮土中施用含硫包膜控释肥可活化土壤养分,从而提高土壤中有效硫和有效磷的含量。控释肥硫膜降解对土壤性质影响显著的区域是在硫膜≤5mm范围内的土壤,而对非肥际微域土壤的化学性质无显著影响。     

硫肥对春油菜幼苗生理指标和土壤酶活性的影响

该研究以春油菜幼苗为材料,采用土壤盆栽试验,设7个不同施硫(0、35、70、105、140、175、210mg·kg^-1)处理,通过测定春油菜幼苗的株高、植株鲜重、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性、土壤全氮含量、pH、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性指标,分析不同施硫量对春油菜幼苗生理生化指标和土壤相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:在春油菜苗期施用硫肥对幼苗的农艺性状、生理生化指标和土壤酶活性均产生了一定影响。施硫量在35~105mg·kg^-1范围时,对植株鲜重有明显的促进作用;施硫量在70~105mg·kg^-1范围时,类胡萝卜素含量达到最高;施硫量在70~105mg·kg^-1范围时,叶片中POD和CAT的活性明显升高,而MDA含量明显下降;经相关分析,MDA含量与POD活性呈极显著负相关(r=-0.92,P<0.01),与CAT活性呈显著负相关(r=-0.72,P<0.05),说明叶片MDA含量受POD和CAT活性变化的影响;施硫量高于105mg·kg^-1时,土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性受到抑制;施硫量高于140mg·kg^-1时,土壤过氧化氢酶活性受到抑制;随着施硫量的增加,土壤pH值和叶片SOD活性逐渐下降;经相关性分析,土壤脲酶活性和全氮含量间呈极显著正相关(r=1,P<0.01),表明土壤全氮含量受土壤脲酶活性变化的影响。由此可知,在低硫(35~105mg·kg^-1)条件下对春油菜幼苗生理生化指标及土壤酶活性具有一定的促进作用,而在高硫(>105mg·kg^-1)条件下则产生抑制。     

改良剂对酸性土壤上伴矿景天铝毒缓解作用及镉锌吸收性的影响

为探究不同改良剂对酸性土壤铝(Al)胁迫条件下镉(Cd)锌(Zn)超积累植物伴矿景天Sedum plumbizincicola生长以及镉和锌吸取修复效率的影响,分别添加不同种类改良剂(钙镁磷肥(CMP)、MgCO3、KH2PO4)和不同浓度CMP进行温室盆栽试验。结果表明,CMP能够一定程度上提高土壤pH值并降低土壤交换性Al的浓度,MgCO3能够显著提高土壤pH值和降低土壤交换性Al的浓度,KH2PO4能够降低土壤中交换性Al浓度但未改变土壤pH值。施用适量的CMP(9.39 mg/kg)能够提高伴矿景天生物量和Cd、Zn吸取修复效率,用量过高会抑制伴矿景天生长和Cd、Zn修复效率;施用MgCO3可增大伴矿景天生物量和Cd、Zn修复效率,施用KH2PO4反而抑制了伴矿景天生长。酸性土壤上施用适量的CMP和MgCO3能够缓解伴矿景天的铝毒作用,维持较高的重金属吸收效率。     

Influence of varying degree of salinity-sodicity stress on enzyme activities and bacterial populations of coastal soils of Yellow Sea, South Korea

To study the effects of salinity-sodicity on bacterial population and enzyme activities, soil samples were collected from the Bay of Yellow Sea, Incheon, South Korea. In the soils nearest to the coastline, pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were greater than the criteria of salinesodic soil, and soils collected from sites 1.5-2 km away from the coastline were not substantially affected by the intrusion and spray of seawater. Halotolerant bacteria showed similar trends, whereas non-tolerant bacteria and enzymatic activities had opposite trends. Significant positive correlations were found between EC, exchangeable Na+, and pH with SAR and ESP. In contrast, ECe, SAR, ESP, and exchangeable Na+ exhibited significant negative correlations with bacterial populations and enzyme activities. The results of this study indicate that the soil chemical variables related with salinity-sodicity are significantly related with the sampling distance from the coastline and are the key stress factors, which greatly affect microbial and biochemical properties.