大豆脂肪氧化酶-3基因(Lox3)启动子的克隆及其瞬时表达分析

利用PCR技术从大豆基因组DNA中分离脂肪氧化酶-3基因启动子片段Lox3p。PLACE在线启动子预测工具分析表明:序列中含有多种典型的种子及胚特异性表达元件。将克隆得到的Lox3p片段替换pCAMBIA1301中的CaMV35S启动子,构建表达载体pCAM-Lox3p。通过农杆菌介导法在大豆种子中进行瞬时表达,GUS组织化学染色及荧光测定都显示出Lox3p驱动GUS基因表达的强度高于CaMV35S启动子。结果表明,该Lox3p启动子片段具备一定的胚特异表达特性,为探明大豆脂肪氧化酶-3基因启动子胚特异表达调控序列及其调控机制的研究奠定基础。     

不同调控序列控制下的GUS基因在水稻和毛白杨愈伤组织中的瞬时表达

用CaMV35S启动子、玉米Ubil启动子、TMVΩ增强子(Ω序列)以及拟南芥18S rRNA基因同源序列构建的6种GUS基因表达载体分别转化水稻和毛白杨愈伤组织,研究不同调控序列对外源基因表达的调控作用.结果表明:(1)在水稻中,以独立Ubil启动子驱动下的GUS基因表达水平为最高,CaMV35S启动子附加18SrRNA基因同源序列调控下的GUS基因为最低.而在毛白杨中,则呈相反趋势;(2)在水稻中,CaMV35S-Ubil复合启动子的表达活性比独立CaMV35S启动子提高了近1.5倍.而在毛白杨中,前者比后者的低;(3)Ubil启动子附加Ω序列,使GUS基因在毛白杨中的表达水平提高一倍以上.但CaMV35S-Ubil复合启动子附加Ω序列,对GUS基因在毛白杨及水稻愈伤组织中的表达活性均没有明显的增强作用.     

不同调控序列作用下GUS基因在烟草中瞬时表达活性的研究

以pBI121为出发质粒, 利用烟草泛素启动子Ubi.U4、CaMV35S启动子以及Kozak序列构建4种GUS基因表达载体,通过叶盘转化法转化烟草叶片, 检测瞬时表达活性, 研究不同调控序列对外源基因表达的调控作用。结果表明: CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列后使GUS活性比独立使用CaMV35S提高了近2倍; 双CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列驱动GUS基因的表达活性与单CaMV35S附加Kozak序列相当; 烟草泛素启动子附加Kozak序列的表达活性为CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列的1.5倍; Ubi.U4-CaMV35S复合启动子附加Kozak序列驱动GUS基因表达水平最高, 其表达效率是双CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列调控下GUS表达效率的3倍, 为CaMV35S独立作用时的10倍。     

甘蔗茎杆特异表达基因启动子的克隆及初步分析

甘蔗茎秆是利用转基因方法生产重组药用蛋白或有价值的化合物的理想器官,构建能在甘蔗茎秆中高水平表达异源蛋白质的表达载体是非常有意义的。而一个高效表达的载体,启动子则是其最重要元件之一,因此,茎秆特异性启动子的获得是甘蔗作为生物反应器的前提。利用染色体步移法克隆到甘蔗己糖转运蛋白基因PST2a 5′端上游的一段长1968bp的序列（ Ppst2a ）,经序列测定及软件分析表明,该序列具有典型的启动子结构。此序列置换植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301上的CaMV 35S启动子,构建植物表达载体,命名为pCAMBIA1900,该启动子下游为gus基因。利用基因枪法转化甘蔗的茎和叶,对gus基因的瞬时表达进行测定,结果表明所获得的己糖转运蛋白基因启动子只在甘蔗茎中驱动gus基因瞬时表达,该启动子具有茎秆特异性。     

不同调控序列作用下GUS基因在烟草中瞬时表达活性

以pB1121为出发质粒,利用烟草泛素启动子Ubi．U4、CaMV35S启动子以及Kozak序列构建4种GUS基因表达载体,通过叶盘转化法转化烟草叶片,检测瞬时表达活性,研究不同调控序列对外源基因表达的调控作用。结果表明：CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列后使GUS活性比独立使用CaMV35S提高了近2倍：双CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列驱动GUS基因的表达活性与单CaMV35S附加Kozak序列相当;烟草泛素启动子附加Kozak序列的表达活性为CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列的1．5倍;Ubi．U4-CaMV35S复合启动子附加Kozak序列驱动GUS基因表达水平最高,其表达效率是双CaMV35S启动子附加Kozak序列调控下GUS表达效率的3倍,为CaMV35S独立作用时的10倍。     

甘菊DFL::EGFP高效融合蛋白表达载体的构建

增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)是一种优化的突变型GFP,DFL是从甘菊中分离出的LFY基因的同源序列。为了研究DFL基因的功能和表达模式,研究利用小片段克隆法将linker序列插入到EGFP基因5′端启始密码子前面,在pBI121载体的CaMV35S启动子的3′端后面插入一段多克隆位点,成功地构建了pBI-DFL-EGFP表达载体。通过设计特异引物,利用PCR技术扩增得了到拟南芥LFY基因的启动子序列,用粘性末端PCR技术将pBI-DFL-EGFP表达载体中CaMV35S启动子替换成LFY基因启动子,构建成了pLFY-DFL-EGFP表达载体。用含有pBI-DFL-EGFP和pLFY-DFL-EGFP质粒的农杆菌侵染洋葱表皮细胞,在荧光显微镜下分别用蓝光激发,均观测到了荧光。这一结果表明,融合蛋白DFL∷EGFP表达载体构建成功,同时还证明了通过PCR技术克隆到的LFY启动子序列具有启动子功能。     

海州香薷(Elsholtzia haichowensis Sun)细胞壁转化酶基因启动子(EhcwINVP)的克隆及活性分析

以海州香薷基因组DNA为模板,通过hiTAIL-PCR和walking技术扩增得到其细胞壁转化酶基因启动子(Ehcw INVP)片段,长度为1727 bp。生物信息学分析结果表明,该启动子片段中含有多个对脱落酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素等激素以及对干旱、低温、重金属铜等逆境胁迫响应相关的顺式作用元件。将通过克隆得到的Ehcw INVP序列替换p CAMBIA1301载体上驱动GUS报告基因表达的Ca MV35S启动子序列,构建Ehcw INVP融合GUS的植物表达载体Ehcw INVP::GUS。转基因拟南芥植株的组织化学分析结果表明,海州香薷细胞壁转化酶基因启动子序列具有驱动GUS基因表达的功能,且在10μmol/L铜胁迫下,转基因拟南芥植株叶和根中的GUS活性分别约是对照组的1.7倍和1.5倍。     

茶树醇脱氢酶基因的表达特征及番茄遗传转化分析

根据茶树醇脱氢酶基因(CsiADH1)的cDNA序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从茶树品种‘龙井43’中克隆了CsiADH1序列,分析了CsiADH1在生物和非生物胁迫下的诱导表达情况并转化番茄。结果表明:CsiADH1包含一个1 044bp的最大开放阅读框,编码347个氨基酸。qRT-PCR分析显示,CsiADH1的表达受到茶尺蠖取食、机械损伤、茉莉酸和水杨酸的诱导;将CsiADH1基因ORF区域克隆进pCAMBIA1301载体中,构建了由CaMV35S启动子驱动的CsiADH1基因植物表达载体pCAMBIA-ADH,并以农杆菌介导的方法侵染番茄‘中蔬四号’子叶,经PCR鉴定,获得了8个转CsiADH1基因阳性植株。该结果为进一步揭示CsiADH1基因在植物诱导防御反应中的分子机理研究奠定了基础。     

盐穗木盐相关转录因子HcSCL13基因启动子的克隆及活性初步分析

为探明盐穗木盐相关转录因子基因Hc SCL13的表达调控规律,利用基因组步移法成功克隆获得该基因2 200 bp的启动子序列。Plant CARE数据库分析结果表明,该启动子不仅含有启动子区的核心元件CAAT-box和TATA-box,还包含多个与逆境应答有关的顺式调控元件。将克隆获得的Hc SCL13转录因子基因启动子序列定向替换p BI121载体上的35S启动子,构建融合表达载体并转染模式植物拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色。结果显示转基因拟南芥整株被染色,提示该启动子具有表达活性且可能为组成型启动子。     

拟南芥AtNHX5基因的cDNA克隆及其正义、反义表达载体的构建

采用RT-PCR方法从拟南芥品种Landsberg的实生苗叶片中克隆AtNHX5基因的cDNA,核酸序列表明该基因编码区为1 554 bp,编码538个氨基酸.与GenBank发表的序列(AF490589)相比,有三处碱基不同,分别为850 bp处的G(GenBank的为A)、904 bp处的T(A)、985处的G(A).将该基因分别正向或反向置于CaMV35S启动子之后,可构建正义、反义表达载体.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.