干热河谷车桑子光合生理特性对氮磷添加的响应

氮磷养分是限制干热河谷植物生长的重要元素,不同土壤上植物受到的养分限制类型不同。光合作用作为植物生长发育的基础,不同土壤上氮磷养分添加对干热河谷植物光合生理特征的影响还没有报道。因此,以干热河谷优势植物——车桑子为研究对象,在元谋县不同海拔处采集土壤,设置加氮（+N）、加磷（+P）、氮磷同时添加（+NP）和不添加（CK）四个处理,研究车桑子光合响应曲线、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性对氮、磷添加的响应规律,并探讨光合响应特征与车桑子生长的关系：研究结果显示：1）不同海拔土壤上,车桑子光合生理特性对氮磷添加具有不同的响应。在低海拔燥红土上,氮添加处理（+N和+NP）提高了车桑子净光合速率、叶绿素含量和PSII活性;中海拔紫色土上,+NP促进了车桑子光合速率和叶绿素含量的提高;高海拔黄棕壤上,+N处理降低了车桑子净光合速率和PSII活性,而磷添加处理（+P和+NP）提高了车桑子净光合速率。2）车桑子光合特性对养分添加的响应取决于土壤的养分限制类型,限制性养分添加可以提高车桑子的净光合速率。3）燥红土上+P以及黄棕壤上+N对PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）的降低更大程度上归于可变荧光Fv的减少而不是最小荧光F₀的增加,可减少养分限制对光系统II造成的伤害。4）三种土壤类型上车桑子的叶绿素含量和组成差异极显著,相比于燥红土和紫色土,黄棕壤上车桑子的叶绿素含量显著更高,而叶绿素a/b显著更低。综上,本研究结果表明,车桑子光合能力受到氮和磷的共同调节,不同土壤上光合生理特性的响应可增强植物对限制性养分的适应性,影响植物生长发育。     

元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上植物叶片的元素含量及其重吸收效率

采用盆栽试验,研究元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上生长的植物叶片以及凋落叶营养元素含量,并分析养分重吸收效率对土壤类型与物种互作的响应.结果表明: 土壤类型对叶片N、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、N∶P以及凋落叶N、P、Mn、N∶P均有显著影响;燥红土植物叶片与凋落叶N、Mn含量和N∶P显著高于变性土,而燥红土植物叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn和凋落叶P含量显著低于变性土.燥红土植物叶片N含量较变性土高34.8%,而P含量低40.0%;在叶片凋落时,N、P、K表现为重吸收,而其他元素呈富集状态.燥红土凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn富集系数显著高于变性土.物种仅对叶片N含量有显著影响,物种与土壤交互作用对植物叶片和凋落叶元素含量影响不显著,表明各土壤类型对不同物种元素含量的影响方式较为一致.土壤类型对植物元素含量的影响可进一步作用于干热河谷植物凋落物分解、植物-土壤的养分反馈以及生物地球化学循环.     

炼锌废渣-修复植物-凋落物体系的生态化学计量学研究

为揭示金属冶炼废渣堆场生态修复多年后,废渣-植物-凋落物系统中养分循环和系统维持机制。该研究以实现生态修复6 a的黔西北铅锌冶炼废渣堆场上土荆芥(Dysphania ambrosioides)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)五种优势修复植物为对象,分析它们的主要营养器官(细根、粗根、茎/干、枝、叶片)、地表凋落物、植被下方表层废渣(0～10 cm)中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量特征,探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:不同植物、不同营养器官间C、N、P的含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),C平均含量在两种草本植物中为茎>叶片>根>凋落物,在三种乔木中为干>枝>细根>粗根>叶片>凋落物; N和P的分布在草本植物中分别为叶片>凋落物>根>茎和叶片>根>凋落物>茎,在三种乔木中均为叶片>细根>凋落物>粗根>枝>干。五种植物中,柳杉各营养器官及凋落物中C含量均高于其他植物,N、P含量呈相反的规律; 刺槐中N含量最高。C:N和C:P在五种植物营养器官与凋落物中的变化规律跟N、P的分布相反,说明C:N和C:P分别主要受N和P含量影响。相关性分析指出,草本植物的N:P受N和P共同影响,三种乔木的N:P主要由N的分布决定,同时受到枝和叶片中P含量影响。五种植物中,仅豆科类刺槐的叶片N:P大于16,在系统中生长受P限制,其他植物生长均受N限制,说明刺槐更能适应贫瘠的废渣环境,建议在修复贫瘠的废渣堆场时优先选择豆科类植物作为先锋植物,改善基质养分条件。植被下方表层废渣中C、N、P含量基本都低于植物各营养器官及凋落物,不同修复植物下方对应的表层废渣中C、N、P含量间具有显著差异(P<0.05),草本植物修复下的废渣中C、N、P含量低于乔木修复下的含量。废渣-植物-凋落物体系中N、P、N:P之间的相关性分析显示,植物细根和凋落物中N、P含量与废渣中N、P含量及化学计量比关系更密切。     

Concentrations of cadmium,zinc, copper,iron, and metallothionein in liver and kidney of nonhuman primates

To evaluate the species specificity of Cd accumulation and the relationship of Cd with other essential metals and metallothionein (MT), the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the liver and kidney and the MT concentrations in the soluble fractions of the liver and kidney were determined in Cd-uncontaminated nonhuman primates (11 species, 26 individuals) kept in a zoo and two wild-caught Japanese macaques. The compositions of metal-binding proteins in the soluble fractions were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The hepatic Cd concentration was 0.03–14.0 μg/g and the renal Cd concentration was 0.35–99.0 μg/g, both varying greatly and being higher in nonhuman primates, which were more closely related to man. The hepatic Zn concentration was 24.0–176 μg/g and the renal Zn concentration was 13.5–138 μg/g, showing 7- to 10-fold differences, and a correlation (r=0.558, p<0.01) was found between renal Zn and renal Cd concentrations. It was proved that in the liver, MT is more closely correlated with Zn (r=0.795, p<0.001) than with Cd (r=0.492, p<0.01) and that in the kidney MT is correlated with both Cd (r=0.784, p<0.001) and Zn (r=0.742, p<0.001). HPLC analysis of metals bound to MT-like protein in chimpanzees, de Brazza’s monkeys, and Bolivian squirrel monkeys showed that more than 90% of Cd in both the liver and kidney, approx 40% of Zn in liver and 28–69% of Zn in kidney were bound to MT-like protein. The higher percentage Zn was bound to high-molecular protein.     

常绿阔叶林植物叶片N、P化学计量特征对毛竹扩张的响应

为从生态化学计量内平衡角度解释常绿阔叶林不同层次植物对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)扩张的生存响应差异性,该研究采用空间代替时间的方法,在江西井冈山国家级自然保护区沿毛竹扩张方向选取典型毛竹-常绿阔叶林界面,依次设置毛竹林、竹阔混交林和常绿阔叶林样地,比较分析了毛竹扩张方向上样地内不同乔木层、灌木层、草本层植物叶片及土壤N、P含量及比例。结果表明:(1)从毛竹林到阔叶林,土壤N含量上升,P含量下降,N:P上升(P<0.05); 乔木层树种 [红楠(Machilus thunbergii)、赤杨叶(Alniphyllum fortunei)及交让木(Daphniphyllum macropodum)]叶片P含量下降,N:P上升(P<0.05); 除灌木层的红果山胡椒(Lindera erythrocarpa)外,各林分中的灌木层和草本层植物N、P含量及比例变化较小。(2)土壤N:P与乔木层、草本层和灌木层植物叶片N:P分布呈显著正相关、负相关与不相关。(3)在各林分中,毛竹叶片N、P含量及比例较稳定。综上认为,毛竹通过改变土壤N、P化学计量特征进行扩张,引起植物体N、P元素化学计量特征发生变化。灌木及草本植物受土壤异质性影响较小,但是乔木层植物N、P元素化学计量特征却因此失衡,这可能是阔叶林乔木层树种存亡受威胁的重要原因。     

走马胎叶片营养成分分析及栽培年限差异比较

走马胎为西南地区常用中药材,被广泛用于食物蒸炖、药浴等日常保健。近年来走马胎叶片被开发成代泡茶,有效拓宽了应用途径。为了明确走马胎叶片营养价值,该研究采用国标方法分别对不同栽培年限走马胎叶片的矿质元素、一般营养、氨基酸及活性成分进行了分析和评价。结果表明:(1)走马胎叶片含有非常丰富的矿质营养,并符合高钾低钠型保健食品特征。1年生植株叶片矿质元素含量最高,其中磷(P)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)显著高于2～4年生植株(P<0.05)。(2)走马胎叶片的一般营养和氨基酸含量较高,且随栽培年限不同存在明显差异; 4年生植株叶片维生素C、总糖和氨基酸含量显著高于1～3年植株(P<0.05)。(3)走马胎叶片含有丰富的酚类和皂苷类物质,黄酮类物质含量较低,其中1年生总皂苷和4年生总酚含量均显著高于其他栽培年限的植株叶片(P<0.05)。综上研究表明,与常用果蔬及茶叶相比,走马胎叶片营养价值较高,其中1年生的植株叶片中矿质营养和皂苷类物质的总含量最高,4年生的植株叶片中一般营养(除脂肪外)、氨基酸及酚类物质的总含量最高,具有较好的开发利用前景。     

施肥与刈割对内蒙古草地生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确施肥和刈割对蒙古半干旱草地四种植物化学计量特征的影响,该文于2014年8月以内蒙古半干旱草地的四种植物冷蒿(Artimesia frigida)、菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia)、羊草(Aneurotepidimu chinense)、扁蓿豆(Melissitus ruthenica)为研究对象,利用方差分析及多重比较分析对照、施氮肥、割草、割草和施氮肥处理下的植物碳、氮、磷含量的差异以及不同处理下碳氮比和氮磷比的变化。结果表明:施氮肥与割草均未影响植物碳含量。施氮肥显著提高了植物氮含量(P<0.05),进而降低了碳氮比(P<0.05),提高了氮磷比(P<0.05)。割草处理后扁蓿豆的氮含量显著提高了0.18%(P<0.05),羊草的氮含量显著降低了0.13%(P<0.05),冷蒿与菊叶委陵菜的氮含量无显著变化。割草显著提高了冷蒿和菊叶委陵菜的磷含量(P<0.05),但是未影响羊草和扁蓿豆的磷含量。该研究证实了氮添加或割草会影响部分草地物种的化学计量特征,但是氮添加或割草对植物化学计量特征的影响存在种间差异。     

医护人员心理资本、应对方式与工作倦怠关系

目的 探讨医护人员心理资本、应对方式与工作倦怠的关系。方法 采用心理资本量表、简易应对方式量表和Maslach工作倦怠量表通用版对河北省某省级三甲医院101名医护人员进行调查。结果 （1）医生自我效能得分高于护士,成就感低落得分低于护士(P<0.05)。（2）心理资本与工作倦怠（乐观与成就感低落相关除外）呈显著负相关(P<0.01 or P<0.05),消极应对与成就感低落呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。（3）希望对情绪衰竭和玩世不恭有明显负向预测(P<0.01,P<0.001),自我效能(P<0.001)和消极应对(P<0.05)对成就感低落分别有负向和或正向预测作用。结论 提升心理资本水平,调整消极应对方式能有效预防和矫治医护人员工作倦怠;医院管理层应关注护士群体的心理状态。     

丛枝菌根真菌和施加不同形态氮肥对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和不同形态氮对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)生长和养分吸收的影响,以1 a生杉木幼苗接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和添加不同形态氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^–-N),对其养分元素和生长状况的变化进行研究。结果表明,AMF显著提高了杉木的苗高和生物量,促进了杉木对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Na的吸收,AMF对微量元素Fe、Na的促进作用总体上要强于大量元素K、Ca。与NO₃^–-N相比,AMF显著提高了NH₄⁺-N处理杉木的生物量、总C和N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量,而且这种显著性在叶中普遍高于根和茎。接种AMF可以促进杉木幼苗的生长和对养分元素的吸收,且添加NH₄⁺-N处理的促进作用要强于NO₃^–-N。     

拉布拉多犬的母性行为水平对幼犬胆量的影响

母性行为是动物以维持幼崽的生存及生理健康为主要目的的一种基本行为,母性行为作为重要的早期经历对动物的个体发展有深远影响。动物的行为在时间和环境中具有一致性,多个行为特征的一致性加权被称为气质特征,气质特征的差异是犬(Canis lupus familiaris)能否顺利通过培训成为导盲犬的决定性因素。其中,胆量是决定导盲犬培训成功与否的重要气质特征。本研究以中国导盲犬大连培训基地的拉布拉多种犬及幼犬为研究对象,探究母性行为水平对幼犬胆量的影响。本研究通过视频观察记录拉布拉多犬哺乳期前21 d的母性行为变量时长,对在哺乳区内、身体接触、哺乳和舔舐幼犬4项变量进行主成分分析后将7只实验犬分为母性行为高水平与低水平两组。对两组犬生产的共54只幼犬于6 ~ 8周龄时进行幼犬胆量行为测试,根据胆量行为测试的评分标准对幼犬的行为表现进行评分,统计分析母性行为高水平组与低水平组其幼犬的胆量是否存在差异。本研究结果表明,母性行为低水平组的幼犬在胆量测试中面对陌生环境、突然出现的响声刺激、突然打开的雨伞刺激以及陌生人的游戏邀请时均表现出更大的胆量。在被动测试中,母性行为低水平组幼犬的探索潜伏时长显著短于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05),探索范围显著大于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05),紧张程度极显著低于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.01);在金属响声测试中,母性行为低水平组幼犬的惊吓反应(P < 0.01)和紧张程度(P < 0.01)均极显著低于母性行为高水平组幼犬;在雨伞测试中,母性行为低水平组幼犬的紧张程度显著低于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05);在玩具测试中,母性行为低水平组幼犬的玩耍兴趣显著高于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05),紧张程度显著低于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05);在斜坡隧道测试中,母性行为低水平组幼犬的紧张程度显著低于母性行为高水平组幼犬(P < 0.05),通过斜坡的用时短于母性行为高水平组幼犬,但经统计检验无显著差异(P > 0.05)。本研究的结论为低母性行为水平带给幼犬强度适当的早期生活压力,使幼犬面对新环境刺激时表现出更好的适应能力和较大的胆量。本研究为工作犬种犬的筛选提出新的建议：母性行为水平低的种犬对幼犬胆量的发展有更好的影响。     

Plant–soil feedback effects on the performance and functional traits of Dodonaea viscosa in a dry-hot valley,China

Plant–soil feedback has been widely studied and may be particularly important in resource-poor areas. However, the roles of direct and indirect biotic effect in affecting plant growth and functional traits in this process still remained unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the roles of soil biota in affecting plant performance and traits by conducting a two-phase feedback experiment in a dry-hot valley, with a conditioning phase during which there were Dodonaea viscosa or no D. viscosa growing in the soil and a feedback phase in which the effect of the conditioned soil biota on D. viscosa performance was measured. Soil N was reduced by the presence of D. viscosa during the conditioning phase. However, D. viscosa showed a positive plant–soil feedback. In the feedback phase, the D. viscosa-conditioned soil increased the stem diameter, total biomass, and leaf dry mass content of D. viscosa, while the specific leaf area was significantly lower in D. viscosa-conditioned soil than that in bare soil. In contrast, soil sterilization had a negative effect on the growth of D. viscosa, with a significant reduction in biomass, especially in D. viscosa-conditioned soil, and soil sterilization significantly increased the root:shoot biomass ratio and litter mass. Furthermore, we showed that although the biota-driven changes in enzyme activities correlated with leaf N and especially P amount, the enzyme activity was not the main reason to promote D. viscosa growth in conditioned soil. These results suggest that the positive biotic feedback effect was superior to the negative nutrient-depleted effect on D. viscosa growth, and the direct biotic feedback effect would drive the positive effect of soil biota to a greater extent than the indirect effect. The positive biotic plant–soil feedback in dry-hot valley plays an important role in ecosystem restoration and helps in understanding plant adaptation to the local environment in this area.

     

云南干热河谷水库气候效应对车桑子幼苗生长发育的影响及其作用机制

干热河谷地区水电站建设对当地植被的潜在影响是一个值得关注的生态学问题。车桑子是当地植被灌木层的主要成分,开展水库气候效应对车桑子生长、发育影响的研究具有现实价值。以车桑子的实生幼苗为材料,将土壤含水量控制为13%、7%和1.5%,空气湿度控制为50%、65%和75%,从幼苗生长、构件发育、根系发育、生物量分配等方面研究了降水减少和大气湿度增加的气候效应对车桑子的影响,通过叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶片可溶性糖含量等指标,从光合系统特性、膜质过氧化和渗透调节3个方面研究了车桑子的受损与适应机制。结果表明,土壤干旱能够抑制车桑子幼苗高生长和根系发育的各项指标,并促进生物量向根系分配;当大气湿度增加时,幼苗高生长和根长虽呈增加趋势,但生物量积累、根系发育指标及RMR却具有单峰效应,显示空气湿度过高时对其生长发育具有抑制作用。综合而言,由于大气湿度增加能够部分补偿土壤的干旱效应,干热河谷区水库建设的气候效应不会对车桑子幼苗的生长和发育产生重要影响。结果还表明,土壤干旱和大气湿度变化对叶绿素含量无影响,土壤水分胁迫和空气湿度下降导致Fv/Fm显著下降,说明光合电子传递链受损是车桑子光合抑制的主要原因;土壤水分胁迫导致MDA含量升高,说明细胞膜质过氧化是车桑子幼苗受损的重要机制;而土壤干旱导致叶片可溶性糖含量升高,说明车桑子幼苗具有较好的渗透调节机制。研究结果对评估干热河谷区水电站建设对植被的影响具有参考价值。     

三种苦苣苔对石灰土和红壤的适应性分析

为探讨苦苣苔科植物对其岩溶生境的适应性,该研究选取黄花牛耳朵(Primulina lutea)、紫花报春苣苔(Pri.purpurea)和桂林蛛毛苣苔(Paraboea guilinensis)三种苦苣苔科植物,将其栽种在石灰土及红壤两种不同类型的土壤中,观测记录其生长性状并对其叶片元素含量进行测定和比较。植株采集过程中,同时采集自然生境中三种苦苣苔科植物叶片及取样植物基部土壤,并对叶片及土壤元素的含量进行测定,作为今后苗圃试验的参照。结果表明:三种苦苣苔科植物在两种土壤上的生长状况及适应性具有差异,其在石灰土上生长良好,在红壤上生长较差;在两种不同土壤中,除N外,桂林蛛毛苣苔的叶片其他元素(P、K、Mn、Mg、Ca、Zn、Cu)差异极显著(P0.01);除P外,紫花报春苣苔的叶片其他元素(N、K、Mn、Mg、Ca、Zn、Cu)差异极显著(P0.01);除N、Cu、Ca外,黄花牛耳朵的叶片元素(P、K、Mn、Mg、Zn)差异极显著(P0.01);三种植物的叶片元素比值,除少数值没有差异外,大部分指标差异都极显著;对叶片元素与栽培土壤元素的相关性分析,发现植物叶片Mn元素与土壤中N、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、有机质含量等呈正相关,土壤P元素与叶片中N、P元素呈正相关,而与叶片中Zn元素呈负相关关系。在其他栽培条件一致的条件下,土壤因素及物种差别是造成黄花牛耳朵、紫花报春苣苔和桂林蛛毛苣苔适应性产生差异的主要原因。     

Effects of different N fertilizers on the activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus mosseae</Emphasis> and on grapevine nutrition and berry composition

Grapevine N fertilization may affect and be affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and change berry composition. We studied the effects of different N fertilizers on AM fungal grapevine root colonization and sporulation, and on grapevine growth, nutrition, and berry composition, by conducting a 3.5-year pot study supplying grapevine plants with either urea, calcium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or ammonium nitrate. We measured the percentage of AM fungal root colonization, AM fungal sporulation, grapevine shoot dry weight and number of leaves, nutrient composition (macro- and micronutrients), and grapevine berry soluble solids (total sugars or °Brix) and total acidity. Urea suppressed AM fungal root colonization and sporulation. Mycorrhizal grapevine plants had higher shoot dry weight and number of leaves than non-mycorrhizal and with a higher growth response with calcium nitrate as the N source. For the macronutrients P and K, and for the micronutrient B, leaf concentration was higher in mycorrhizal plants. Non-mycorrhizal plants had higher concentration of microelements Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu than mycorrhizal. There were no differences in soluble solids (°Brix) in grapevine berries among mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. However, non-mycorrhizal grapevine berries had higher acid content with ammonium nitrate, although they did not have better N nutrition and vegetative growth.     

水分和种植密度对干热河谷车桑子生长性状及种内相互关系的影响

水分是干热河谷植物生长过程中最主要的限制因子,种植密度增加也会引起植物生长的资源限制,两者交互作用下植物生长性状及种内关系的变化特征还不清楚。以干热河谷优势植物——车桑子为研究对象,根据元谋干热河谷年均生长季降雨量设置3种水分梯度：高水分、中水分和低水分,同时在各水分梯度下设置4个种植密度：1、2、4、9株/盆,探究水分、种植密度及其交互作用对车桑子生长性状、生物量分配及种内相互作用的影响。结果表明：（1）低水分条件下,车桑子生长和水分生理受到抑制,但车桑子在较低的叶水势下依然能够保持较高的相对含水量;（2）干旱胁迫显著降低了车桑子总生物量和单株生物量,显著增加了枯叶生物量比例,低水分和中水分条件下,增加种植密度对总生物无显著影响;而高水分条件下,增加种植密度显著提高了车桑子总生物量;（3）低水分显著增加了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数,将更多生物量分配到叶,而种植密度增加显著降低了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数,增加了茎的生物量分配;（4）通过相对邻体效应的计算,各处理条件下,车桑子种内关系均表现为竞争作用,并且,这种竞争作用的强度随水分的减少和密度的增加而增加。在高密度条件下（9棵/盆）,增加水分不会减轻种内竞争作用。综上,水分和种植密度均会对车桑子个体的生理生长产生影响,在植被恢复过程中,应考虑水分和种植密度对车桑子个体产生的资源限制作用。     

Asymmetric effects of grazing intensity on macroelements and microelements in grassland soil and plants in Inner Mongolia Grazing alters nutrient dynamics of grasslands

Grazing is a traditional grassland management technique and greatly alters ecosystem nutrient cycling. The effects of grazing intensity on the nutrient dynamics of soil and plants in grassland ecosystems remain uncertain, especially among microelements. A 2‐year field grazing experiment was conducted in a typical grassland with four grazing intensities (ungrazed control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in Inner Mongolia, China. Nutrient concentration was assessed in soil and three dominant plant species (Stipa krylovii, Leymus chinensis, and Cleistogenes squarrosa). Assessed quantities included four macroelements (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg)) and four microelements (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)). Soil total C, total N, total P, available N, and available P concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity but soil Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations had no significant response. Plant C concentration decreased but plant N, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity. In soil, macroelement dynamics (i.e., C, N, and P) exhibited higher sensitivity with grazing intensity, conversely in plants, microelements were more sensitive. This result indicates macroelements and microelements in soil and plants had asymmetric responses with grazing intensity. The slopes of nutrient linear regression in C. squarrosa were higher than that of S. krylovii and L. chinensis, indicating that C. squarrosa had higher nutrient acquisition capacity and responded more rapidly to heavy grazing. These findings indicate that short‐term heavy grazing accelerates nutrient cycling of the soil–plant system in grassland ecosystems, elucidate the multiple nutrient dynamics of soil and plants with grazing intensity, and emphasize the important function of microelements in plant adaptation in grazing management.     

北亚热带森林土壤有效微量元素状况研究

研究了北亚热带25a生栓皮栎林,杉木林,火炬松林,毛竹林和5年生2代杉木萌芽林土壤中B,Mo,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn的有效含量,在土壤剖面中的分布规律,影响其有效性的土壤因子以及不同林分对土壤微量养分含量的影响。结果表明,在该地区的森林土壤中,有效B,Mo,Cu的平均含量均低于各自临界值,有效Zn平均含量接近临界值,Fe,Mn含量丰富;有效微量养分在土壤剖面中的分布园林分和元素种类而异影响微量元素有效性的主要土壤因子为有机质和有效磷含量;不同林分对土壤有效微量元素含量有显著影响,栓皮栎林土壤中有效微量养分含量最高,2代杉木萌芽林最低,其余林分居中且基本接近。     

Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington

Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P<0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha^–1 yr^–1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P<0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P<0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO₄–S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=–0.84,P<0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P<0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P<0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P<0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P<0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha^–1 yr^–1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, <0.1.     

南方红壤侵蚀区芒萁叶片对微地形的响应

植物功能性状可以反映植物应对环境变化的响应策略。该文以芒萁为研究对象,主要采用单因素方差分析和冗余分析,比较了3种微地形(沟脊、沟壁、沟底)中环境因子和芒萁叶片功能性状的差异,分析了芒萁对浅沟微地形的响应及其适应策略。结果表明:(1)芒萁叶片功能性状的总体变异程度在0.05～0.47之间,叶厚和叶面积均表现为沟底>沟壁>沟脊(P<0.05),沟壁的叶氮含量显著高于沟脊和沟底,沟脊的叶磷含量显著低于沟壁和沟底,比叶面积和叶碳含量在3种微地形间均无显著差异。(2)沟脊的芒萁通过减小叶面积来降低水分散失进行自我保护,沟壁的芒萁通过增加叶氮含量来提高叶片光合速率而促进生长,沟底的芒萁通过增大叶面积来提高光捕获能力而促进生长。综上结果认为,土壤养分和温湿条件的差异,促使芒萁通过调节营养物质含量和改变叶片形态以更好地适应环境。