基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9及其组织抑制因子（TIMPs）在动情周期大鼠子宫中的表达

基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs)家族的作用是降解所有细胞外基质,其活性受其特异性组织抑制因子（TIMPs)的抑制。细胞外基质成分的降解与重组在动物生殖生长过程中起重要作用,其变化可以通过MMPs和TIMPs两者表达水平的变化进行监测。大鼠虽然没有月经形成,但是在其子宫内膜也出现类似灵长类的生殖生物学变化。本文从MMPs和TIMPs两者的表达水平,对大鼠子宫内膜的这些变化进行了研究。于大鼠动情周期的不同时期,将算处死,取子宫制备酶粗提液和组织切片,采用酶谱法(zymography)和原位杂交方法研究动情周期大鼠子宫中MMP-2和-9的活性变化以反MMP-2、-9和TIMP-1、-2、-3mRNA的表达。并通过光密度扫描方法对酶谱结果进行半定量分析。所用杂交探针见Table 1．酶谱结果显示：在动情周期大鼠子宫中只检测到67kDa的MMP-2活性,而没有检测到MMP-9的活性(Fig.1)。MMP-2的活性在动情前期最高,动情期和动情后期次之,同情期最低(Flg．2)。原位杂交结果显示：MMP-2、-9、TIMP-1、-2、-3m RNA主要在子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中表达。MMP-2和-9 mRNA在动情前期、动情期和动情后期子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞和动情期子宫环行肌层中表达均较强,在间情期表达较弱。MMP-9 mRNA在动情期腔上皮和腺上皮细胞中也有较弱的表达(Fig．3)。TIMP-1 mRNA在动情期和动情后期子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中以及动情期腔上皮和腺上皮细胞中表选较强,在动情前期和间情期表达较弱(Fig．4)。TIMP-2 mRNA在动情期和间情期子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中以度在动情期上皮细胞中表达较强,在动情前期和动情后期表逮较弱(Fig.4)。TINP-3 mRNA在动情期子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中表达最强,在动情后期和间情期次之,动情前期表达最弱。TIMP-3 mRNA在动情期子宫环行肌层中也有较强的表达(Fig.5)。由此可见,MMP-2的活性和MMIP-2的基固表达基本一致,MMP-2和-9及其组织抑制因子TIMPs在时间和空间上的表达也基本一致。提示：MMP-2,-9及TIMP-1、-2、-3共同参与了动情周期大鼠子宫内膜的周期性变化。     

富含脯氨酸小蛋白-2在小鼠子宫中的表达及调节

富含脯氨酸小蛋白(Sprrs)参与构建复层扁平上皮的角化细胞壳（CE）,它们在子宫单层上皮中的作用还不清楚.采用RNA印迹和半定量RT-PCR方法,研究了Sprr2在小鼠动情周期和妊娠子宫中的表达及其激素调控.实验结果发现:Sprr2在动情前期和动情期表达上调,而动情后期和间情期表达下调.在妊娠初期表达迅速下调,直至临产期表达重新受到诱导并在产后达到高峰.鉴于其在不同生殖阶段子宫中独特的表达模式和在复层上皮中保护性的功能,推测Sprr2与子宫对交配和分娩所产生的应激反应有关.     

蛋白激酶H11基因在小鼠子宫中的表达及其性激素调节

为研究蛋白激酶H11基因在生殖系统中的作用,我们采用半定量RT-PCR和原位杂交方法,研究了蛋白激酶H11基因在小鼠中的组织特异性表达,在妊娠初始期胚胎植入位点、妊娠期子宫和胎盘以及正常动情周期子宫中的表达及其受性激素的调节。结果发现:蛋白激酶H11基因在小鼠多种组织中都有表达,在卵巢及子宫等一些生殖相关的组织中表达水平较高;妊娠初始期,蛋白激酶H11基因在小鼠子宫内膜植入位点处有明显的高表达,其mRNA定位于腔上皮细胞和基质细胞中。在动情周期中,蛋白激酶H11基因在动情前期子宫中表达水平较低;卵巢切除模型显示雌激素和孕激素均可显著上调蛋白激酶H11基因的表达。以上结果提示蛋白激酶H11可能参与了胚胎植入过程中腔上皮细胞凋亡和基质细胞增殖与蜕膜化以及动情周期小鼠子宫内膜细胞的功能调节[动物学报51(3):462-468,2005]。     

大鼠生殖周期下丘脑、卵巢、子宫钙调素含量变化及子宫钙调素的免疫组化定位

用ELISA法测定大鼠下丘脑、卵巢、子宫在动情周期中钙调素(Calmodulin)的含量变化,并用免疫组化法(Immunohistochemical technique)研究了大鼠动情周期中子宫内钙调素的分布。结果为:(1)处在动情期的大鼠,其子宫、卵巢、下丘脑中钙调素的含量明显高于间情期、动情前期及动情后期的含量。其顺序为动情期>动情前期>动情后期>间情期。其中以下丘脑、卵巢的含量变化较急骤。提出钙调素含量变化与雌激素的含量一致,由此推测钙调素对维持卵巢正常功能,子宫生长发育有密切关系。(2)经免疫组化定位,不论处在间情期或动情期的子宫,钙调素的分布在肌层与内膜层均有,以内膜层较多,特别是在动情期的分布更高。此与钙调素含量测定的结果一致。     

胶原酶—3活性在大鼠动情周期及胚泡着床中的变化

大鼠动情周期以及胚胎着床过程中,子宫内膜会发生结缔组织的降解与重构。胶原酶3（MMP－13）是降解纤维类胶原的主要蛋白水解酶类之一。其活性在这些过程中的变化值得研究。采用液体闪烁计数测定^3H标记胶原的方法,对大鼠动情周期及早期妊娠子宫中胶原酶3（MMP－13）的活性进行了测定。结果表明：在动情周期中,激活型MMP－13在间情期最低,酶原型及激活型的MMP－13在动前期达高峰,动情后期酶原型和激活型MMP也明显高于间情期（P＜0．05）（Fig.1)。妊娠第1、2天酶原型的MMP－13的活性显著高于第3－7天,第3、4天酶原型和激活型MMP－13的活性均低于妊娠第1、2天（P＜0．05）;而第5天酶原型MMP－13的活性却显著高于第4、6两天（P＜0．05）,激活型MMP－13的活性也高于第4天（P＜0．05）（Fig.2）。着床部位酶原型MMP－13的活性明显高于非着床部位（P＜0．05）,而激活型MMP－13的活性则无明显差异（P＞0．05）（Fig.3）。大鼠假孕早期子宫中MMP－13的活性变化与正常早期妊娠相似,但其活性却明显低于正常早期妊娠（Fig.4）。结果提示:粝鼠子宫中MMP－13参与大鼠动情周期及早期妊娠过程,尤其是在胚胎着床过程中可能起着重要作用。     

围植入期小鼠子宫内膜中整合素β3亚基的表达

目的 研究整合素β3亚基与胚泡植人的相关关系。方法 取未孕动情期、真孕及假孕3-6天小鼠子宫作切片,用免疫组织化学和图像分析法检测整合素β3亚基围植人期子宫内膜的表达状况和变化规律。结果 整合素β3亚基仅分布于子宫内膜腺上皮的细胞膜。在真孕组小鼠,受精后第4天,整合素β3亚基含量明显上升,第5天达到高峰,第6天又突然回落;假孕组小鼠,只有第5天时呈弱阳性表达,其余各天的表达均降至检测水平之下。结论 ①整合素β3亚基在真孕小鼠子宫内膜的表达与植人窗的开放相吻合,是子宫内膜接受性的客观标志。②启动整合素β3亚基表达变化的信号不仅受母体因素调控,还与胚泡刺激有关。     

MER-ERK信号通路调控H3K27me3甲基化酶和去甲基化酶基因表达的研究

在人的某些癌症细胞中,组蛋白H3K27me3甲基化酶EZH2基因存在过表达的现象,很多研究已经证明,这可能是受MEK ERK信号通路调控的.为了确定这种调控模式在小鼠细胞系中是否同样存在,以及MEK ERK信号通路是否同时调控H3K27me3甲基化酶EZH1基因和去甲基化酶UTX、JMJD3基因的表达,用RT PCR和Western印迹方法检测不同浓度的MEK ERK抑制剂U0126（0、10、20、40 μmol/L）对C2C12、C127、NIH3T3三种小鼠细胞系处理后,EZH1、EZH2基因和UTX、JMJD3基因表达变化.结果显示：MEK-ERK抑制剂处理后,3种细胞中EZH1和EZH2基因的表达与对照相比都有不同程度的降低,其中EZH2基因表达变化在C2C12、NIH3T3两种细胞达到显著水平(P<0.05). H3K27me3去甲基化酶UTX、JMJD3基因在3种细胞中表达均有升高,JMJD3升高达到显著水平（P<0.05).因此,在小鼠细胞系MEK ERK信号通路可能参与调控EZH2、JMJD3基因的表达,但对EZH1、UTX基因的表达调控作用不明显.
关键词MEK ERK信号通路;     

动情周期中大鼠输卵管与植物凝集素BS-1结合的糖蛋白的表达

目的初步鉴定大鼠输卵管中存在与植物凝集素BS-1结合的糖蛋白,并研究其在输卵管中的定位和不同动情周期中糖蛋白的表达变化.方法根据阴道涂片检查将大鼠分为:间情期(DE)组、动情前期(PE)组、动情期(E)组和动情后期(ME)组.用冰冻切片法、荧光组化技术和共聚焦显微镜技术观察大鼠输卵管中与BS-1结合糖蛋白的分布及表达变化.结果大鼠输卵管中存在与BS-1结合的糖蛋白,并呈节段性分布,即峡部＞壶腹部.动情周期中大鼠输卵管糖蛋白的表达:动情期＞动情前期＞动情后期＞间情期.结论大鼠输卵管与植物凝集素BS-1结合的糖蛋白在动情期(E)峡部上皮表达最明显,具有雌激素依赖性.     

胶原酶-3活性在大鼠动情周期及胚泡着床中的变化(英文)

大鼠动情周期以及胚胎着床过程中,子宫内膜会发生结缔组织的降解与重构。胶原酶3（MMP－13）是降解纤维类胶原的主要蛋白水解酶类之一。其活性在这些过程中的变化值得研究。采用液体闪烁计数测定~3H标记胶原的方法,对大鼠动情周期及早期妊娠子宫中胶原酶-3（MMP－13）的活性进行了测定。结果表明：在动情周期中;激活型MMP－13在间情期最低,酶原型及激活型的MMP－13在动前期达高峰,动情后期酶原型和激活型MMP也明显高于间情期（P＜0.05）（Fig．1）。妊娠第1、2天酶原型的MMP-13的活性显著高于第3～7天,第3、4天酶原型和激活型MMP-13的活性均低于妊娠第1、2天（P＜0.05）;而第5天酶原型MMP-13的活性却显著高于第4、6两天（P＜0．05）;激活型MMP－13的活性也高于第4天（P＜0．05）（Fig．2）。着床部位酶原型MMP－13的活性明显高于非着床部位（P＜0．05）,而激活型MMP－13的活性则无明显差异（P＞0．05）（Fig．3）。大鼠假孕早期子宫中MMP－13的活性变化与正常早期妊娠相似,但其活性却明显低于正常早期妊娠（Fig．4）。结果提示：大鼠子宫中MMP-13参与大鼠动情周期及早期妊娠过程,尤其是在胚胎着床过程中可能起着重要作用。     

Hey1基因参与调控BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化

目的:观察发状分裂相关增强子Hey1在骨形态发生蛋白9(BMP9)诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞(MSCs)C3H10T1/2成骨分化中的作用。方法:包装Hey1、BMP9以及GFP的过表达慢病毒,并分别作用于C3H10T1/2细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot检测Hey1、BMP9以及GFP的慢病毒是否包装成功,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)检测早期成骨指标ALP的变化,茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨指标钙盐沉积,MTT检测Hey1对BMP9调控的C3H10T1/2细胞增值的影响,流式细胞术检测Hey1对BMP9调控的C3H10T1/2细胞周期的影响。结果:Hey1、BMP9以及GFP的慢病毒包装成功;在成骨分化早期,过表达Hey1基因可促进BMP9调控的C3H10T1/2细胞的成骨分化与增殖;在成骨分化晚期,过表达Hey1基因可促进BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的成骨分化,并将BMP9调控的C3H10T1/2细胞周期阻滞在G1期。结论:Hey1基因可参与调控BMP9诱导的小鼠C3H10T1/2细胞的早晚期成骨分化,并对细胞的增殖与周期有一定的影响。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9及其组织抑制因子(TIMPs)在动情周期大鼠子宫中的表达(英文)

基质金属蛋白酶（ＭＭＰｓ）家族的作用是降解所有细胞外基质,其活性受其特异性组织抑制因子（ＴＩＭＰｓ）的抑制。细胞外基质成分的降解与重组在动物生殖生长过程中起重要作用,其变化可以通过ＭＭＰｓ和ＴＩＭＰｓ两者表达水平的变化进行监测。大鼠虽然没有月经形成,但是在其子宫内膜也出现类似灵长类的生殖生物学变化。本文从ＭＭＰｓ和ＴＩＭＰｓ两者的表达水平,对大鼠子宫内膜的这些变化进行了研究。于大鼠动情周期的不同时期,将其处死、取子宫制备酶粗提液和组织切片,采用酶谱法（ｚｙｍｏｙｒａｎｈｎ）和原位杂交方法研究动情周期大鼠子宫中ＭＭＰ－２和－９的活性变化以及ＭＭＰ－２、－９和ＴＩＭＰ－１、－２、－３ｍＲＮＡ的表达。并通过光密度扫描方法对酶谱结果进行半定量分析。所用杂交探针见Ｔａｂｌｅ１。酶谱结果显示：在动情周期大鼠子宫中只检测到６７ｋＤａ的ＭＭＰ－２活性,而没有检测到ＭＭＰ－９的活性（Ｆｉｇ．１）。ＭＭＰ－２的活性在动情前期最高,动情期和动情后期次之,间情期最低（Ｆｉｇ．２）。原位杂交结果显示：ＭＭＰ－２、－９、ＴＩＭＰ－１、－２、－３ｍＲＮＡ主要在子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中表达。ＭＭＰ－２和－９ｍＲＮＡ在动情前期、动情期和动     

Limiting dilution analysis of TNF producing cells in C3H/HeJ mice

A limiting dilution assay (LDA) that measures the frequency of TNF producing cells is described. LDA determination is based on the inhibition of growth of a highly TNF sensitive subline from the WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma by using a micro assay sensitive to single picogram amounts of recombinant murine TNF. Using such LDA, it was determined that the reported deficiency in LPS-induced TNF production in C3H/HeJ mice is a function of reduced frequency of TNF producing cells rather than a complete lack of responsiveness. In bulk culture, LPS-triggered TNF was produced by Thy-1.2 negative spleen cells with activity recovered in both G10 Sephadex adherent and nonadherent subpopulations. LPS stimulation of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice resulted in TNF mRNA expression as shown in both Northern blots and in situ hybridization. The frequency of TNF mRNA bearing cells in control of C3H/HeSnJ mice by in situ hybridization correlated with that found for TNF producing cells in LDA. In C3H/HeJ spleen, significantly higher numbers of TNF mRNA positive cells were found than were shown to produce TNF in LDA.     

Histamine content and mast cells distribution in mouse uterus: the effect of sexual hormones, gestation and labor

The histamine content of uteri from mice was analyzed in terms of both concentration and total amount per uterine horn a) at two stages of the estrous cycle (estrous and diestrous), b) under sex hormone treatment, c) during pregnancy and after delivery. Histamine concentration and mast cell density were greater during diestrous and in mice treated with progesterone (p less than 0.001). This effect was attributed to a reduction in uterine mass weight, since the amount of histamine per uterine horn remained constant throughout the estrous cycle. During pregnancy, both concentration and amount of histamine per uterine horn were increased, values were significantly higher than in estrous (p less than 0.001) from day 14-17 until day 21 when labor occurred. After six to eight hours post-partum an abrupt reduction on histamine content was observed. Mast cells were more abundant in myometrium than in endometrium, their density followed the same pattern as histamine concentration throughout the estrous cycle.     

Adrenergic mechanisms in the control of myometrial activity in mice. Changes on estrous cycle

Correlation between contractile activity and norepinephrine (NE) release induced by electrical stimulation or by high K+ depolarization has been analyzed in isolated preparations of mouse uterus throughout the different stages of the estrous cycle. Both the contractile activity induced by electrical stimulation and the capacity to maintain contracture, after changing the physiological bathing solution by high K+ solution, followed the same pattern: estrous greater than proestrous greater than diestrous greater than metestrous. High-K+ induced 3H-NE release was also different according to the stage of the estrous cycle. 3H-NE release was significantly less in estrous than in diestrous uterine horns. EC50 values for inhibiting contractile response, for isoprenaline, norepinephrine and phenylephrine were significantly greater in metestrous than in other stages of the estrous cycle. On the other hand, reserpinized mouse uteri showed an increase in EC50 values in the stages tested. The data support the hypothesis that in a mouse uterus, sex steroid hormones could affect beta-adrenergic receptor function indirectly, perhaps through an action on adrenergic neurons by a mechanism affecting NE release from sympathetic terminals.     

Physiological evidence for the possible existence of anhydrolevuglandin E2-like activity in extracts and media from uteri of rats.

Physiological evidence is presented for the possible existence of anhydrolevuglandin E2-like activity in extracts of uteri from diestrous rats and after treatment of adult rats with estradiol and progesterone. The extracts were able to inhibit contractions in rat uterine preparations stimulated by PGE2. Uteri of vaginal Stage 3 (metestrus) were quiescent and showed decreased responsiveness to PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. These uteri showed some contractility when incubation medium from diestrous uteri (Stage 5) were transferred to them and incubation medium from them inhibited the contractility of Stage 5 uteri. When incubation media were exchanged between contractile uteri from of stages other than Stage 3, there was no change in the contraction patterns. Taken together, we believe these data indicate that AnLGE2 may be a normal constituent of the rat uterus and is physiologically increased during Stage 3 (metestrus) of the estrous cycle.     

Functional and molecular characterization of tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in the mouse uterus

The aim of this study was to analyze the function and expression of tachykinins, tachykinin receptors, and neprilysin (NEP) in the mouse uterus. A previous study showed that the uterotonic effects of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB) in estrogen-treated mice were mainly mediated by the tachykinin NK1 receptor. In the present work, further contractility studies were undertaken to determine the nature of the receptors mediating responses to tachykinins in uteri of late pregnant mice. Endpoint and real-time quantitative RT-PCR were used to analyze the expression of the genes that encode the tachykinins SP/NKA, NKB, and hemokinin-1 (HK-1) (Tac1, Tac2, and Tac4); and the genes that encode tachykinin NK1 (Tacr1), NK2 (Tacr2), and NK3 (Tacr3) receptors in uteri from pregnant and nonpregnant mice. The data show that the mRNAs of tachykinins (particularly NKB and HK-1), tachykinin receptors, and NEP are locally expressed in the mouse uterus, and their expression changes during the estrous cycle and during pregnancy. The tachykinin NK1 receptor is the predominant tachykinin receptor in the nonpregnant and early pregnant mouse and may mediate tachykinin-induced uterine contractions in the nonpregnant mouse. The tachykinin NK2 receptor is predominant in the late pregnant mouse and is the main receptor mediating uterotonic responses to tachykinins at late pregnancy. The tachykinin NK3 receptor is expressed in considerable amounts only in uteri from nonpregnant diestrous animals, and its physiological significance remains to be clarified.     

Effects of canine serum collected from dogs at different estrous cycle stages on in vitro nuclear maturation of canine oocytes

Canine oocytes are ovulated at prophase of the first meiotic division and undergo maturation in the distal part of the oviduct for at least 48-72 h. Because of these differences from other domestic mammals, the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocyte is very low. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of canine serum on IVM of canine oocytes recovered from ovaries in various reproductive states (follicular, luteal or anestrous stages). Oocytes were recovered by mincing ovaries from bitches presented for ovariohysterectomy at various stages of the estrous cycle. Heat-inactivated canine serum was prepared with blood taken from dogs at the anestrous, estrous or diestrous stage of the estrous cycle as determined by progesterone concentration and vaginal cytology. Oocytes were cultured for 72 h in tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with 10% canine anestrous, estrous or diestrous serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS) (experiment 1), or supplemented with 0 (control), 5%, 10% or 20% canine estrous serum (experiment 2). In experiment 1, IVM of oocytes collected at the follicular stage of the estrous cycle to metaphase II (MII) stage was higher (p < 0.05) with canine estrous serum (14.2%) than with canine anestrous (5.2%) or diestrous serum (6.3%), FBS (2.2%) or in the control (2.2%). In experiment 2, oocytes collected at the follicular stage of the estrous cycle cultured in TCM-199 with 10% canine estrous serum showed a higher maturation rate to MII stage (13.5%, p < 0.05) compared with those cultured with 5% (1.3% MII) or 20% canine estrous serum (5.1% MII) or the control (2.7% MII). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that supplementing culture medium with 10% canine estrous serum improves IVM of canine follicular stage oocytes.