青藏高原高寒地区生态草牧业可持续发展:原理、技术与实践

青藏高原在保障国家生态安全、发展高寒生态草牧业和改善当地民生等方面具有重要战略意义。实现高寒地区生态草牧业可持续发展，对推动青藏高原生态保护和区域高质量发展具有重要推动作用。由于高寒草地承载力低、草畜供需时空失衡和畜牧业经营方式粗放等原因，导致草地畜牧业生产效率低，牧民经营效益差，高寒草地退化严重。为了协调推动高原生态保护、国家公园建设和区域民生改善，传统草地畜牧业亟待转型升级。近年来在国家和地方科技项目支持下，针对高寒草地畜牧业系统效率低、资源消耗大和经营效益差的瓶颈，我们在位于青藏高原东缘农牧交错区的青海省贵南县系统开展了生态草牧业关键技术研发、应用和示范，集成了以“高寒草地适度利用—优质高产人工草地建植—优良牧草青贮—系列草产品加工—饲草料精准配置—家畜营养均衡饲养—高原特色畜产品精深加工—一二三产业融合—区域功能耦合”等为一体的高寒地区生态草牧业提质增效技术体系，积极推动了传统草地畜牧业向生态草牧业发展转变，促进了高寒地区生态—生产—生活协调发展。上述工作将为青藏高原生态保护、草牧业可持续发展和高寒地区牧民持续增收提供重要科技支撑，同时对我国西部典型生态脆弱区适应性管理，黄河上游生态保护和高质量发展具有一定的启示作用。     

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务功能的互作机制

青藏高原高寒草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障.高寒草地退化不仅影响了当地畜牧业生产和牧民生活,而且严重地威胁着我国和东亚地区的生态安全.从高寒草地生态系统的生态、生产和生活功能角度出发,分析了青藏高原高寒草地生态系统在人口、放牧压力与资源环境承载力的相互作用关系,及其生态、生产和生活功能比例结构变化对高寒草地生态系统服务功能的影响,阐明了高寒草地生态系统服务功能的多元耦合、多维连锁和多重反馈的相互作用机制.并以藏北那曲地区为例,把2008年农牧民脱贫线和小康线作为生活功能标准,通过生态服务功能当量,确定了维持高寒草地生态系统可持续发展的生态、生产和生活功能比例结构.据此,估测了牧民的生活功能达到脱贫线和小康线标准时允许的人口承载量.结果表明,高寒草地退化使草地生态系统的人口承载量下降了60％.以那曲地区2008年的实际的牧业人口量与允许的人口承载量相比,高寒草地退化后,实际牧业人口占脱贫标准的36％,但小康标准超载了118.9％.因此,调控人口承载量是实现青藏高原高寒草地生态系统的生态、生产和生活功能协调发展的关键.     

西部高寒湿地系统的草地资源保护与优化利用模式研究

西部高寒湿地系统的草地资源保护与优化利用问题,是我国生态环境建设中倍受重视的科学问题。本研究以甘南的高寒湿地为研究对象,分析了高寒草地资源变化的时空分布特征及其在环境条件影响下的增长动态,采用生物控制论方法,组建了草地资源保护模型及草地放牧系统的最优控制模型。依据在甘南玛曲县高寒草地的调查结果,分别对其山地草原化草甸、山地典型草甸和沼泽草甸等草地资源的利用,建立了相应的保护指标。确定了该草地放牧系统的最优牧草资源水平和最优控制量,提出了草地资源优化利用的管理对策与措施,为草地放牧管理提供了优化模式和定量依据。     

北方牧区草地资源分类经营机制与可持续发展

草地是畜牧业生产和生态保护的重要资源.在短期经济利益的驱动下造成北方牧区草地大面积退化和荒漠化、生产力下降、自我恢复能力降低、水土流失加剧和涵养功能减弱,对牧区经济发展、社会稳定和生态安全构成了威胁,严重影响着草地畜牧业的可持续发展.以新疆阿勒泰为例,依据草地资源的生产经济性能、生态服务价值重要性和季节放牧利用特征,构建了基于GIS 技术的草地生产力指数、草地生态服务价值指数和草地资源分类经营的功能分区模型,建立以主导功能和时空格局为主的草地资源分类经营调控机制,将阿勒泰牧区的草地从空间上划分为经济功能区、混合功能区和生态功能区.结果表明:(1)经济功能区,以获取最大的经济效益为目的,面积约648.69万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的65.8%,主要分布在平原荒漠;(2)生态功能区,以生态保护和社会效益为目的,面积约136.4万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的13.9%,主要分布在平原荒漠草原、山地草原、高寒草甸;(3)混合功能区,在适度利用条件下,生态效益与经济效益并重,面积约200.1万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的20.3%,主要分布在山地草原化荒漠、山地草甸草原、平地草甸、山地荒漠草原、山地草甸和高寒草原.通过对草地资源的分类经营,将畜牧业生产重心转向经济功能区,转移生态功能区的放牧家畜,减轻混合功能区的放牧压力,形成草地资源在功能、系统、时序和空间的耦合结构,实现牧区草地资源利用的可持续发展.     

藏北高寒草地植被和土壤对不同放牧强度的响应

放牧压力在时间和空间的不均衡分布导致局部土地过度利用和生态退化,然而当前对放牧强度的量化多采用替代性指标或对照试验,缺乏直接监测数据,也缺乏不同草地类型对放牧强度变化的响应差异性研究。以西藏自治区那曲市为研究区,利用佩戴式GPS牛羊定位器构建高精度放牧轨迹数据集模拟放牧强度,构建栅格尺度放牧强度空间分布和划分方法,结合草地群落样方调查,通过Duncan法（Duncan''s multiple comparative analysis）进行多重比较分析,探究自由放牧模式下高寒草甸和高寒草原两类区域植被和土壤对不同放牧强度的响应方式及差异性。本研究可为放牧行为环境效应监测提供新思路,并根据不同草地状况因地制宜提出放牧优化管理策略,助力高寒传统牧区的可持续发展。主要结论有：1）随着放牧强度的增大,高寒草原地上生物量先升高后降低,高强度放牧对高寒草原植被的影响大于高寒草甸。2）高放牧强度下,高寒草原土壤水分显著高于中低强度,高寒草甸土壤容重显著低于低强度。可能原因是放牧压力多集聚于水源附近。高寒草原区土壤的砂粒含量随放牧强度的增大而增加。放牧强度的增大导致草甸上层土壤有机质增加,草甸下层、草原上层、草原下层土壤有机质先增加后减小。草甸上下层土壤全磷含量在低放牧强度下显著低于中高强度。3）植被土壤变化受到自然因子和放牧活动的共同影响。高寒草甸更加耐牧,高强度放牧对高寒草原的负面影响更大,而中度放牧有利于草地尤其是高寒草原的放牧利用。4）放牧生态系统是一个环境-植物-家畜自适应系统。在放牧管理中不能仅通过控制载畜量缓解草地超载,还需要综合考虑生态系统的弹性及各营养级的适应性,合理配置放牧强度,控制季节性超载和局部超载。     

高寒草甸矮嵩草的环境适应性研究进展

青藏高原高寒草甸的建群种矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)以自身重要的生态价值、营养价值、耐寒耐牧和高抗逆性, 对该地区生态环境的稳定和畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。由于全球气候变暖, 长期超强度的放牧压力和啮齿动物的破坏活动, 使矮嵩草的生存和发展受到严重破坏, 使高寒草甸生态系统受到了一系列既有的或潜在的影响。因此,学者们从各方面研究矮嵩草及其生态系统, 以期实现矮嵩草草甸草地的可持续利用。总结了矮嵩草的资源特性、矮嵩草对自然干扰和人为干扰环境的适应, 以及适应环境的形态结构和生理生态特征等方面的研究进展, 旨在为今后深入开展矮嵩草相关研究, 高寒草甸草地的可持续利用、保护和恢复提供科学参考。     

藏北高寒草地生态补偿机制与方案

根据藏北那曲高寒草地的生产力、季节放牧重要性、生态服务价值、生态环境敏感性,构建了基于草地亚类的功能分区模型,从空间上将高寒草地划分为适度生产功能区、减畜恢复功能区和禁牧封育功能区,据此构建了基于高寒草地功能分区的分级生态补偿模式,设计了高寒草地生态补偿的组织管理体系及流程、生态补偿的损益评估机制和约束奖惩机制;提出了针对不同功能区的生态补偿方案.根据藏北那曲高寒草地功能分区结果和不同功能区生态补偿内容和目标,确定生态补偿周期为5a,核算出适度生产功能区、减畜恢复功能区和禁牧封育保护功能区分别需要补偿资金19.4亿元、15.77亿元和0.6亿元,每年分别需补偿资金3.88亿元、3.16亿元和0.12亿元,5a全区共需补偿资金35.77亿元,年需7.16亿元.通过对高寒草地的功能分区分级生态补偿,对提高高寒草地的生态保护能力,增加牧民的经济收入,促进藏北高寒草地生态系统的可持续发展具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

放牧家畜组合对高寒草地植物群落特征及生产力的影响

为明晰中等放牧强度下不同放牧家畜组合如何调控高寒草地地上净初级生产力,进而提高高寒草地管理水平,本研究以青藏高原东端高寒草地为对象,设置中等放牧强度下不同放牧家畜组合样地(牦牛、藏羊单独放牧及1∶2混合放牧)和不放牧样地,分析了不同放牧家畜组合下高寒草地植物群落特征、土壤理化性质及地上净初级生产力变化。结果表明：不同放牧家畜组合对物种丰富度与多样性指数无显著影响,但显著降低高寒草地植物群落的高度与盖度,并改变功能群重要值占比;藏羊单独放牧显著增加高寒草地土壤速效氮、磷含量以及土壤容重;放牧弱化高寒草地植物多样性对地上净初级生产力的调控作用并加强土壤环境因子的作用强度;牦牛、藏羊混合放牧时高寒草地地上净初级生产力、家畜采食量均最高。为提升高寒草地管理水平,建议基于中等放牧强度进行牦牛、藏羊适宜比例的混合放牧,采用植被-家畜-土壤耦合管理方式以实现高寒草地生态功能维持与可持续利用。     

松嫩平原农牧交错区牧草资源特点及畜牧业发展

以长岭县为例,对松嫩平原农牧交错区的牧草资源分布格局、牧草资源承载力和利用现状等进行分析。结果表明：放牧系统（草地-林地-农田组成）提供的牧草资源已不能满足当地畜牧业对牧草资源的需求。草地承载力仅占当前实际载畜量的16．6％,草地-林地-农田放牧系统承载力为实际载畜量的47．3％;作物秸秆转化为牧草资源的潜力巨大。经估算,作物秸秆占总牧草资源的78．3％,是当前畜牧业对牧草资源需求量的2．4倍。当前,农牧交错区牧草资源的粗蛋白含量普遍偏低,不能完全满足动物生长的需要,制约了当地畜牧业发展。根据当地畜牧业现状、牧草资源潜力,提出：应合理利用草地-林地-农田3个放牧子系统所提供的牧草资源,充分利用其它牧草资源,如作物秸秆;有汁划地建立高产优质、富含粗蛋白的人工牧草基地,增加牧草粗蛋白含量,提高牲畜对牧草资源的利用效率（吸收率）;充分有效地利用各种牧草资源,减轻草地放牧压力,实现畜牧业可持续发展与生态保护的协调统一。     

青藏高原高寒草地生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系

生物多样性和生态系统功能(BEF)之间的关系是目前陆地生态系统生态学研究的热点, 对于生态系统的高效利用与管理意义重大, 而且对于退化生态系统功能的恢复及生物多样性的保护有重要的指导作用。高寒草地是青藏高原生态系统的主体, 近年来, 在气候变化与人为干扰等因素的驱动下, 高寒草地生态系统功能严重衰退。为此, 本文在综述物种多样性和生态系统功能及其相互关系研究进展的基础上, 首先从地下生态学过程研究、全球变化对生态系统多功能性的影响等方面解析了目前关于草地生物多样性和生态系统功能研究中存在的问题。继而, 从不同草地类型、草地退化程度、放牧、模拟气候变化、刈割、施肥、封育和补播等干扰利用方式对高寒草地物种多样性与生态系统功能的影响进行了全面的评述。并指出了高寒草地BEF研究中存在的不足, 今后应基于物种功能多样性开展高寒草地BEF研究, 全面且综合地考虑非生物因子(养分资源、外界干扰、环境波动等)对生物多样性与生态系统功能之间关系的影响, 关注尺度效应和要素耦合在全球气候变化对高寒草地BEF研究中的作用。最后, 以高寒草地BEF研究进展和结论为支撑依据, 综合提出了高寒草地资源利用和生物多样性保护的措施与建议: 加强放牧管理, 保护生物多样性; 治理退化草地, 维持生物多样性功能; 加强创新保护理念, 增强生态系统功能。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.