武汉东湖周丛原生动物六新种

本文报道武汉东湖周丛原生动物的6种纤毛虫新种:绿累枝虫Epistylis chlorelligerum sp. nov.、斗鞘居虫Vaginicola cupulata sp. nov.、弯鞘居虫Vaginicola curvata sp. nov.、褶鞘居虫Vaginicola plicata sp. nov.、大靴纤虫Cothurnia magna sp. nov.、多纹平鞘虫Platycola multistriata sp. nov.。       

五株纤毛虫遗传关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,尝试对四种五株纤毛虫(褶累枝虫(Epistylis plicatilis)、绿草履虫(Paramecium bursaria)、多态喇叭虫(Stentor polymorphus)、嗜热四膜虫BF1株(Tetrahymena thermophilaBF1)和嗜热四膜虫BF5株(T.ther-mophilaBF5))进行遗传关系研究。用13个ISSR引物对五株纤毛虫进行扩增,六个ISSR引物获得多态片段。根据Nei s遗传距离矩阵构建了五株纤毛虫的遗传关系树状图。UPGMA,NJ聚类图表明:两株嗜热四膜虫最先聚在一起;其次是褶累枝虫和多态喇叭虫聚在一起,然后再与嗜热四膜虫聚在一起;咽膜亚纲的绿草履虫形成独立的一枝。结果显示:①缘毛亚纲纤毛虫可能是寡膜纲中较独特的一个类群,建议提升缘毛亚纲纤毛虫的分类地位;②缘毛亚纲褶累枝虫与膜口亚纲嗜热四膜虫的亲缘关系近于咽膜亚纲绿草履虫,在寡膜纲中绿草履虫处于原始地位;③五株纤毛虫基因组中均含有微卫星DNA序列:(GTG)4(、GACA)4(、AG)8(、CAA)6和(GAA)6。     

京津冀区域市政污水厂活性污泥种群结构的多样性及差异

【背景】活性污泥中微生物的种群结构影响着污水生物处理的高效性及稳定性,是有效保证污水处理效果的关键。【目的】研究活性污泥中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性,并分析相应菌群的主要功能,旨在更好地发挥细菌的净化作用、保持污水处理过程的稳定及提高污水的处理效率。【方法】以京津冀区域内典型市政污水厂活性污泥为研究对象,通过IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,对5个污水厂活性污泥的微生物种群结构特征进行了详细解析,研究不同工艺参数下活性污泥中优势种群及脱氮菌群丰度的差异。【结果】5个污水厂活性污泥种群结构具有一定差异,其中Hengshui (HS)厂污泥的群落结构受温度的影响最大,而Shahe (SH)、Daoxianghu (DXH)、Nangong(NG)厂活性污泥群落结构则受总氮、总磷与氨氮的共同影响,氨氮对SH厂活性污泥种群结构影响最大。DXH、NG和HS厂污泥中优势菌均为Anaerolineaceae,而SH和Hejian (HJ)厂的优势菌则为Saprospiraceae与Lactobacillus。活性污泥中反硝化菌丰度最高的为HJ厂,丰度最低的为HS厂,反硝化功能基因nirS比nirK分布更为广泛。【结论】对于不同污水厂,影响其活性污泥群落结构组成的环境因素也是不同的,并且特殊的进水水质也会对污泥菌群组成和生物多样性产生影响。     

生物砂滤网工艺挂膜实验研究

研究了生物砂滤网污水处理工艺的循环挂膜过程,综合考察了滤网M01和M02上表面生物膜的生长变化情况,细菌数量及其微型动物的组成演化。同时在挂膜一定时间后投加生活污水,分别考察了滤网M01和M02对COD、NH₃-N的去除率。通过试验发现微生物能在滤料上生长繁殖,形成生物砂滤网。细菌在整个过程中占主导地位。同时其它微生物的种类也较为丰富,累枝虫、钟虫、聚缩虫等固着类纤毛虫数量较多,而且还出现了轮虫、线虫等微型后生动物,系统中真核微生物呈现多样化的趋势。滤网M01挂膜成熟后CODcr的去除率可高达90%,氨氮的去除率在70%左右,M02的CODcr平均去除率在60%左右,氨氮去除率在20%左右。     

景观水体周丛生纤毛虫群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解载玻片法获取的周丛生纤毛虫群落可否用于监测景观水体,于2015年利用载玻片采样法对上海东南角的一处景观水体的周丛生纤毛虫的群落结构进行了周年调查,并对其与环境因子之间的相关性进行了研究。共检出12目51种周丛生纤毛虫。周丛生纤毛虫的年平均密度为127.29个/cm~2,2月密度最低,为24.27个/cm~2,5月密度最高,为248.57个/cm~2;其群落结构应对水体环境的变化呈现显著的季节性变动。多元统计分析表明,总磷浓度和水温(T)均是影响周丛生纤毛虫群落结构的主要环境因子。作为周丛生纤毛虫最主要的类群,缘毛目纤毛虫的密度与透明度(SD)和电导率(Spc)呈显著正相关,与T呈极显著正相关;丁丁目、毛口目和侧口目纤毛虫的密度与SD呈显著负相关,其中丁丁目纤毛虫的密度与T呈极显著负相关;此外,丁丁目纤毛虫的密度与总氮(TN)浓度呈极显著正相关。冗余分析显示,优势种钟形钟虫、钟虫sp.2、聚缩虫sp.1、亨氏累枝虫、沟钟虫和螅状独缩虫的密度与环境因子具有较好相关性。研究表明,载玻片法采集的周丛生纤毛虫能很好的反映水质变化,该方法可以作为景观水体水质监测方法的一个补充。     

低盐度围隔调控环境浮游纤毛虫群落结构与动态

为了解施肥与水质调控对养殖水体中原生动物的影响,2008年6-10月,对低盐度围隔调控环境中浮游纤毛虫种群结构及动态变化进行了研究.通过活体观察和标本固定染色法共检测到浮游纤毛虫48种,分属于3纲11目37属,其中寡毛目纤毛虫种类8种;缘毛目7种,腹毛目和盾纤目均为6种;优势种多为富营养化水体中或耐污性种类,如圆筒状拟铃壳虫(Tintinnopsis cylindrata)、球形急游虫(Stranbidium globosaneum)、海洋帆口虫(Pleuronema marinum)、蚤状中缢虫(Mesodinium pulex)、毛板壳虫(Coleps hirtus)、瓜形膜袋虫(Cyclidium citrullus)等.围隔不同施肥处理,对纤毛虫的群落组成与动态变化影响显著,试验期间,围隔中纤毛虫种类平均值最高为9种,最低为4种;密度平均值最高为112.30cells·ml-1,最低为19.50 cells·ml-1;10个围隔中纤毛虫种类平均分别为6～7种,密度平均为52.56 cells·ml-1;施有机肥培藻的围隔,优势种始终是嗜污性较强的纤毛虫.纤毛虫动态与浮游藻类动态变化密切相关,二者的密度变化特点为前期和后期低,中期较高;但多样性的变化规律相反,纤毛虫的多样性表现为前期和后期低,中期较高,藻类的多样性表现为前期和后期高,中期较低.     

三峡水库运行期间原生动物群落的时空异质性

于2010年10月—2011年6月三峡水库正常运行周期内对库区干流原生动物进行调查,研究其空间分布及水库周期排蓄期间的变化。共检测到原生动物99种,蓄水后纤毛虫有增多的趋势。水库运行的不同阶段优势种不同,大致演变为:砂壳纤毛虫(蓄水期)—非砂壳类纤毛虫(高位运行期间)—有壳肉足虫(低位运行期间)。不同水域优势种也存在差异,从上游到下游特征指示种变化为:有壳肉足虫(变动回水区)—纤毛虫(湖泊区)。结果表明,三峡水库原生动物的分布具有明显的时空异质性(P0.05),影响原生动物时空分布的主要因素有透明度、温度、电导率和叶绿素a。原生动物平均密度为952.19个/L,平均生物量为8.14μg/L。蓄水期上游现存量高于下游,低位运行期间则低于下游。原生动物Marglef和Shannonn-Weiver多样性指数平均值分别为3.78和2.18,1月份最低,6月份最高。蓄水175 m后上游变动回水区原生动物具有较高的丰度。水库冬蓄夏排的运行模式模糊了河流本身的季节变化,使原生动物的种类和现存量更多的受水库水动力学的影响,使水体理化因子和水文特征呈现明显的时空差异,最终形成原生动物种群的时空异质性分布。     

动物界的世代交替

在动物的生殖中,世代交替现象比较少,主要见于原生动物(如有孔虫、疟原虫)、腔肠动物(如薮枝虫、海月水母)及节肢动物(如蚜虫)等门类中的少数种类,现以腔肠动物的薮枝虫为例加以说明。     

季节变化对沙漠生态系统土壤中自由生活线虫和原生动物间营养关系的影响

选择沙漠常绿灌木丛枝霸王(Zygophyllum dumosum)群落及群落间的开阔地带采样,研究土壤线虫和原生动物的种群大小、物种组成及营养结构.本研究共获线虫29属,裸变形虫33属90种;在所获各类原生动物中,鞭毛虫和纤毛虫均为食细菌类群,而鞭毛虫个体数量最多;在沙漠生态系统中,土壤湿度被认为是影响生物活性的最重要因素之一.然而,本研究显示:土壤湿度对线虫和原生动物是否重要取决于这些动物对土壤湿度的生理生态适应能力;土壤线虫和原生动物的体型大小、生活史策略和活动能力与土壤湿度的有效性相关不显著,但它们对微生物和微小土壤动物区系间的相互作用有重要影响,在干旱生态系统中,这种影响能够显著改变土壤生态系统短期的养分循环.本研究还表明,土壤线虫和原生动物种群间的关系主要取决于两者营养类群组成的变化.     

对虾养殖池塘底质修复技术对原生动物群落结构的影响

在对虾养殖池塘水体中共检测到原生动物86种,其中纤毛虫48种;鞭毛虫25种,肉足虫13种.原生动物优势种主要由一些运动能力相对较弱或固着生长的种类组成,如褐砂壳虫(Difflugia avellana)、瓜形膜袋虫(Cyclidium citrullus)、透明鞘居虫(Vaginicola crystalline)、多态喇叭虫(Stentor polymorphrus)和钟虫(Vorticella sp.)等,这些原生动物有以腐质和藻类为食、耐污性较强的特点.结果表明:在养殖初期,使用底质修复技术的试验池塘原生动物群落结构恢复比对照塘快,PFU群集的原生动物种类数和密度比对照塘多,水质比对照塘好,嗜污性相对较强的一些纤毛虫如尾草履虫(Paramecium caudaium)、拟瘦尾虫(Paruroleptus spp.)等比对照塘出现晚.在随后的养殖过程中,使用底质修复技术的试验塘原生动物群落结构比对照塘稳定,原生动物种类数和密度起伏小,pH值、透明度变化幅度也小于对照池塘,没有发生病害,水质较对照塘好.     

Comparison of ciliate communities in the anoxic hypolimnia of three lakes: general features and the influence of lake characteristics

The ciliate communities and their food sources were investigatedin the anoxic hypolimnia of three lakes with differing waterchemistry. Bacterial biomass and, as a result, the biomass ofbactenvorous ciliates were correlated with lake trophy. Additionally,high sulfate and sulfide concentrations led to high bacterialbiomass of sulfate reducers and anaerobic phototrophic and heterotrophicbacteria, which in turn sustained large ciliate populations.The anaerobic ciliate communities of the lakes shared many characteristics.They were comprised of the same or closely related species;this was attributed to a low diversity of food sources. Ciliateto prey biomass ratios were 1.2–3.8% which is consistentwith a low theoretical growth efficiency of anaerobic metabolism.Grazing pressure on anaerobic ciliates by metazoa was insignificant.In all three lakes, ciliate populations showed distinct verticalnon-random distribution patterns which were often correlatedwith the distribution of the corresponding food sources. Itis suggested that the microbial communities in anoxic waterbodies are largely influenced by few common environmental conditionsand are therefore often inhabited by similarly structured ciliatecommunities.     

The influence of fundamental design parameters on ciliates community structure in Irish activated sludge systems

The protozoan community in eleven activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the greater Dublin area has been investigated and correlated with key physio-chemical operational and effluent quality parameters. The plants represented various designs, including conventional and biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems. The aim of the study was to identify differences in ciliate community due to key design parameters including anoxic/anaerobic stages and to identify suitable bioindicator species for performance evaluation. BNR systems supported significantly different protozoan communities compared to conventional systems. Total protozoan abundance was reduced in plants with incorporated anoxic and anaerobic stages, whereas species diversity was either unaffected or increased. Plagiocampa rouxi and Holophrya discolor were tolerant to anoxic/anaerobic conditions and associated with high denitrification. Apart from process design, influent wastewater characteristics affect protozoan community structure. Aspidisca cicada was associated with low dissolved oxygen and low nitrate concentrations, while Trochilia minuta was indicative of good nitrifying conditions and good sludge settleability. Trithigmostoma cucullulus was sensitive to ammonia and phosphate and could be useful as an indicator of high effluent quality. The association rating assessment procedure of Curds and Cockburn failed to predict final effluent biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) indicating the method might not be applicable to treatment systems of different designs.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the subclass peritrichia (Oligohymenophorea, Ciliophora) with emphasis on the genus Epistylis, inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The peritrichs have been recognized as a higher taxon of ciliates since 1968. However, the phylogenetic relationships among them are still unsettled, and their placement within the class Oligohymenophorea has only been supported by the analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Opisthonecta henneguyi. DNA was isolated directly from field-sampled species for PCR, and was used to resolve relationships within the genus Epistylis and to confirm the stability of the placement of peritrichs. Small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Epistylis plicatilis, Epistylis urceolata, Epistylis chrysemydis, Epistylis hentscheli, Epistylis wenrichi, and Vorticella campanula were sequenced and analyzed using both distance-matrix and maximum-parsimony methods. In phylogenetic trees, the monophyly of both the genus Episrylis and the subclass Peritrichia was strongly supported, while V. campanula clustered with Vorticella microstoma. The topology in which E. plicatilis and E. hentscheli formed a strongly supported sister clade to E. urceolata, E. chrysemydis, and E. wenrichi was consistent with variations in the thickness of the peristomial lip. We concluded that the peristomial area, especially the peristomial lip, might be the important phylogenetic character within the genus Epistylis.     

长白山地低山区土壤动物群落特征及其对环境因子变化的响应

为探讨长白山地低山区土壤动物群落特征及其对环境因子变化的响应,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(7月)及秋季(9月)对长白山地低山区的次生针阔叶混交林、次生落叶阔叶林、蒙古栎林和耕地土壤动物进行研究。研究表明,4个生境共获土壤动物58类,30445只,隶属3门6纲22目52科(亚目)。各生境大型、中小型土壤动物具有一定的差异性,且各生境季节变化不同。总体来看,耕地生境土壤动物密度与类群数明显低于其它3个生境,大型土壤动物的密度季节变化较显著,中小型土壤动物的密度和类群数的季节波动均较大。次生落叶阔叶林生境大型、中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于其它3个生境,耕地最低。中小型土壤动物多样性指数、丰富度指数季节波动较大,春季、夏季与秋季之间差异性较大,大型土壤动物季节波动较小。通过对大型、中小型土壤动物与13种环境因子进行Pearson相关分析可知,大型土壤动物对土壤温度和土壤湿度具有正向响应,其密度、类群数与土壤温度具有显著正相关关系,中小型土壤动物的密度、类群数对土壤湿度具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对pH的响应程度较低,对有机质具有显著正向响应;土壤动物对全效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,大型土壤动物的密度对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,中小型土壤动物类群数对速效养分N、P、K的响应程度高,对Ca、Mg的响应程度较低。     

五种缘毛类纤毛虫遗传关系的ISSR研究

应用ISSR分子标记揭示了5种缘毛类纤毛虫(Carchesium polypinum,Epistylis chrysemydis,E.plicatilis,E.urceolata和Vorticella campanula)的遗传关系.从34个引物中筛选到13个多态性高的引物进行研究.得到的遗传距离(0.666 7～1.000 0)显示ISSR技术具有较高的分辨率.依据构建的UPGMA聚类树,V.campanula首先和其他种类分开;C.polypinum和E.chrysemydis聚在了一起;在3种Epistylis纤毛虫中,E.plicatilis和E.urceolata聚在了一起.对比由核糖体小亚基RNA基因序列构建的系统发育树,发现:1)ISSR引物在缘毛类纤毛虫基因组中可以得到多态扩增;2)C.polypinum与Epistylis的关系近于V.campanula,在缘毛类纤毛虫分类中,单生或群居是重要的系统发育特征;3)E.plicatilis和E.urceolata的关系近于E.chrysemydis.在Epistylis属纤毛虫中,柄的中空与否是一个有用的系统发育和分类特征.本研究表明ISSR方法在纤毛虫相近和相似种遗传关系研究中是一种新的有用方法.     

Development of anaerobic sludge bed (ASB) reactor technologies for domestic wastewater treatment: motives and perspectives

During the treatment of raw domestic wastewater in the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the suspended solids (SS) present in the wastewater tend to influence negatively the methanogenic activity and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion efficiency. These problems led to the emergence of various anaerobic sludge bed systems such as the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB), the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-septic tank, the hydrolysis upflow sludge bed (HUSB), the two-stage reactor and the anaerobic hybrid (AH) reactor. However, these systems have, like the UASB reactor, limited performance with regard to complete treatment (e.g., removal of pathogens). In this respect, a new integrated approach for the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater is suggested. This approach combines a UASB reactor and a conventional completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the treatment of the wastewater low in SS and sedimented primary sludge, respectively. The principal advantages of the proposed system are energy recovery from organic waste in an environmentally friendly way; lowering the negative effect of suspended solids in the UASB reactor; production of a high quality effluent for irrigation; and prevention of odour problems.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解与土壤动物群落动态和多样性

2001年12月~2002年12月,采用不同孔径分解凋落叶样袋法,对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林3类凋落叶的分解进行了研究,并对落叶分解过程中凋落叶袋内和袋下土样中的土壤动物群落和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,3种孔径袋内凋落叶的分解速率为大孔>中孔>微孔;混合凋落叶的分解速率大于单种凋落叶;蜱螨目在凋落叶分解的整个过程中相对数量都较高,弹尾目在凋落叶的分解过程中在凋落叶袋和土壤间移动,数量变化较大。凋落叶袋内大、中型土壤动物的个体数量在分解前期较多,中、小型土壤动物在分解的中期数量剧增;凋落叶袋内土壤动物的个体数量、密度以及多样性指数都随着落叶的分解而增加,9月最高;土壤样内则在分解的前期较高,以后逐渐降低。凋落叶的分解和土壤动物群落动态及多样性受凋落叶基质质量以及样地温度、降雨量等综合因素的影响。     

The effect of peritrich ciliates on some freshwater leeches from Assiut, Egypt

During October 2004 to April 2005, when water temperature ranged between 18 and 22 degrees C, over than 500 specimens of leeches namely Alboglossiphonia polypompholyx, Batracobdelloides tricarinata, Helobdella conifera (Rhynchobdellida), Barbronia assiuti, and Salifa delicata (Arhynchobdellida) were collected from Al-Sont canal near Assiut city. About 80% of these specimens were infected with the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp. The infection occurred in the field, both rhynchobdellid and arhynchobdellid leeches were infected, but Epistylis can infect rhynchobdellids more than arhynchobdellids. Both light and scanning electron microscopy showed the morphology of this parasite which attached to the surface of the leech body by a stalk. Histopathological studies revealed the damage of cuticle, epidermis, and dermis of the leech body wall at the area of attachment and the leech body seemed to be sloughy. Presence of this parasite in high numbers covering large areas of the body can impede gas exchange leading to leech suffocation and finally its death. Like the other sessile single-celled ciliates Epistylis spp. feed on bacteria and suspended organic debris, which are prevalent in nutrient-rich water, hence, Epistylis is a good indicator of poor water quality (pollution). The present study represents the first report of the effect of Epistylis on leeches collected from Egypt.     

Ciliate communities of a large shallow lake: Association with macrophyte beds

We investigated the influence of macrophyte composition on ciliate community structure in a large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Võrtsjärv. We hypothesized that macrophyte composition must have strong influence on the dispersal of ecologically different ciliate groups in a shallow lake and that more diverse macrophyte stands cause also a greater diversity in the ciliate community. In Võrtsjärv macrophyte distribution is spatially strongly polarized both in east–west and north–south directions in relation to abiotic factors. Phragmites australis and Myriophyllum spicatum were the most widespread species occurring in most parts of the lake. Correlation of environmental, macrophyte and planktonic ciliate variables confirmed the suggested spatial gradients. More diverse macrophyte stands supported a high species richness and abundance of epiplanktonic community but showed negative influence on the number and abundance of euplanktonic ciliate taxa. Opposite trends were found relative to the abundance of P. australis. Benthic ciliates showed a similar distribution pattern to euplanktonic taxa being most abundant in sites were the Shannon–Weaver index for macrophytes was low. Strong polarizing effect of the lake's vegetation on planktonic ciliate diversity was reflected in correlations of the number of ciliate taxa as well as the numbers of eu- and epiplanktonic taxa with geographic co-ordinates.     

高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物多样性对环境因子的响应

为研究高寒草甸大型土壤动物群落组成和分布对环境因子的响应,选取祁连山东段的甘肃省天祝县高原鼢鼠典型分布区域,以鼠丘密度代表干扰强度设置4个干扰区。调查各干扰区植被群落特征、土壤理化性质、大型土壤动物类群组成及其数量,采用约束性排序方法分析环境因子对大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的影响。结果表明：高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物优势类群为瓦娄蜗牛科、象甲科和短角亚目幼虫;极重度干扰区大型土壤动物类群的丰度、丰富度、Shannon指数显著高于重度干扰区（P<0.05）;多元回归分析表明大型土壤动物类群丰度、丰富度和Shannon指数与土壤温度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度与土壤含水量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰度与土壤紧实度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度和Shannon指数与植物Shannon指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;冗余分析和偏冗余分析表明,土壤温度、紧实度和含水量是影响高寒草甸大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的主要环境因子。