滇南地区桃树种植模式对土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响

经果林种植可改变土壤质量、改善生态环境,同时具有较高的经济效益。合理的种植模式可通过物种间的互补性提高资源利用效率,改善土壤碳库质量并提高综合效益。为探讨桃树种植模式对土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响,以云南省开远市不同桃树种植模式(桃树单种-SP和桃树南瓜套种-PP)为研究对象,以毗邻的天然林地(CK)为对照,分析不同种植模式下活性碳库,即高锰酸钾氧化有机碳(POXC)、颗粒有机碳(POC),惰性有机碳库即矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)在0—40 cm土层的分布情况,明确土壤有机碳组分与土壤理化性质的关系;计算碳库活度指数(CPAI)、碳库指数(CPI)以及碳库管理指数(CPMI),明确不同桃树种植模式的碳库变化情况。结果表明：桃树种植模式和对照的土壤有机碳组分的含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少,平均土壤有机碳(SOC)含量为：14.68 g/kg(CK)>9.57 g/kg(PP)>8.58 g/kg(SP)。平均活性有机碳组分所占比例与POC/MAOC均表现为：SP>CK>PP,PP的活性有机碳比例较低,具有较高的有机碳稳定性。两种桃树种植模式的CPMI在1...     

西南喀斯特石漠化环境下土地利用变化对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳是喀斯特生态系统中碳转移的动力学媒介和碳流通的主要途径,土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤碳循环的重要组成部分,然而目前缺乏关于喀斯特地区土壤有机碳及其组分的研究。本研究以西南典型喀斯特石漠化区——贵州关岭花江6种典型土地利用方式下(花椒林、火龙果林、花椒火龙果混交林、圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和坡耕地)的土壤为研究对象,分析土地利用方式变化对土壤有机碳含量(SOC)和储量(SOCS)、土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)含量及其分配比例的影响。结果表明: 6种土地利用方式下SOC和SOCS均表现为圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和花椒林显著大于火龙果林、花椒火龙果混交林和坡耕地;在0～20 cm土层,土壤SOCS平均值为花椒林＞圆柏林＞圆柏女贞混交林＞坡耕地＞花椒火龙果混交林＞火龙果林。土壤WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC含量均表现为圆柏林、圆柏女贞混交林和花椒林大于其他3种土地类型。土壤SOC与其各组分(WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC)均呈显著正相关,且各组分两两之间也呈显著正相关。花椒林可作为中国西南喀斯特石漠化生态恢复和山地农业发展优先考虑的经济物种。土壤WSOC、EOC、POC、LFOC和HFOC可作为反映土壤有机碳库的有效指标。     

生态恢复对红壤侵蚀地土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响

为了研究红壤侵蚀区生态恢复过程中土壤有机碳的组成与动态变化,选择红壤侵蚀区生态恢复10 a和30 a的马尾松林为对象,以侵蚀裸地和次生林为对照,应用土壤有机碳物理分组方法,研究了侵蚀地植被恢复过程中表层土壤粗颗粒态有机碳(cPOC)、细颗粒态有机碳(f POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量及POC/MOC比值的变化。结果表明:生态恢复显著提高了土壤有机碳含量(P0.05),土壤中不同组分有机碳含量也相应增加。生态恢复10 a,土壤有机碳主要以f POC形式积累,cPOC和MOC没有显著变化,其中0—10 cm土层POC占总土壤有机碳(SOC)比例高达64.1%,但稳定性较差。与恢复10 a相比,生态恢复至30 a时,0—10 cm土壤f POC含量相对不变,cPOC和MOC含量均显著增加(P0.05),10—20 cm土壤f POC和MOC增加量达到显著水平,而cPOC含量仍未显著增加,说明生态恢复过程中土壤固碳模式符合SOC饱和理论。生态恢复过程中土壤POC/MOC比值呈先升高后降低的趋势,且表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,说明随着生态恢复时间的增加,土壤有机碳稳定性逐渐提高,且亚表层土壤高于表层。因此,生态恢复对于侵蚀地碳固定的长期有效性具有重要意义。     

岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤团聚体有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为揭示岩溶槽谷区植被恢复对土壤结构、土壤有机碳积累和碳库管理水平的影响,该研究选取了弃耕地、林地和草地三种土地利用方式,测定0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)、团聚体有机碳以及土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量。结果表明:(1)与弃耕地相比,林地和草地土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均重量直径(MGD)和2～5 mm团聚体含量显著增加,林地和草地土壤团聚体组成以2～5 mm为主,弃耕地以0.5～1 mm和0.25 mm为主,表明退耕还林还草能够促进土壤团聚体形成和稳定。(2)土壤团聚体有机碳含量呈现出林地草地弃耕地,随团聚体粒级增加而增加的趋势;林地和草地以2～5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最大,弃耕地则以0.25 mm团聚体贡献为主,表明弃耕地转变为林地和草地后,土壤SOC积累主要归功于2～5 mm有机碳含量的增加,以及团聚体由小粒径向大粒径转变。(3)与弃耕地比较,林地和草地土壤SOC、EOC含量和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均显著提高,其中土壤EOC含量和CPMI变化较为明显;土壤EOC可作为土壤碳库早期变化的有效指标,CPMI能够良好地表征植被恢复对土壤SOC和EOC的影响。     

中国东部森林土壤有机碳组分的纬度格局及其影响因子

土壤有机碳是森林碳库的重要组成部分,其活性有机碳组分不仅是土壤碳周转过程的重要环节,还是气候变化最敏感的指标。以中国东部南北森林样带(NSTEC,North-South Transect of Eastern China)为对象,选择了9个典型森林生态系统(尖峰岭、鼎湖山、九连山、神农架、太岳山、东灵山、长白山、凉水和呼中),涵盖了我国热带森林、亚热带森林和温带森林的主要类型,测定其0—10 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,结合气候、土壤质地、土壤微生物和植被生物量等因素,探讨了森林土壤有机碳组分的纬度格局及其主要影响因素。实验结果表明:SOC、EOC、MBC和DOC含量分别为23.12—77.00 g/kg、4.62—17.24 g/kg、41.92—329.39 mg/kg和212.63—453.43 mg/kg。SOC、EOC和MBC随纬度增加呈指数增长(P0.05),而DOC则随纬度增加呈指数降低(P0.05)。在不同气候带上,SOC和EOC含量表现为热带森林亚热带森林温带森林(P0.05),DOC含量表现为热带森林亚热带森林温带森林(P0.001)。气候、植被生物量、土壤质地和土壤微生物可解释土壤有机碳组分纬度格局的大部分空间变异(SOC 74%;EOC 65%;MBC 51%和DOC 76%)。其中,气候是土壤有机碳组分呈现纬度格局的主要影响因素,土壤质地是SOC和EOC的次要影响因素,而土壤微生物和植被生物量是MBC和DOC的次要影响因素。     

土地利用方式转变对赣中地区土壤活性有机碳的影响

选取江西省安福县15年撂荒地和3种林地(毛竹林人工林、木荷次生林、杉木人工林),研究土地利用方式改变对土壤有机碳库以及活性有机碳的影响.结果表明：不同样地的土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳均表现为毛竹人工林>杉木人工林>木荷次生林>撂荒地;与对照(撂荒地)相比,3种林地的土壤有机碳含量、碳储量及活性有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而递减,表层富集现象明显;不同土壤活性有机碳的分配比例明显不同,其中,土壤易氧化态碳占总有机碳的比例最大,微生物生物量碳所占比例最小,土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳间的相关性均达到极显著水平.后三者表征了土壤中活性较高部分碳的含量,对土地利用方式的响应较敏感,可以作为评价赣中地区土壤质量和肥力的指标之一.     

黄土高原羊圈沟小流域土地利用时空变化的土壤有机碳效应

土地利用变化是影响土壤有机碳储量和分布变化的重要驱动因素,为进一步探讨土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响,根据土壤样点数据、土地利用类型图,分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区羊圈沟小流域2006—2011年土地利用变化及其对表层土壤有机碳密度和储量的影响,主要结论如下:(1)小流域土地利用发生较大变化,主要集中在乔木林地和灌木林地面积的增加,分别为39.697、46.404 hm2;以及草地面积的减少,为64.030 hm2;(2)土地利用方式的变化会导致土壤有机碳密度及储量的变化,其中转变用地类型的土壤有机碳储量增加587.25 kg,以荒草地转出类型增加的土壤表层有机碳储量最多,为441.64 kg;灌木林地转出类型减少的土壤表层有机碳储量最多,为-21.01 kg。草地-灌木林地、草地-乔木林地、坡耕地-草地、坡耕地-灌木林地、坡耕地-乔木林地、坡耕地-坝地、梯田-草地、梯田-灌木林地、梯田-乔木林地、梯田-坝地、坝地-草地、坝地-灌木林地、坝地-乔木林地等转换用地类型的表层土壤碳密度增加值高于保持用地类型碳密度的增加值,说明这些地类的转换有利于表层土壤有机碳储量的增加,即有利于表层土壤碳汇的形成;而其他地类转换造成了表层土壤的碳排放,应该引起足够的重视;(3)土壤固碳应着眼于长期效应,频繁的土地利用类型转化可能会降低土壤碳截流效果,黄土丘陵区植被重建的长期利用和保持更有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

自然风化过程对赤泥团聚体有机碳组分的影响

以华中地区某氧化铝企业赤泥堆场为研究对象,采集不同时间赤泥堆场(1a,10a,20a)0—20 cm样品,采用物理分组方法,研究自然风化过程对赤泥团聚体有机碳组分的影响。结果发现,赤泥轻组有机碳分配比例随堆存时间的延长呈上升趋势。重组有机碳约占赤泥总有机碳的97.24%—99.11%,以粗颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态颗粒有机碳为主。3种堆存时间(1a,10a,20a)赤泥团聚体颗粒有机碳含量变化范围分别为1.21—1.85、2.62—2.95、3.52—4.15 g/kg。颗粒有机碳含量在2—1 mm粒级赤泥团聚体中最高,随赤泥粒级减小而降低,其中矿物结合态颗粒有机碳分配比例最高,游离态颗粒有机碳分配比例最低。这表明自然风化过程增加了赤泥有机碳组分含量,提高了赤泥中有机碳库的稳定性。     

土地利用变化对漳江口红树林土壤有机碳组分的影响

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳(SOC)的影响是全球碳循环研究的重要内容。本研究在福建漳江口红树林保护区采集红树林湿地、旱地(红树林湿地转变而来)和水田(长期种植水稻)3种土壤,测定土壤有机碳及其组分的含量变化。结果表明:红树林土壤总有机碳含量分别高于旱地土壤29.50%和水田土壤19.56%,而水田土壤有机碳含量高于旱地土壤。在湿地转变为旱地后,可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)分别增加了40.39%、248.43%和144.00%,但重组有机碳(HFOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC)则分别下降了20.91%、46.44%和36.58%。水田土壤有机碳各组分含量均高于旱地土壤,但仅有MBC、FPOC和MOC含量高于湿地土壤。3种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳各组分含量的分配比例与其有机碳含量的规律一致。相关分析表明,3种土壤的有机碳组分中HFOC、LFOC、CPOC、MOC与SOC具有显著的相关关系,可以用来指示SOC的动态变化。这些结果说明,红树林湿地经人为垦殖后土壤SOC显著流失,但合理的耕作管理会使农田土壤具有更大的固碳潜力。     

长期施肥下灰漠土矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量及其演变特征

采用物理分组方法分析了长期（1990-2007年）不同施肥条件下灰漠土各粒径矿物颗粒结合有机碳含量和分布差异及其随施肥时间的演变特征.结果表明：与不施肥相比,配施有机肥对增加各有机碳组分的效果最显著,并以砂粒有机碳含量的增速（0.34 g·kg^-1·a^-1）最高,对施肥最敏感;撂荒地可以显著增加不同黏粉粒结合有机碳含量;秸秆还田仅能维持各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳的含量;长期施用化肥不利于各级颗粒结合有机碳含量的增加.从分配比例来看,以粗粉粒(27.9%)和粗黏粒(27.1%)有机碳所占比例最高,是固持有机碳的重要组分;配施有机肥使砂粒有机碳比例显著提高119.4%,细粉粒和粗黏粒有机碳比例却分别降低了40.3%和37.9%,从而提高了颗粒有机碳含量（W_POC）与矿物结合有机碳含量（W_MOC）的比值,改良了土壤有机碳性质.长期配施有机肥是增加灰漠土各级矿物颗粒结合有机碳积累和提升灰漠土肥力的最佳方式.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.