不同土壤和微量元素对车桑子幼苗生长的影响

为了解微量元素对车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)生长的作用,研究添加微量元素(硼B、铁Fe、锰Mn、锌Zn)对车桑子生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,除Mn外,B、Zn和Fe均对车桑子的生长和叶绿素荧光参数有显著促进作用(P<0.05);且添加B的车桑子具有更高的生物量积累,比对照显著提高了133.61%。微量元素与土壤类型对叶片磷(P)含量和叶片氮磷比(N/P)具有显著的交互作用(P<0.05),紫色土添加Zn、黄棕壤添加Fe均显著降低了叶片N/P。燥红土和黄棕壤上车桑子的株高、叶面积和生物量积累均高于紫色土,但紫色土和黄棕壤上车桑子的根冠比和叶片N/P显著高于燥红土(P<0.001)。这表明微量元素对干热河谷车桑子生长具有重要作用,在植被恢复过程中可通过添加B、Fe、Zn尤其是B来促进植物生长。     

氮磷添加对荒漠草原植物-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征的影响

为明确植物、凋落物和土壤养分含量及化学计量比对土壤中添加多种限制性养分的响应，阐明"植物-凋落物-土壤"连续体化学计量动态及各组分之间的协同作用，以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象，于2018年开始进行氮（N）、磷（P）养分添加控制试验。试验处理包括对照（CK）、N添加、P添加、NP共同添加4个处理。结果表明：（1） NP共同添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物N和P含量、以及凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了荒漠草原植物C：N和C：P、以及土壤和凋落物C：P和N：P。P添加显著增加了荒漠草原植物、凋落物和土壤P含量，显著降低了植物、凋落物、土壤C：P和N：P。N添加分别增加了植物、凋落物N含量和N：P，但对植物N含量影响未达到显著水平。（2） C、N、P含量和N：P大小均表现为植物 > 凋落物 > 土壤，C：N和C：P均表现为凋落物 > 植物。（3） N添加提高了荒漠草原植物对P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N利用效率；P添加提高荒漠草原植物对N再吸收效率，降低荒漠草原对P的利用效率；NP共同添加提高了荒漠草原植物对N和P再吸收效率，降低了荒漠草原植物对N和P利用效率。（4）植物-凋落物-土壤的N、P含量和化学计量比之间显著相关，其中植物N、P、N：P与凋落物和土壤N、P、N：P显著正相关，凋落物P、C：N与植物和土壤C：P、N：P显著负相关。（5）荒漠草原植物和凋落物N较稳定（1/H=0.45和1/H=0.48），而植物和凋落物P、N：P较敏感（1/H=0.80、0.73和1/H=0.81、0.78）。荒漠草原植物生长受N限制，N添加缓解荒漠草原植物N限制，P添加和NP添加加剧荒漠草原植物N限制，荒漠草原植物通过改变养分利用策略和再吸收利用效率适应土壤中N、P含量的变化。     

内蒙古温带草原大针茅叶片光合生理特性对氮添加的响应

大气氮沉降增加生态系统氮有效性，优势种植物对不同水平氮输入的响应影响草原生态系统结构和功能。研究设置4个氮添加水平，分析内蒙古温带草原优势种大针茅（Stipa grandis）光合生理特性对不同梯度氮添加的响应。结果表明：低氮（0-2 g m^-2 a^-1）处理时，大针茅叶片氮含量较低，叶绿素含量和1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性不高，光能利用效率低，导致光系统II出现过剩激发能，光合器官受到抑制，净光合速率相对较低。适量氮添加（5-10 g m^-2 a^-1）提高了大针茅叶片羧化系统和电子传递系统的氮分配，进而提高了1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性以及电子传递速率，净光合速率增大。高氮（25 g m^-2 a^-1）处理时，叶片氮含量较高，但光合氮分配比例下降，降低了光合氮利用效率。大针茅光抑制程度增大，叶绿素含量、1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性下降，不利于生物量积累。研究结果有助于进一步了解全球变化背景下草原生态系统优势种的生理响应机制，并为草原的可持续发展提供一定的理论依据。     

云南元谋不同海拔土壤微生物对车桑子碳、氮、磷化学计量特征及土壤特性的影响

了解不同气候下土壤微生物对植物生态化学计量特征的影响有利于理解未来温度变化下植物与土壤的相互关系。该文以车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)为研究对象,从云南省元谋县两个海拔区采集车桑子根际土壤样品,并设定相应的两个温度处理,通过微生物灭菌和接种处理,测定了车桑子叶片养分及其所在的土壤特性,研究了温度、微生物及温度与微生物的交互作用对车桑子的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响,分析其N、P养分特征与土壤特性间的关系。研究结果表明:相比于灭菌处理,两个海拔区的土壤微生物对车桑子养分吸收都有促进作用,对P的促进作用极为显著。温度对车桑子C、N、P化学计量特征无显著影响,但温度与微生物的交互作用对车桑子的C、N、P化学计量特征有显著影响。这种交互作用主要体现在:在接种高海拔区土壤微生物的处理中,温度没有显著影响车桑子的C、N、P化学计量特征,而在接种低海拔区土壤微生物的处理中,相比于高温条件,低温显著抑制了车桑子对N、P的养分吸收。土壤微生物对养分吸收的促进作用可能源于其中有益微生物(如丛枝菌根真菌)的直接促进作用,而并非是通过土壤微生物的养分循环过程。由于接种微生物处理使车桑子从土壤中吸收了更多的N、P,从而使该处理的土壤有效N、P显著低于灭菌处理。在元谋干热河谷未来气温变凉的情况下,由于土壤微生物对植物的反馈作用,该区车桑子的生长可能会受到一定的抑制。     

氮沉降和刈割条件下羊草光响应模型比较及响应特性

草地覆盖全球陆地面积的40%左右,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。近年来,人类活动,如化石燃料燃烧和畜牧业的发展显著增加了氮在全球环境中的沉积。草地管理方式（如刈割）在介导氮沉降对草地植物的影响方面具有重要作用。因此,筛选合适的模型对光响应过程进行拟合并计算相关参数对研究植物光合特性具有重要意义。依托6种氮添加（NH₄NO₃）梯度和两种草原管理方式（刈割和不刈割）交互处理的野外控制实验,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定上述实验平台的优势种羊草（Leymus chinensis）的光合作用-光响应过程。采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型4种光响应模型对羊草光响应曲线进行拟合,从参数拟合效果和模型拟合优度筛选氮添加和刈割条件下羊草的最佳拟合模型并分析羊草的光合特性。结果表明：指数模型对表观量子效率（α）、光饱和点（LSP）和最大净光合速率（P_nmax）具有较好的参数拟合效果,非直角双曲线模型的模型拟合优度最好。在所有处理中,羊草均未表现出明显的光抑制现象,具有一定的光合潜力和适应环境变化的能力。适度氮添加和刈割处理能提高羊草净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、P_nmax、α和LSP等,提升了羊草的光能利用率并拓宽了光强利用范围,但过度氮添加并不能进一步提高光合能力。综上,指数模型和非直角双曲线模型较适用于氮添加和刈割条件下羊草的光响应曲线拟合,施氮浓度为20 g N m^-2 a^-1并刈割是最有利于提高羊草光合能力的草原管理措施。探讨了不同氮添加浓度和刈割处理对优势种羊草的交互影响,从光合作用角度分析羊草的适应机制,将对未来全球氮沉降增加情况下的草地管理方案提供科学依据。     

黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落优势种叶片光合生理对氮磷添加的响应

以黄土丘陵区退耕草地群落典型优势种白羊草、长芒草和达乌里胡枝子为研究对象，测定不同氮磷（主区N：0，50，100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1；副区P：0，40，80 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 a^-1）添加处理下叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片氮磷含量、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）和光合磷利用效率（PPUE），探究不同优势种光合生理特征对外源氮磷添加的响应特征与物种差异。结果表明：单独氮添加下，3个优势种的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率（WUE_i）、气孔限制值（Ls）和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）活性高于或显著高于未施肥处理，白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的PNUE和PPUE以及长芒草的PPUE显著增加。单独磷添加下，仅达乌里胡枝子的P_n、WUE_i、Ls和PNUE相比未施肥处理显著增加。氮磷共同添加下，50 kg N hm^-2 a^-1处理下，施磷后达乌里胡枝子的P_n以及三个优势种的PNUE显著增加，白羊草的PPUE显著降低；100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1处理下，施磷后达乌里胡枝子的P_n和PNUE均显著增加，白羊草PPUE和长芒草的PNUE的仅在40 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2 a^-1处理下显著增加。3个优势种的P_n均与PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶片氮含量呈显著正相关关系，长芒草和达乌里胡枝子的P_n与PSⅡ潜在活性和叶片磷含量呈显著正相关关系。总体表明，氮磷对黄土丘陵区退耕草地优势种光合生理具有一定的交互作用，物种属性和施肥水平影响其光合生理特征响应程度。     

模拟贝壳砂水分变化对旱柳光合特性的影响

为探讨贝壳堤岛旱柳叶片光合特性的水分响应规律,以2 a生旱柳苗木为材料,模拟设置贝壳砂生境系列水分梯度,测定分析不同土壤水分条件下旱柳叶片的主要光合生理参数。结果表明:（1）直角双曲线修正模型可较好模拟旱柳叶片净光合速率的光响应过程,维持旱柳较高光合作用的土壤相对含水量（RWC）为50.1%～94.4%,适宜光强为800～1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,水分对光强利用的补偿效应显著。（2）随土壤水分的降低,旱柳叶片净光合速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率及最大净光合速率均表现为先升高后降低;干旱和渍水胁迫条件下,旱柳叶片的光补偿点升高,光饱和点降低,光照生态幅变窄,光能利用效率降低,水分胁迫抑制光能效应明显。（3）随土壤水分的降低,旱柳叶片瞬时和潜在水分利用效率均表现为先升高后降低,分别在RWC为45.7%、40.6%时达到最大值,适度干旱胁迫可显著提高旱柳叶片的水分利用效率。（4）干旱和渍水胁迫均显著降低旱柳叶片的叶绿素含量和叶片水势,随土壤水分降低两者均表现为先升高后降低,叶绿素含量和叶片水势分别在RWC为58.9%、50.1%达到最高值。研究发现,贝壳砂生境旱柳叶片光合生理参数对土壤水分表现出一定的阈值响应,维持旱柳较高光合能力和水分利用效率的适宜土壤水分相对含量为50.1%～77.7%,表现为耐水湿不耐干旱的水分特性。     

蒋家沟流域不同海拔灌草层群落特征与土壤关系的研究

为了解干热河谷区不同海拔梯度植物群落灌草层物种多样性与土壤养分、水分之间的关系,该文选择干热河谷典型流域——蒋家沟流域作为研究区域,在流域内海拔1 400～3 000 m范围设置样带,对样带内8个海拔梯度的植物群落进行样方调查,统计不同海拔梯度灌草层的物种组成,测定土壤养分、土壤含水量和持水量,并将土壤指标与植被多样性指数进行主成分分析和皮尔逊相关性分析。结果表明:流域内样地共发现灌草层植物32科77属80种,且灌草层植物群落组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、全磷(TP)含量、土壤含水量和持水量均受海拔梯度的影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,土壤含水量、持水量、植物群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数均随着海拔升高不断增加,且高海拔区域SOC含量显著高于中低海拔区域(P<0.05)。土壤TP含量与Pielou指数、土壤含水量与Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和物种数均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明除海拔梯度外,土壤养分、水分含量是影响植物群落灌草层组成和多样性的关键因子。     

云南干热河谷水库气候效应对车桑子幼苗生长发育的影响及其作用机制

干热河谷地区水电站建设对当地植被的潜在影响是一个值得关注的生态学问题。车桑子是当地植被灌木层的主要成分,开展水库气候效应对车桑子生长、发育影响的研究具有现实价值。以车桑子的实生幼苗为材料,将土壤含水量控制为13%、7%和1.5%,空气湿度控制为50%、65%和75%,从幼苗生长、构件发育、根系发育、生物量分配等方面研究了降水减少和大气湿度增加的气候效应对车桑子的影响,通过叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶片可溶性糖含量等指标,从光合系统特性、膜质过氧化和渗透调节3个方面研究了车桑子的受损与适应机制。结果表明,土壤干旱能够抑制车桑子幼苗高生长和根系发育的各项指标,并促进生物量向根系分配;当大气湿度增加时,幼苗高生长和根长虽呈增加趋势,但生物量积累、根系发育指标及RMR却具有单峰效应,显示空气湿度过高时对其生长发育具有抑制作用。综合而言,由于大气湿度增加能够部分补偿土壤的干旱效应,干热河谷区水库建设的气候效应不会对车桑子幼苗的生长和发育产生重要影响。结果还表明,土壤干旱和大气湿度变化对叶绿素含量无影响,土壤水分胁迫和空气湿度下降导致Fv/Fm显著下降,说明光合电子传递链受损是车桑子光合抑制的主要原因;土壤水分胁迫导致MDA含量升高,说明细胞膜质过氧化是车桑子幼苗受损的重要机制;而土壤干旱导致叶片可溶性糖含量升高,说明车桑子幼苗具有较好的渗透调节机制。研究结果对评估干热河谷区水电站建设对植被的影响具有参考价值。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘、油松和刺槐光合生理特性及其环境适应性

植物光合生理特性在一定程度上能够体现其对生境的响应情况。通过测定黄土丘陵区安塞国家生态试验站人工纯林和混交林沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）、油松（Pinus tabuliformis）和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）在不同水分条件下的光响应曲线,采用5种光响应模型进行拟合分析,以比较3个树种在不同水分条件下适宜的光响应模型及光合生理参数差异,探讨该地区主要造林树种的光合生理生态适应性。结果表明：（1）湿润时期（9月）纯林和混交林中3个树种叶片净光合速率（P_n）均显著高于干旱时期（7月）（P < 0.05）,且7月,纯林沙棘、纯林刺槐和混交林刺槐出现光饱和、光抑制现象。（2）5种模型对各树种叶片光响应过程拟合效果的优劣顺序为：直角双曲线修正模型（MRH）、指数修正模型（MEM）、非直角双曲线模型（NRH）、指数模型（EM）、直角双曲线模型（RH）。（3）与9月相比,7月各树种叶片光合生理参数值（表观量子效率[φ]、光补偿点[LCP]、光饱和点[LSP]、暗呼吸速率[R_d]、最大净光合速率[P_nmax]）相对较低,表明在干旱时期,各树种光能利用减弱,光合能力也受到限制。（4）与纯林相比,混交林沙棘光合生理参数值整体呈上升趋势,表明混交造林有助于提高其光合潜力、对弱光的利用能力及光照生态幅宽度;油松整体呈下降趋势,表明混交种植可能会降低其光合作用能力;刺槐变化无明显规律,其叶片φ和P_nmax值下降,R_d增加,光照生态幅最宽,表明混交种植可能会增强其对强光的适应性,但会降低其对弱光的利用能力及光合潜力。     

Plant–soil feedback effects on the performance and functional traits of Dodonaea viscosa in a dry-hot valley,China

Plant–soil feedback has been widely studied and may be particularly important in resource-poor areas. However, the roles of direct and indirect biotic effect in affecting plant growth and functional traits in this process still remained unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the roles of soil biota in affecting plant performance and traits by conducting a two-phase feedback experiment in a dry-hot valley, with a conditioning phase during which there were Dodonaea viscosa or no D. viscosa growing in the soil and a feedback phase in which the effect of the conditioned soil biota on D. viscosa performance was measured. Soil N was reduced by the presence of D. viscosa during the conditioning phase. However, D. viscosa showed a positive plant–soil feedback. In the feedback phase, the D. viscosa-conditioned soil increased the stem diameter, total biomass, and leaf dry mass content of D. viscosa, while the specific leaf area was significantly lower in D. viscosa-conditioned soil than that in bare soil. In contrast, soil sterilization had a negative effect on the growth of D. viscosa, with a significant reduction in biomass, especially in D. viscosa-conditioned soil, and soil sterilization significantly increased the root:shoot biomass ratio and litter mass. Furthermore, we showed that although the biota-driven changes in enzyme activities correlated with leaf N and especially P amount, the enzyme activity was not the main reason to promote D. viscosa growth in conditioned soil. These results suggest that the positive biotic feedback effect was superior to the negative nutrient-depleted effect on D. viscosa growth, and the direct biotic feedback effect would drive the positive effect of soil biota to a greater extent than the indirect effect. The positive biotic plant–soil feedback in dry-hot valley plays an important role in ecosystem restoration and helps in understanding plant adaptation to the local environment in this area.

     

水分和种植密度对干热河谷车桑子生长性状及种内相互关系的影响

水分是干热河谷植物生长过程中最主要的限制因子,种植密度增加也会引起植物生长的资源限制,两者交互作用下植物生长性状及种内关系的变化特征还不清楚。以干热河谷优势植物——车桑子为研究对象,根据元谋干热河谷年均生长季降雨量设置3种水分梯度：高水分、中水分和低水分,同时在各水分梯度下设置4个种植密度：1、2、4、9株/盆,探究水分、种植密度及其交互作用对车桑子生长性状、生物量分配及种内相互作用的影响。结果表明：（1）低水分条件下,车桑子生长和水分生理受到抑制,但车桑子在较低的叶水势下依然能够保持较高的相对含水量;（2）干旱胁迫显著降低了车桑子总生物量和单株生物量,显著增加了枯叶生物量比例,低水分和中水分条件下,增加种植密度对总生物无显著影响;而高水分条件下,增加种植密度显著提高了车桑子总生物量;（3）低水分显著增加了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数,将更多生物量分配到叶,而种植密度增加显著降低了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数,增加了茎的生物量分配;（4）通过相对邻体效应的计算,各处理条件下,车桑子种内关系均表现为竞争作用,并且,这种竞争作用的强度随水分的减少和密度的增加而增加。在高密度条件下（9棵/盆）,增加水分不会减轻种内竞争作用。综上,水分和种植密度均会对车桑子个体的生理生长产生影响,在植被恢复过程中,应考虑水分和种植密度对车桑子个体产生的资源限制作用。     

Effects of soil water on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf traits of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings growing under nutrient-rich and -poor soil

Cyclobalanopsis glauca is a dominant species in mid-subtropical forest, and usually plays an important role in forest ecosystems. However, it often suffers redundant precipitation or water stress, which often concurs with high temperature, nutrient depletion and strong irradiance. The study presented in the paper hypothesized that soil water exerted strong influence on leaf gas exchange and traits. The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of soil water changes on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf traits and their relationships of C. glauca seedlings growing on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soil at three water levels. The study measured the specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen content, chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic light response curve. Its results showed that there were no differences in leaf size, leaf dry weight, SLA, leaf dry matter content, Leaf nitrogen concentration and Leaf chlorophyll between the two soil nutrient treatments, while these parameters differed significantly among different water levels for either of the treatments. There were large variations in leaf photosynthetic parameters and leaf traits among the different water treatments, indicating different response patterns of C. glauca seedling and its adaptation to the different soil water conditions. There were no significant differences in light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A_max) and apparent quantum yield (Ø) between the nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils, which indicated that the C. glauca seedlings could maintain similar capacities in different soils that differed in nutrient condition. As to the relation between the photosynthesis and leaf traits, the A_max and PNUE were positively correlated with the SLA, respectively, but the SLA had significant negative relationship with the leaf N (P<0.01) in nutrient-rich soil. In contrast, both A_max and PNUE were significantly negatively correlated with the SLA, respectively (P<0.01); and the SLA was not significantly positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen concentration of the nutrient-poor soil (P>0.05). The specific leaf areas (SLA), nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations as well as other photosynthetic features were influenced in a coordinative manner by the soil water. The relation among the A_max, PNUE and the N_mass, SLA could be described as a binomial equation and a liner negative regression for the nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soil, respectively. In conclusion, soil water was more constraining factor than the soil nutrient to the photosynthesis of C. glauca seedlings, nutrient-rich soil could offset some negative influence resulting from soil water deficit on LSP and LCP. Factors affecting the variations of photosynthetic characteristics and leaf traits of C. glauca seedlings differed between the nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils.     

攀枝花不同海拔高度烤烟农田红壤中氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌的群落结构分析

为探究攀枝花干热河谷区农田土壤氨氧化古菌（Ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）与氨氧化细菌（Ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）群落对海拔高度的响应特征,深入认识该区域的氮素循环过程。以攀枝花米易县不同海拔（1600 m、1800 m和2000 m）农田红壤为研究对象,运用化学分析和末端限制性片段长度多态性（Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP）分别测定土壤理化性质、AOA和AOB群落组成及多样性,研究不同海拔农田土壤中AOA和AOB群落变异及其驱动因子。研究结果显示,不同海拔农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、速效钾（AK）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;随海拔升高,AOA群落多样性指数增加,而AOB群落多样性指数先增加后降低;AOA以亚硝基球菌属（Nitrososphaera）为优势菌群,AOB以亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）为优势菌群;土壤有机碳（SOC）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是影响该区域农田土壤AOA和AOB群落发育的主要因子。总体而言,攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔农田土壤AOA和AOB群落结构变化明显,土壤硝态氮、速效钾和有机碳是影响AOA和AOB群落结构变异的主要因子;研究结果可为揭示干热河谷区农田红壤氮循环相关微生物的海拔分布格局提供理论依据。     

Interaction Effects of Ambient UV Radiation and Nutrient Limitation on the Toxic Cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nodularia spumigena</Emphasis>

Nodularia spumigena is one of the dominating species during the extensive cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea. The blooms coincide with strong light, stable stratification, low ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus. The ability of nitrogen fixation, a high tolerance to phosphorus starvation, and different photo-protective strategies (production of mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) may give N. spumigena a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton during the blooms. To elucidate the interactive effects of ambient UV radiation and nutrient limitation on the performance of N. spumigena, an outdoor experiment was designed. Two radiation treatments photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and PAR +UV-A + UV-B (PAB) and three nutrient treatments were established: nutrient replete (NP), nitrogen limited (−N), and phosphorus limited (−P). Variables measured were specific growth rate, heterocyst frequency, cell volume, cell concentrations of MAAs, photosynthetic pigments, particulate carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (PON), and particulate phosphorus (POP). Ratios of particulate organic matter were calculated: POC/PON, POC/POP, and PON/POP. There was no interactive effect between radiation and nutrient limitation on the specific growth rate of N. spumigena, but there was an overall effect of phosphorus limitation on the variables measured. Interaction effects were observed for some variables; cell size (larger cells in −P PAB compared to other treatments) and the carotenoid canthaxanthin (highest concentration in −N PAR). In addition, significantly less POC and PON (mol cell⁻¹) were found in −P PAR compared to −P PAB, and the opposite radiation effect was observed in −N. Our study shows that despite interactive effects on some of the variables studied, N. spumigena tolerate high ambient UVR also under nutrient limiting conditions and maintain positive growth rate even under severe phosphorus limitation.     

腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质的影响

【目的】紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)内含对微生物、植物和动物有毒的化学物质,列为我国危害最严重的外侵植物,评价腐熟紫茎泽兰对土壤微生物和作物的毒性,有益于无害化处理生产有机肥。【方法】利用微生物菌剂腐熟紫茎泽兰,田间设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施紫茎泽兰有机肥(OF)、化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥(50%化肥+50%紫茎泽兰有机肥,CF+OF)等4种施肥处理,研究了紫茎泽兰有机肥对土壤细菌、养分和辣椒产量品质等的影响。【结果】在施用OF的土壤中,微生物碳氮高于CF、OF和CF+OF提高细菌群落的多样性指数,CF增加优势度指数。在4种施肥处理的土壤中,酸杆菌门和变形菌门均为优势门类,丰富度合计超过50%;在20种优势菌株中,有7株细菌普遍存在,6–8株细菌单独存在于不同处理土壤中。此外,在辣椒初果期,CF土壤中的有效养分含量较高;但至末果期,CF+OF处理的有效磷钾显著高于CF,碱解氮CF+OF与CF相似。施用CF+OF使辣椒吸收了较多的氮、磷、钾,辣椒产量比CF增加14.42%,并使果实游离氨基酸和维生素C含量提高,硝酸盐含量降低。【结论】紫茎泽兰有机肥兼具供肥改土作用,能提高土壤微生物生物量,丰富土壤细菌种群,增加辣椒产量,改善果实品质。     

Biomass and photosynthetic productivity of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as affected by nutrient supply and mirid (Eccritotarus catarinensis) biocontrol

The biological control of water hyacinth is affected by water nitrogen and phosphorus content and this was investigated experimentally at five levels of nutrient supply by measuring plant photosynthetic and growth responses, and mirid reproduction and herbivory of nutrient treated plants. Low nitrogen (2–0.2 mg L⁻¹) and phosphorus (0.2–0.01 mg L⁻¹) supply decreased hyacinth photosynthesis, growth and biomass accumulation relative to plants supplied 200 mg L⁻¹ N and 20 mg L⁻¹ P. This effect depended more on nitrogen supply than phosphorus supply. Chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the photosynthetic light reactions of low nutrient plants were affected and leaves had decreased chlorophyll content, density of functional photosystems II and dissipated a greater proportion of absorbed energy as heat. Gas exchange parameters showed reduced carboxylation efficiency, rates of RuBP regeneration and light saturated photosynthetic rates, but not quantum yields. Effects on photosynthesis translated into lower plant dry biomass. Mirid herbivory exacerbated the effects of low nutrients noted for chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange parameters and biomass accumulation, however, these effects were not always significant and there was no obvious correlation between the level of nutrients supplied and the effect of mirid herbivory. Low nutrient supply did, however, affect mirid performance reducing the number of adult insects, nymphs and herbivory intensity suggesting that in the long-term mirid populations would be significantly affected by water nutrient status.     

云南文山石漠化区车桑子叶脉密度与叶氮含量关系对生境的响应

植物叶脉特征和叶氮含量的变化影响着叶片经济谱的形成,为验证叶片结构中叶脉网络构建提供了理论依据。该文以单位质量叶氮含量(N_(mass))和单位面积叶氮含量(N_(area))分别表示叶氮含量,采取主成分分析、线性回归分析的方法,研究了云南文山石漠化区旷地(Ⅰ)、林缘(Ⅱ)和林下(Ⅲ)3种自然生境下车桑子的叶脉密度(Vein density,VD)与N_(mass)和N_(area)的异速关系。结果表明:从乔灌群落的旷地到林下,车桑子的比叶面积、叶绿素总含量、光能利用率和N_(mass)逐渐增大,光饱和点、光补偿点、水分利用效率、VD、N_(area)逐渐减小,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈先增大后减小的趋势。VD与叶氮含量呈不同程度的相关性,在生境I和III,VD与N_(mass)和N_(area)分别具有显著的负相关(P0.05)和正相关(P0.05);在生境Ⅱ,VD与N_(mass)和N_(area)分别呈不显著负相关(P0.05)和正相关(P0.05)。车桑子在旷地强光生境,高VD的叶片含有低N_(mass)高N_(area),而林下荫蔽生境偏向于相反的配置模式,反映了石漠化区植物较强的叶脉可塑性及其与氮利用性状的权衡机制。