镉胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗生理特性和镉富集的影响

以"甘农三号"紫花苜蓿幼苗为材料,在水培条件下,探究了在10 d内不同浓度(0～2.0 mmol·L^-1)镉(Cd)胁迫对其根长、茎长、生物量、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、Cd富集及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明:低浓度(0.125 mmol·L^-1) Cd能促进幼苗根和茎的生长,增加叶片叶绿素含量,较高浓度(0.5～2.0 mmol·L^-1) Cd显著抑制幼苗根和茎的生长,叶绿素及生物量显著降低; Cd胁迫使MDA含量显著增加,而SOD和POD活性显著增强,其中Cd胁迫浓度为0.5mmol·L^-1时,SOD和POD活性达到最大值,这可能是植物对环境胁迫的一种应激保护反应; Cd在各亚细胞组分中的含量依次为细胞壁>细胞质>线粒体>叶绿体,且均随Cd胁迫浓度的升高而增加。当Cd胁迫浓度为0.125 mmol·L^-1时,水培10 d的紫花苜蓿幼苗单株地上部对Cd的净化率最高可达0.214%,而整盆植株在单位体积内对Cd的净化率最高可达15.5%;当Cd胁迫浓度为2.0 mmol·L^-1时,紫花苜蓿幼苗地上部Cd含量达89.36μg·g-1。这些结果表明紫花苜蓿对Cd具有很强的富集能力,虽未达到Cd超富集植物的临界标准,但从植株生物量、耐Cd能力、富集Cd量及对Cd的净化率等方面综合考虑,紫花苜蓿在Cd污染土壤的植物修复中具备良好的应用价值。     

4种藤本植物对锰污染土壤的耐受性及其生理响应

为筛选对Mn污染土壤具有较高耐受性的藤本植物并探讨其抗Mn生理机制,以薜荔、忍冬、五叶地锦和络石扦插苗为材料,采用模拟Mn污染土壤培养法,配置Mn含量分别为3 000mg/kg(T1)、6 000mg/kg(T2)、9 000mg/kg(T3)和12 000mg/kg(T4)的Mn污染土壤,以不加Mn的土壤为空白对照(CK),研究不同浓度Mn胁迫对4种藤本植物生物量、生长量、不同部位Mn含量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,并对其耐性指数(Ti)、转移系数(TF)、生物富集系数(BCF)进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)随着Mn处理浓度的升高,薜荔、五叶地锦、忍冬、络石的生物量、生长量总体呈现下降的趋势,平均耐性指数依次分别为82.48%、84.86%、89.21%和95.41%。(2)地上部分、根系的Mn含量随着Mn处理浓度的增加总体呈现升高的趋势,且根系的Mn含量都高于地上部分,TF值均小于1,地上部分和根系的BCF平均值均依次为:络石忍冬五叶地锦薜荔。(3)随土壤Mn处理浓度的升高植物叶绿素含量总体呈现下降的趋势,MDA含量持续上升,而SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性呈先升后降的趋势,在T4处理时络石的叶绿素含量和三种抗氧化酶活性下降幅度、MDA上升幅度均低于其他3种植物。研究表明,络石较其他3种植物具有更高的Mn耐受性以及Mn转移能力和富集能力,可作为Mn尾矿污染土壤修复的潜力植物。     

四种抗寒花卉对镉的生理响应和富集特征

以矮型四季菊、羽扇豆、欧报春和虞美人等冬春季常见花卉为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度Cd处理下4种花卉对Cd的生理响应和富集特征,探讨利用这4种花卉在冬春季寒冷时期修复Cd污染土壤的可行性,为提高植物修复技术的效率提供参考。结果表明:(1)在所有Cd处理下,羽扇豆各部位生物量与对照均无差异;欧报春仅根系生物量在80 mg·kg^-1Cd处理时显著低于对照,为对照的74.51%;矮型四季菊和虞美人全株生物量分别在Cd处理浓度高于10、40 mg·kg^-1时开始显著低于对照,并在80 mg·kg^-1Cd处理时全株生物量均达到最小值,分别为对照的41.21%和64.15%。(2)在所有Cd处理下,羽扇豆体内抗氧化酶活性均显著高于对照,MDA含量与对照无显著性差异,清除活性氧能力最强,未受到伤害;欧报春体内抗氧化酶活性升高幅度较小,MDA含量和REC有小幅度增加,清除活性氧的能力较强,受到的伤害程度较低;矮型四季菊和虞美人对活性氧清除能力最差,受到了严重的氧化伤害。(3)在所有Cd处理下,Cd在矮型四季菊体内的分布均为地上部>根系,BCF和TF均大于1,地上部含量和富集量最大值分别为136.20mg·kg^-1和1118.20μg·plant^-1;Cd在羽扇豆、欧报春、虞美人体内表现为地上部<根系,TF均小于1,地上部Cd含量、富集量、BCF和TF均为羽扇豆>欧报春、虞美人。综上所述,与欧报春和虞美人相比,矮型四季菊对Cd耐性相对较差,但对Cd有较强的吸收转移能力,适合用于冬春季Cd污染土壤的修复;羽扇豆对Cd的耐性强,对Cd吸收转移能力也较强,也适合用于冬春季Cd污染土壤的修复。     

锌、镉及其复合胁迫下白花泡桐幼苗的生理及富集特征

采用水培培养的试验方法,研究白花泡桐幼苗在锌 (Zn)、镉 (Cd) 单一及复合胁迫下的生理生化响应及对重金属的富集、转移特征变化。结果表明,单一及复合重金属胁迫下,白花泡桐的生物量、株高及过氧化物酶 (Peroxidase,POD) 活性均随处理浓度的增加而降低。在复合污染下,Zn、Cd在植株的株高及生物量上表现出拮抗作用。与对照比,单一胁迫下,随着Zn浓度的增加,白花泡桐叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (Catalase,CAT) 活性先增加后减小,超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase,SOD) 活性升高,地上部丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde,MDA) 含量先减小后增加;随着Cd浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性升高,超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性及地上部丙二醛 (MDA) 含量先增加后减小,复合胁迫下,则表现出更加复杂的生理响应。白花泡桐幼苗对Cd的富集部位集中在根部;对Zn的富集部位集中在地上部,且转移系数大于1.00;Zn的加入会促进重金属向地上部分的转移;白花泡桐具有对复合重金属污染地进行有效的生态恢复的潜力。     

Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对花菖蒲幼苗生长及部分生理指标的影响

采用液体培养法研究了Pb、 Cd单一胁迫及Pb-Cd复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、 25 mg·L-1Cd、 500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)对花菖蒲(Iris ensata Thunb. var. hortensis Makino et Nemoto)幼苗生长和部分生理指标的影响.结果显示,在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,花菖蒲幼苗地上部分(叶片)和地下部分(包括根茎和根系)的干质量及耐性指数与对照差异不显著(P>0.05);而在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫和500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量及耐性指数显著下降(P<0.05), 其中耐性指数分别仅为0.86和0.79.在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和地下部分的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照,地上部分的MDA含量显著低于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则与对照差异不显著;在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著低于对照,类胡萝卜素含量和地上部分的MDA含量以及地上部分和地下部分的POD活性均显著高于对照,而地下部分的MDA含量与对照差异不显著;在500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素含量均显著低于对照,地上部分和地下部分的MDA含量和POD活性均显著高于对照,其中MDA含量分别是对照的1.7和2.7倍、POD活性分别是对照的2.5和3.4倍.研究结果表明,花菖蒲幼苗对500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫具有一定的耐受性;在复合胁迫条件下Pb和Cd具有协同作用,对花菖蒲幼苗的生长和代谢有显著的抑制作用.     

锌对镉胁迫下马蔺生长、镉积累及生理抗性的影响

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度锌(Zn)对镉(Cd)胁迫下马蔺(Iris lacteavar. chinen-sis)生长、Cd积累及抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明:加入1~100mg.L-1Zn后,Cd胁迫下马蔺地上部Cd含量变化不大,而地下部Cd含量显著增加并呈先增后降的趋势;1mg.L-1Zn处理下马蔺地下部Cd含量最高,比对照显著增加51.4%;Zn浓度高于1mg.L-1后Cd含量均出现不同程度的下降,但仍高于对照.与单独Cd处理(10mg.L-1)相比,添加低浓度Zn(1~10mg.L-1)后,马蔺地上部生物量和叶绿素含量呈增加趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低;在10mg.L-1Zn处理下,叶绿素a、b含量达到峰值,分别增加5.21%和22.27%,MDA含量降低25.46%,表明低浓度Zn缓解了Cd对马蔺的毒害.随Zn浓度的增加,Zn对Cd毒害的缓解作用逐渐降低,当溶液中Zn达到一定浓度(100mg.L-1)时,马蔺毒害加重,其生物量、叶绿素含量均下降,MDA含量显著增加.在试验胁迫浓度范围内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性始终呈增加趋势,表明马蔺在受到Cd胁迫及Cd-Zn共存的条件下SOD和POD起着重要的抗氧化保护作用.     

菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

外源水杨酸对镉胁迫下两种菊芋品系幼苗的缓解作用

研究了不同浓度Cd(0、50、100 μmol·L-1)及水杨酸(SA)(0、10、100和1000μmol·L-1)处理下2种菊芋(南芋5号和南芋2号)的生物量变化情况,测定了叶片色素(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)含量及光合作用参数,并比较了2种菊芋对Cd的吸收转运差异性.结果表明:外源SA处理不同程度地缓解了Cd对菊芋幼苗生长的毒害效应,提高了色素含量,改善了光合作用参数,增大了Cd的生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF),与此同时减少了植株不同器官对Cd的累积量,但最佳SA浓度因品种及器官不同而有所区别.研究表明,适当浓度的SA处理可以有效增强2种菊芋对Cd的耐性.     

遮阴对南山茶与红皮糙果茶幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以2年生南山茶Camellia semiserrata、红皮糙果茶C. crapnelliana实生苗为试材，研究全光照(CK)、30%遮阴、50%遮阴和70%遮阴等处理对其生长、生物量分配及叶片部分生理生化指标的影响。结果表明，30%遮阴可显著增加南山茶幼苗株高净生长量、总生物量，其叶绿素a、叶绿素b显著增加，SOD、CAT酶活性及Pro含量均与CK组无显著差异，MDA含量则显著降低；红皮糙果茶幼苗则在30%遮阴下显著增加株高和地径，叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及SOD酶活性、Pro含量与CK组无差异，MDA含量显著下降。说明两种山茶属植物幼苗较适宜的光照条件为遮阴30%。此外，红皮糙果茶幼苗在50%遮阴条件下与CK组比较，虽然地径生长受抑制，但株高生长无显著差异，且叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量与CAT酶活性显著增加，Pro、MDA含量显著下降，表明红皮糙果茶幼苗能通过调节叶绿素含量、CAT酶活性和Pro含量积极应对50%遮阴的弱光环境，进行适应性生长。因此生产上及绿化应用中，南山茶幼苗对光照的需求更为严格，遮阴控制在30%；红皮糙果茶幼苗则可适应更加荫蔽的环境(50%遮阴)。     

砧用南瓜幼苗对镉的耐性和积累能力研究

采用营养液栽培的方法,研究了不同浓度（0、5和10 mg·L^-1）镉（Cd）对10种砧用南瓜幼苗生长状况、丙二醛（MDA）、地上部Cd含量及转移系数（TF）的影响,利用隶属函数法综合评价其耐Cd能力与Cd吸收积累能力,以期筛选到优良的砧用南瓜。结果表明：（1）‘多美109’、‘鑫力3号’、‘强力1号’、‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’在2种浓度Cd处理下全株生物量均显著低于对照,并以‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’下降幅度最大、耐性最差,而‘野木一雄’、‘青佳砧甲’、‘津油108’和‘抗线1号’在 Cd处理下均与对照差异不显著,生长势良好,耐性强。（2）在2种浓度Cd处理下,‘津油108’幼苗体内各抗氧化酶活性较高,根系和叶片的 MDA含量与对照无显著差异,未受到膜脂过氧化伤害;‘野木一雄’ 幼苗各抗氧化酶活性较高,MDA含量升高幅度较小,为对照的1.01~1.56倍,受到膜脂过氧化伤害相对较小;而‘多美109’、‘强力1号’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’ 幼苗在2种浓度Cd处理下,各抗氧化酶活性显著下降,体内MDA含量升高幅度大,分别为对照的1.30~2.46、1.33~3.11、1.45~3.24倍,受伤害程度最大。（3）‘津油108’与‘青佳砧甲’在2种浓度Cd处理下地上部Cd含量和TF均较小,Cd吸收能力最弱,其次是‘野木一雄’,而‘亮丽佳’、‘黑籽南瓜’和‘云南黑籽南瓜’地上部Cd含量和TF最大,Cd吸收能力最强。（4）隶属函数值综合评价结果显示,10种砧用南瓜幼苗对Cd的耐性大小依次为：‘津油108’＞‘野木一雄’＞‘鑫力3号’＞‘青佳砧甲’＞‘抗线1号’＞‘多美109’＞‘黑籽南瓜’＞‘亮丽佳’＞‘强力1号’＞‘云南黑籽南瓜’。研究认为,砧用南瓜品种对镉胁迫的耐受性存在明显差异,并以‘津油108’最佳,其在镉胁迫下生长势良好,耐性强,且镉吸收和转运能力最弱。     

A foliar morphometric approach to the study of salicaceae

An assemblage of leaves of four species of willows (Salix viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, andS. caprea), two of their hybrids (S. alba ×fragilis andS. caprea ×viminalis), two species of poplars (Populus alba andP. tremula), and two “external” species (Elaeagnus angustifolia andPyrus salicifolia) was analyzed. The study was designed to determine whether leaves that are very close in shape but belong to different species, particularly the elongated leaves ofS. viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, E. angustifolia, andP. salicifolia, could be discriminated by continuous foliar characters (that is, vegetative characters), despite both the great foliar polymorphism met in Salicaceae (especially in the genusPopulus) and hybridization problems. Our results show that multivariate analyses (principal component analysis [PCA] and cluster analysis) of an appropriate character set enable leaves to be classified in their own species at more than 98 %, even in these difficult conditions. It can be seen from this work that PCA is a good tool when it keeps a maximum of total variability; that is, when there are few taxa; on the other hand, cluster analysis is more appropriate with many taxa. One can then envisage the application of this morphometric approach to fossil-imprint determination, in which even fragmentary paleobotanical remains could be included. This would give access to real biodiversity of tertiary flora and to intraspecific variability.

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Résumé  Un assemblage de feuilles de quatre espèces de saules (Salix viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, etS. caprea), deux de leurs hybrides (S. alba ×fragilis etS. caprea ×viminalis), ainsi que deux espèces de peupliers (Populus alba etP. tremula), et deux espèces “externes” (Elaeagnus angustifolia etPyrus salicifolia) a été étudié. Le but était de savoir si des feuilles de forme très proche mais d’espèces différentes (en particulier les feuilles allongées deS. viminalis, S. alba, S. fragilis, E. angustifolia, etP. salicifolia) pouvaient être discriminées par des caractères foliaires (donc végétatifs) continus, et ce malgré le très grand polymorphisme foliaire existant chez les Salicacées (surtout chez le genrePopulus), et les problèmes d’hybridation. Il en a résulté que les analyses multivariées (ACP et analyse agrégative) associées à un jeu de caractères approprié, permettent à plus de 98% le classement des feuilles dans leur propre espèce, même dans ces conditions difficiles. Il ressort de ce travail que l’ACP n’est un bon outil que lorsqu’ elle conserve un maximum de la variabilité totale, c’est-à-dire ici, quand les taxa sont peu nombreux; en revanche, l’analyse agrégative exprime le maximum de ses capacités en présence d’un grand nombre de taxa. On peut alors envisager l’application de cette approche morphométrique à la détermination d’empreintes fossiles, dans le but d’inclure même les restes fragmentaires dans les études paléobotaniques, ce qui donnerait accès à la réelle biodiversité des flores tertiaires et à la variabilité existant au sein des espèces.

     

Stable soil pH of thai mangroves in dry and rainy seasons and its relation to zonal distribution of mangroves

Soil characteristics of mangrove forests at Amphur Laemngob, Trat Province, east Thailand were investigated in both dry andrainy seasons. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba andRhizophora mucronata mainly grew as seaward mangroves.Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha andBruguiera gymnorrhiza grew as meso mangroves in most cases.Lumnitzera racemosa was found as a landward mangrove. The salinity of the soil in which these 8 species grew was significantly higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Soil pH did not change irrespective of the season. Each species seemed to grow at inherent soil pH. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba andAvicennia marina were found both in Japan and Thailand. The soil pH of each mangrove species was similar in Japan and Thailand. The soil salinity of each mangrove species in Japan was similar to that in Thailand in the dry season. It was suggested that soil pH and salinity in the dry season are the important factors governing the zonal distribution of mangroves.     

Effect of sinigrin on the efficiency of acquisition of turnip mosaic virus byMyzus persicae andBrevicoryne brassicae

The efficiency of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) acqusition fromSinapis alba L. without sinigrin andBrassica nigra (L.) Koch with a high content of sinigrin by non-fastedMyzus persicae (Sulz.) andBrevicoryne brassicae (L.) was investigated in order to determine the effect of the phagostimulatory glucoside sinigrin on virus transmission. There was a significantly higher acquisition of TuMV fromS. alba byM. persicae than fromB. nigra. Conversely,B. brassicae acquired the virus more efficiently fromB. nigra than fromS. alba. The efficiency of transmission was positively correlated with the response of both aphid species to sinigrin. Saturation ofS. alba leaves with a 1 % solution of sinigrin did not significantly affect the acquisition of TuMV, in neitherM. persicae norB. brassicae, whether the aphids were fasted or not.     

Weeds ability to phytoremediate cadmium-contaminated soil

An alternative method to other technologies to clean up the soil, air and water pollution by heavy metals is phytoremediation. Therefore, a pot culture experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, in 2014 to determine the potential absorption of cadmium by Portulaca oleracea (Common purslane), Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade), Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf) and Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion). The type of experiment was completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and four replications. The soil in pot was treated with different rates of CdCl₂.H₂O (0 (control), 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg Cd/kg soil) and the plants were sown. With increasing concentration levels, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots of all plant species were reduced. The reduction severity was ranked according the following order, P. oleracea > A. theophrasti > S. nigrum > T. officinale. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), Translocation factor (TF) and Translocation efficiency (TE%) was ranked according the following order, T. officinale > S. nigrum > A. theophrasti > P. oleracea. The results of this study revealed that T. officinale and S. nigrum are effective species to phytoremediate Cd-contaminated soil.     

Morphogenic response of the alginate-encapsulated axillary buds from in vitro shoot cultures of six mulberries

Axillary buds obtained from in vitro shoot cultures of six mulberries (Morus alba L., M. australis Poir., M. bombycis Koidz., M. cathyana Hemsl., M. latifolia Poir., and M. nigra L.) were encapsulated in calcium alginate hydrogel containing Murashige and Skoog (1962) nutrients (MS) and 4.4 μM benzyladenine (BA). Morphogenic response of encapsulated buds to various planting media such as MS medium + 4.4 μM BA, MS basal medium, soilrite mix + half-strength MS medium, garden soil + half-strength MS medium, soilrite mix + tap water and garden soil + tap water was evaluated. Encapsulated buds of M. alba, M. bombycis, M. latifolia and M. nigra exhibited shoot development in each of the six media tested whereas that of M. australis and M. cathyana responded only to the first four media. Analysis of variance revealed that the planting medium exhibited the greatest influence on shoot development. Of the six planting media evaluated, shoot development was highest in MS medium containing 4.4 μM BA and lowest in garden soil moistened with water. Of the six Morus species studied, one-step regeneration, i.e. both shoot and root formation, was recorded in M. alba, M. bombycis and M. latifolia. Rooted shoots were retrieved from encapsulated buds of these species on all planting media tested except the one that contained BA. Root development was significantly affected by the planting medium and the plant species with planting medium contributing the maximum amount (82%) of the total variation observed. Of the five planting media tested, the percentage of root development was highest in MS basal medium. Of the six Morus species studied, the best shoot and root development was observed in M. alba. Encapsulated buds of M. bombycis, M. latifolia and M. nigra stored for 90 days and those of M. alba, M. australis and M. cathyana for 60 days at 4 °C still regenerated shoots. Plants regenerated from the encapsulated buds were hardened off and transferred to soil. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plant distribution in relation to soil properties of reclaimed lands on the West Coast of Korea

Plant species distribution was studied on five reclaimed lands and one intertidal flat (control) on the western coast of Korea. Nineteen soil properties were analyzed. Of these, soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and levels of Na and Cl had the greatest effect on plant distribution. The plant species were divided into four groups, according to the amount of soil moisture found at their habitats.Triglochin maritimum andTypha angustata were found on the wettest sites;Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, Suaeda japonica, Zoysia sinica, andSalicornia herbacea in places with relatively high moisture;Aster tripolium andPhacelurus latifolius in areas with medium levels of moisture; andAtriplex subcordata, Chenopodium virgatum, andTrifolium repens in the driest areas. The species also were divided into four groups, according to the degree of soil electrical conductivity: Highest,S. herbacea, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda asparagoides, andS. japonica; Relatively high,A. tripolium, C. scabrifolia, P. communis, Artemisia scoparia, andZ sinka; Relatively low,Setaria viridis, C. virgatum, Sonchus brachyotus, A. subcordata, Calamagrostis epigeios, andT. angustata; and Lowest,Imperata cylindrica var.koenigii, Aeschynomene indica, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, andT. repens. On reclaimed land, plant species were found in zones, according to the degree of desalinization (i.e., levels of Na and Cl).     

Rhizospheric soil enzyme activities and phytominimg potential of Aeluropus lagopoides and Cyperus conglomeratus growing in contaminated soils at the banks of artificial lake of reclaimed wastewater

This work investigates the phytoremediation potential of Aeluropus lagopoides and Cyperus conglomeratus, growing indigenously in the vicinity of an artificial lake of reclaimed water in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia . The sampling sites were located at different distances from the wastewater treatment plants. Trace metal contents were higher in roots than shoots in both these plants. Soil urease activity in rhizophere increased linearly along the sampling sites, however, soil alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities were higher at site 2 but at site 3, the activities of both these soil enzymes reduced. Significant correlations were observed between soil urease activity and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd, Cu, Pb, and As in A. lagopoides and translocation factor (TF) for all metals in both these plants. Soil β-glucosidase activity was negatively correlated with the TF of Cd, Cu, Pb, and As in A. lagopoides and positively in C. conglomeratus, respectively. Higher BCF of Cd, Cu and Pb than C. conglomeratus and suitable for phytostabilization, however at site 3, C. conglomeratus showed better phytostabilization efficiency for As, as the BCF of As was higher than the A. lagopoides. On the basis of metal accumulation efficiency and rhizospheric soil urease and β-glucosidase activities, A. lagopoides species proved to be a better option for application in phytostabilization strategy than C. conglomeratus plants in the area surrounding the artificial lake of reclaimed water in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.     

Detection of 5S and 25S rRNA genes in Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus and Brassica napus by double fluorescence in situ hybridization

Different ribosomal RNA (5S and 25S) genes were investigated simultaneously by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus and Brassica napus. The chromosomes of S. alba carried four 5S and six 25S gene sites, and those of R. sativus four sites of each gene, respectively. These two species have one chromosome pair with both rDNA genes; the two are closely located on a short arm of S. alba, while in R. sativus one is distal on the short arm (5S) and the other more proximal on the long arm (25S). In B. napus we have confirmed 12sites of 25S rDNA. The detection of 5S rDNA genes revealed 14 signals on 12 chromosomes. Of these, six chromosomes had signals for both rDNA genes. The FISH with 5S rDNA probes detected two sites closely adjacent in four chromosomes of B napus. These results are discussed in relation to a probable homoeologous chromosome pair in B. oleracea. Received: 20 July 1999 / Accepted: 8 October 1999     

金毛狗对重金属的富集特性的研究

为探讨金毛狗[Cibotium barometz(L.) J. Sm.]对重金属的富集能力,在广东省选取6个样点(南岭、南昆山、白云山、大岭山、梧桐山、西樵山)采集金毛狗的叶片、根状茎和根际土壤,采用ICP-MS测定9种重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量。结果表明,样地土壤已受到不同程度的重金属污染,土壤中Cd和Hg含量均高于广东省土壤背景值,分别为背景值的1.61~4.82倍和4.74~11.79倍。西樵山土壤中Cd含量最大,南岭土壤中Hg含量最大。在9种元素中,金毛狗对Hg的转运系数最高,达4.8,对Cd的富集系数最高,达2.2,Cu和Cd元素的转运系数和富集系数均大于1。这说明金毛狗对重金属元素的富集能力较弱而转运能力较强。     

Plant community structure in reclaimed lands on the West Coast of Korea

Plant species distribution was studied on five reclaimed lands and one intertidal flat (control) on the western coast of Korea. Nineteen soil properties were analyzed. Of these, soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and levels of Na and Cl had the greatest effect on plant distribution. The plant species were divided into four groups, according to the amount of soil moisture found at their habitats.Triglochin maritimum andTypha angustata were found on the wettest sites;Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, Suaeda japonica, Zoysia sinica, andSalicornia herbacea in places with relatively high moisture;Aster tripolium andPhacelurus latifolius in areas with medium levels of moisture; andAtriplex subcordata, Chenopodium virgatum, andTrifolium repens in the driest areas. The species also were divided into four groups, according to the degree of soil electrical conductivity: Highest,S. herbacea, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda asparagoides, andS. japonica; Relatively high,A. tripolium, C. scabrifolia, P. communis, Artemisia scoparia, andZ sinka; Relatively low,Setaria viridis, C. virgatum, Sonchus brachyotus, A. subcordata, Calamagrostis epigeios, andT. angustata; and Lowest,Imperata cylindrica var.koenigii, Aeschynomene indica, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, andT. repens. On reclaimed land, plant species were found in zones, according to the degree of desalinization (i.e., levels of Na and Cl).