国际中等教育证书生物学课程考试简介

介绍了国际中等教育证书（IGCSE）生物学课程考试,该考试把学生的实验考评成绩纳入到学生学业总成绩中．实验考评采用实践技能校本考评、现场实践测试、替代实践考试等3种可供选择的方式,其考试大纲采用概念内涵的陈述方式来描述考试主题内容和要求,显得清晰明确．这些做法值得我国同行借鉴。     

五年制临床医学外科手术学的设计性实验教学

目的探讨外科手术学动物实验中的设计性实验教学的可行性及应用效果。方法自2010级五年制临床医学本科专业自愿报名参与的学生中选取32人为实验组,并进一步随机分为4个小组(每组8人),在外科手术学动物实验教学中应用设计性实验教学;另自2010级五年制临床医学本科专业自愿报名参与的学生中选取32人为对照组沿用传统外科手术学动物实验教学,学期结束时运用盲法评估,并对两组进行同标准同方法的同期测试,自行设计问卷调查表对两组样本进行调查。结果实验组与对照组的理论考试成绩、实习测评成绩及总体评分中实验组理论评分70.79±3.81,实习评分18.63±1.91,总分91.58±3.74;对照组理论评分61.93±2.76,实习评分13.45±1.82,总分72.35±3.16,对实验组与对照组进行学习效果评价的的理论考试成绩、实习测评成绩及总体评分比较实验组优于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对问卷调查结果进行分析比照也说明经过设计性实验教学的培训与锻炼,实验组强于对照组,从而证实了设计性实验教学法对提高学生的分析问题、解决问题能力、临床逻辑思维能力效果显著,总体评价良好。结论学生在设计性实验教学的学习中分析问题和解决问题能力有较大提高,大部分同学能适应设计性实验学习,设计性实验教学法效果令人满意。     

基于“雨课堂”智慧教学模式的组织学与胚胎学形成性评价体系研究

为研究"雨课堂"智慧教学模式形成性评价体系在组织学与胚胎学课程教学中的应用,以2018级护理专业一个班的学生(52人)为实验组,对照组为2018级护理专业另外1个班(50人)的学生。对照组采用传统的一次性终结性评价,实验组采用形成性评价和终结性评价相结合的教学考核体系,基于"雨课堂"进行形成性评价设计调查问卷,掌握学生对形成性评价的满意度。实验组最终期末成绩均显著高于对照组。实验组96.2%的学生认为形成性评价提升了学习能力,超过90%的学生认为形成性评价促进了学习,提升了实验素养,而且只有1名学生认为形成性评价增加了学习负担,96.1%的学生赞成形成性评价的考核方式。本次在学生中开展的组织学与胚胎学教学的形成性评价制定了详细而操作性强的评价体系,为后续开展教学奠定基础。将"雨课堂"作为同步反馈形成性评价的工具,体现了"雨课堂"的优势,其作为先进的教学工具,值得推广。     

五年制医学生双语教学的策略与实践

目的:探索提高五年制临床医学生的细胞生物学双语教学成效的方法.方法:对2010级五年制临床医学专业学生开展双语教学后进行问卷调查,分析双语教学的有效教学方法及其影响因素,调整教学方式后对2011级学生继续开展,比较两轮双语教学的教学效果和满意度.结果:通过教学多环节上的优化,学生的学习兴趣有大幅提升,学习能力和知识掌握度也有进步,学生对《细胞生物学》双语教学满意度提高.结论:在教学前制定目标、选择适合的学生和教材,课上提高讲课技巧,课后拓展阅读,改善考核方式等方式有助于提升学生的学习兴趣,培养学习能力和强化知识掌握,提高对《细胞生物学》双语教学满意度.     

设计性实验课中卡氏肺孢子菌的动物模型建立与教学改革之探讨

目的探索设计性实验课在病原生物学实验教学改革中的模式。方法通过卡氏肺孢子菌的动物模型建立,设计免疫功能低下的小鼠感染卡氏肺孢子菌及相关免疫低下指标的检测,使学生通过课堂指导,课后自己查找资料设计相关实验。结果拓展学生知识面,提高分析问题、解决问题的能力,激发学生创新意识。结论该设计性实验为病原生物学实验的教学改革做出了初步探索。     

LBL联合PBL教学法在临床医学专业药理学教学中的应用

LBL联合PBL的教学模式是一种"教为主导,学为主体,教与学并重"的综合教学方法。在临床医学专业的药理学教学中合理应用LBL联合PBL教学法,即采用LBL教学法讲授完理论知识后开设PBL病例讨论课。选取2011级五年制临床医学专业的学生为实验组,采用LBL联合PBL教学模式,2010级五年制临床医学专业的学生为对照组,采用传统LBL教学模式,对两组进行教学效果评估比较。结果显示与传统LBL教学法相比较,LBL联合PBL的教学法能显著提高学生的学习成绩,问卷调查分析结果显示LBL联合PBL的教学法能明显提高学生的综合能力。药理学授课中应用LBL联合PBL教学法充分调动了学生的积极性,培养了学生自主学习能力,分析问题、解决问题的能力和临床思维能力,对培养创新型医学人才具有重要意义。     

PBL教学模式在病原生物学、免疫学及感染病学课程整合改革中的探索与实践

探讨问题导向教学(PBL)方法在病原生物学、免疫学及感染病学课程整合改革中的教学效果及意义。以中国医科大学2009级七年制临床系学生240人为研究对象,随机分为实验组和对照组各120人。实验组采用PBL教学方法,教学内容采用病原生物学、免疫学及感染病学整合,对照组采用传统教学方法,教学内容为传统病原生物学课程,2组由相同教师授课,采用期末考试和教学效果自评调查问卷的方式评价教学效果。实验组与对照组相比,期末考试成绩无统计学差异(P>0.05),但病例分析题成绩有统计学差异(P<0.01)。2种学生的自评调查问卷中,实验组的自学能力、团队协作能力及发现问题解决问题的能力均显著高于对照组(P均<0.01)。PBL教学模式能有效提高教学质量,具有一定的示范及推广价值。     

病原生物学与免疫学实验教学考核评价体系的构建与实践

实验教学是高等医学教学的重要环节,对于培养学生的实践能力、创新精神和创新能力有着理论教学和其它教学环节不可替代的作用.而建立科学合理的实验教学考核体系,对深化实验教学改革、提高实验教学质量具有重要的指导意义.为此,我们根据地方本科院校培养高素质应用型人才的要求,初步构建了病原生物学与免疫学实验全程评价与终结性评价、理论考核与操作考核、学生自评与教师评价相结合的多元化考核评价体系,并在实践中取得了较好的效果.     

“三明治”教学在皮肤性病学教学中的实践

目的探讨"三明治"教学法对学生主动学习能力和教学效果的影响。方法对2016级五年制临床医学专业生在皮肤性病学教学中,采用"三明治"教学法结合传统教学法的教学模式。结果 "三明治"教学法能有效调动学生的学习积极性和主动性,提高学生自主学习能力,传统教学法系统地传授了专业理论知识。结论在皮肤性病学教学中采用"三明治"教学法结合传统教学模式,可取得优于传统教学法的教学效果。     

凸显创新能力培养的免疫学实验教学体系的探索

为提高医学免疫学实验教学质量,培养学生创新能力,对本校2015级、2016级及2017级5年制临床医学专业医学免疫学实验教学课程进行了改革和探索。在基础验证性实验的基础上,开展了综合设计性实验,并试行了探索性创新性实验及开放性科研性实验。通过改革使学生成为教学过程的主体,充分激发学生的学习热情,不仅培养了学生的动手能力,更提高了他们交流合作及分析和解决问题的能力,从而推进了学生创新能力的培养。     

微生物学课程教学考核方式初探与实践

阐述了微生物学课堂教学中知识竞赛这种新型的考核方式在教学实践中的教学实施与教学效果。这种考核方式的实施,促使学生变被动学习为主动学习;加强了学生检索与整理文献的能力;培养了学生团队交流与合作意识;激发创新思维的科学态度与科研理念。知识竞赛这种新型的考核方式取得了较为理想的教学效果。     

公立医院职能科室绩效考核模式分析和应用

公立医院职能科室绩效考核由于缺乏同质性、度量性和激励性,成为医院绩效管理中的难点。通过对我国目前公立医院职能科室各种绩效考核模式进行分析,结合无锡市人民医院在绩效考核中相关模式的探索应用,提出改进和完善医院职能科室绩效考核管理方法。     

Framework for Human Health Risk Assessment

The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the USEPA. The U.S. Government has the right to retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering this article. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized the need to develop a framework for human health risk assessment that puts a perspective on the approaches in practice throughout the Agency. In response, the USEPA's Risk Assessment Forum has begun the process of developing a framework for human health risk assessment. This paper provides some additional background to the previous review of the framework efforts and notes the Agency's extramural efforts to begin the process of integrating and harmonizing risk assessment approaches for all human health endpoints.     

Health Risk Assessment of Domestic Roof Water Harvesting Using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: Evidence from Nagaur,Rajasthan, India

This article is crafted around assessment and analysis of health risks associated with domestic rooftop water harvesting in India, with the prime objective of bringing to the forefront the deterrent issues and challenges in rainwater harvesting in general and domestic rooftop water harvesting in particular. This is based on a study on health risk assessment of a domestic rooftop water harvesting project conducted in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan, India, providing a critical reflection and exemplifying the prevalent scenario in the arid regions of the world. The methodology used for deriving the conclusions is failure mode and effects analysis. A set of risks were graded according to their severity based on their risk priority number scores evolved, including various contaminants polluting the harvested rainwater. The findings bear implications for planning of reconstructive changes to be incorporated and thus providing the necessary outlook for effective alleviation of the deterrents and make rainwater harvesting the premium solution for realization of the Millennium Development Goals by providing access to safe drinking water to the populace chiefly in the developing countries where the problem of scarce safe water is grave.     

Trichloroethylene: Using New Information To Improve the Cancer Characterization

The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Assessments of TCE's potential to cause cancer in humans have had to address issues concerning the strength of the human evidence and the relevance of the animal tumors to humans. The epidemiological database now includes analyses of multiple studies and molecular information. A recent analysis strongly suggests that TCE may induce cancer in humans at multiple sites, including kidney, liver, and lympho-hematopoietic cancer. Molecular analyses have found mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene in renal tumors of TCE-exposed individuals. The animal bioassays have been followed up with mechanistic studies that provide insight into TCE's possible modes of action at each tumor site. This information suggests that TCE may act through mechanisms that can be relevant to human cancers. The mechanistic information can also be used to identify risk factors that may make some people more susceptible to TCE's adverse effects, allowing a fuller characterization of TCE's cancer potential in different groups of people.     

新工科背景下“发酵工程”课程改革探索与实践

针对“新工科”背景下复合型工科人才的培养目标和要求，基于线上线下混合式教学模式，对“发酵工程”课程的教学目标、教学内容(包括思政元素的融入)、教学方法和教学评价方式等进行了一系列的改革探索与实践。所采取的课程改革措施明显提高了学生的课程参与度和学习的积极性，增强了学生的科研创新能力和工程应用能力，取得了较好的教学效果。教学改革的实施为实现符合“新工科”建设要求的复合型工科人才的培养目标奠定了一定的基础。     

Confidence assessment for protein identification by using peptide‐mass fingerprinting data

Protein identification using Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) data remains an important yet only partially solved problem. Current computational methods may lead to false positive identification since the top hit from a database search may not be the target protein. In addition, the identification scores assigned singly by a scoring function (raw scores) are not normalized. Therefore, the ranking based on raw scores may be biased. To address the above issue, we have developed a statistical model to evaluate the confidence of the raw score and to improve the ranking of proteins for identification. The results show that the statistical model better ranks the correct protein than the raw scores. Our study provides a new method to enhance the accuracy of protein identification by using PMF data. We incorporated the method into our software package “Protein‐Decision” together with a user‐friendly graphical interface. A standalone version of Protein‐Decision is freely available at http://digbio.missouri.edu/ProteinDecision/ .     

生物化学课程“四化”形成性考核体系的构建与实践

课程考核是评价课程教与学效果的重要方式,在人才培养过程中发挥了指挥棒的作用。本文针对目前我国高等院校课程考核普遍存在的主要问题,以生物类专业基础课程“生物化学”为载体,通过文献研究、调查反馈和实践检验等方法,探索构建并实践“四化”形成性考核体系。其中考核主体的扩大化在主体范畴和考核载体两层面进行构建,考核过程的动态化在过程节点和反馈时效两个层面进行构建,考核内容的生态化在面向个体和群体两个维度进行构建,考核方式的多元化在考核形式、考核方法和计分方式三个层面进行构建。经过我校6个专业的6轮优化实践,对学生的学习和教师的教学均产生显著促进作用。     

Harmonization: Developing Consistent Guidelines for Applying Mode of Action and Dosimetry Information to Cancer and Noncancer Risk Assessment

The 1983 book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, recommended developing consistent inference guidelines for cancer risk assessment. Over the last 15 years, extensive guidance have been provided for hazard assessment for cancer and other endpoints. However, as noted in several recent reports, much less progress has occurred in developing consistent guidelines for quantitative dose response assessment methodologies. This paper proposes an approach for dose response assessment guided by consideration of mode of action (pharmacodynamics) and tissue dosimetry (pharmacokinetics). As articulated here, this systematic process involves eight steps in which available information is integrated, leading first to quantitative analyses of dose response behaviors in the test species followed by quantitative analyses of relevant human exposures. The process should be equally appropriate for both cancer and noncancer endpoints. The eight steps describe the necessary procedures for incorporating mechanistic data and provide multiple options based upon the mode of action by which the chemical causes the toxicity. Given the range of issues involved in developing such a procedure, we have simply sketched the process, focusing on major approaches for using toxicological data and on major options; many details remain to be filled in. However, consistent with the revised carcinogen risk assessment guidance (USEPA, 1996c), we propose a process that would ultimately utilize biologically based or chemical specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models as the backbone of these analyses. In the nearer term, these approaches will be combined with analysis of data using more empirical models including options intended for use in the absence of detailed information. A major emphasis in developing any harmonized process is distinguishing policy decisions from those decisions that are affected by the quality and quantity of toxicological data. Identification of data limitations also identifies areas where further study should reduce uncertainty in the final risk evaluations. A flexible dose response assessment procedure is needed to insure that sound toxicological study results are appropriately used to influence risk management decision-making and to encourage the conduct of toxicological studies oriented toward application for dose response assessments.     

Integrated Risk Assessment — Results from an International Workshop

The World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety and international partners have developed a framework for integrated assessment of human health and ecological risks and four case studies. An international workshop was convened to consider how ecological and health risk assessments might be integrated, the benefits of and obstacles to integration, and the research and mechanisms needed to facilitate implementation of integrated risk assessment. Using the case studies, workshop participants identified a number of opportunities to integrate the assessment process. Improved assessment quality, efficiency, and predictive capability were considered to be principal benefits of integration. Obstacles to acceptance and implementation of integrated risk assessment included the disciplinary and organizational barriers between ecological and health disciplines. A variety of mechanisms were offered to overcome these obstacles. Research recommendations included harmonization of exposure characterization and surveillance methods and models, development of common risk endpoints across taxa, improved understanding of mechanisms of effect at multiple scales of biological organization, and development of methods to facilitate comparison of risks among endpoints.