外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

低温胁迫下不同甘蔗品种(系)光合特性的变化及其与耐寒性的关系

以广西农科院甘蔗研究所自育的7个新材料和2个生产上的主栽品种为研究对象,在甘蔗苗期进行低温胁迫处理,研究了各品种(系)甘蔗形态特征的冷害指数、叶绿素含量及光合特性相关指标的变化及其光合特性相关指标与甘蔗抗寒性间的相关性。结果表明:随着低温胁迫处理时间的延长,冷害指数不断增大,但变化的大小与快慢因品种(系)不同表现不一样。各甘蔗品种(系)叶片叶绿素含量均随时间延长而降低。叶片净光合速率、气孔导度在低温处理与常温处理间具有显著差异。低温胁迫处理显著降低了各甘蔗品种(系)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ、光适应下PSⅡ反应中心的最大光能转化效率Fv′/Fm′、光化学猝灭系数qP、电子传递速率ETR,而显著提高了初始荧光Fo、稳态荧光Fs、非光化学猝灭系数qNP。相关性分析表明整个测定时期各指标间相关显著,Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ与冷害指数I之间的相关系数在0.800以上,Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ可以作为甘蔗品种(系)抗寒性鉴定的重要参考指标。     

过量合成ALA转基因烟草叶片光合与叶绿素荧光特性的研究

以转酿酒酵母Hem1基因的转基因烟草和野生型植株为材料,用Li-6400光合测定仪和PAM-2100叶绿素荧光仪检测了2种烟草不同叶位叶片光合和荧光参数,并考察了它们的生长情况.结果表明:过量合成ALA的转基因烟草植株具有更强的光合能力,并伴随着气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)提高.暗适应下转基因植株不同叶位叶片的初始荧光(Fo)没有明显差异,而野生型植株下部叶片F0明显升高;转基因植株最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)等参数均显著提高,特别是下部叶片表现得更为明显;在光照下,转基因植株PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、荧光猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学效率(Pc)以及进入PSⅡ反应中心的能量(Pc Ex)普遍高于野生型,而天线热耗散能量(Hd)以及非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)等明显低于野生型,且这些差异在基部叶片中表现得尤为突出.可见,过量合成ALA有利于延长烟草叶片光合寿命,提高光化学能量转换效应和光合产物积累,从而促进植株生长.     

铝胁迫对蓼科植物生长和光合、蒸腾特性的影响

采用水培试验,设置5种铝处理浓度,研究了铝对3种蓼科植物酸模叶蓼、杠板归和辣蓼叶片光合、蒸腾和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,高铝处理(400μmol.L-1)显著抑制3种蓼科植物地上部和根系生长,并且导致3种蓼科植物叶片叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(φPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降。中低铝处理(25~100μmol.L-1)时,与对照相比,酸模叶蓼生物量显著增加,杠板归显著减少,辣蓼先增加后减少。其中,酸模叶蓼和辣蓼叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、qP均未发生显著变化,但辣蓼WUE、φPSII和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著下降,酸模叶蓼无显著变化;而杠板归除Ci、Fv/Fm外,其余叶片光合、蒸腾及叶绿素荧光参数均出现显著下降。上述结果表明,酸模叶蓼在中低铝处理条件下可通过保持较高的叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、WUE、Pn、PSII反应中心光化学反应效率以及提高非辐射能量耗散来增强其对铝的耐性。     

低温胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种光合性能的影响

选用不同基因型小麦品种(春性品种扬麦18、弱春性品种郑麦9023、半冬性品种烟农19),研究了分蘖期和拔节期低温对叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:分蘖期-10℃低温处理后,烟农19的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和PSⅡ非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著高于扬麦18和郑麦9023;郑麦9023的gs、Fv/Fm、qp和NPQ显著高于扬麦18,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著高于烟农19;扬麦18的Ci显著高于烟农19,初始荧光(Fo)显著高于郑麦9023和烟农19.拔节期0℃低温处理后,烟农19的Pn、gs、Fv/Fm和qP显著高于扬麦18和郑麦9023,NPQ和ETR显著高于扬麦18;郑麦9023的Pn、gs、Fv/Fm和qP显著高于扬麦18,Fo显著高于烟农19;扬麦18的Ci和Fo显著高于郑麦9023和烟农19.分蘖期和拔节期低温胁迫下,半冬性品种烟农19具有较高的光合活性和较强的自我保护机制,弱春性品种郑麦9023次之,春性品种扬麦18最低.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

赤星病胁迫对不同抗性烟草品种光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以不同烟草赤星病抗性品种JYH(抗病品种)和CBH(感病品种)为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,调查不同烟草赤星病胁迫程度(轻度胁迫、中度胁迫和重度胁迫)对光合色素含量、光合作用参数和叶绿素荧光动力学特征的影响。结果显示:1)烟草赤星病胁迫导致2个品种的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均呈下降趋势,且JYH的降幅小于CBH。2)除JYH的净光合速率在轻度胁迫下有所增加外,JYH、CBH的净光合速率、气孔导度因烟草赤星病胁迫而降低。2个品种的胞间CO2浓度、气孔限制值变化具有明显差异,烟草赤星病胁迫导致CBH的胞间CO2浓度上升,气孔限制值则明显下降,这与JYH在重度胁迫下的变化趋势一致。而JYH的胞间CO2浓度在轻度、中度胁迫降低,气孔限制值则呈上升趋势。3)烟草赤星病胁迫下,2个品种的初始荧光(F0)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)均有所增加。重度胁迫下,JYH、CBH的F0分别比对照增加16.5%、34.48%,NPQ分别上升95.54%、137.45%,差异均达到显著水平。而各品种的最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学淬灭系数(qp)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在烟草赤星病胁迫下均呈下降趋势,降幅表现为JYHCBH。研究结果表明,JYH的光合色素、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性受烟草赤星病胁迫影响小于CBH,维持较高的光合性能是对烟草赤星病具有较强抗性的生理基础。     

木棉叶片叶绿素荧光参数和SPAD值对干旱胁迫的响应

采用盆栽控水干旱法模拟干旱逆境,对1年生木棉(Bombax ceiba)盆栽苗进行不同程度的胁迫处理,测定干旱胁迫时其叶片叶绿素SPAD值和荧光参数动态变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,木棉叶片叶绿素相对含量逐渐降低;初始荧光(Fo)随着干旱程度的加剧而呈上升趋势,而最大荧光(Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv /Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv /Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)下降,在中度和重度干旱胁迫时差异显著(P＜0.05);非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)变化不显著。干旱胁迫导致木棉植株出现光抑制,植株可通过降低光化学淬灭、增加热耗散的形式增强对干旱的适应能力。     

弱光胁迫对玉米产量及光合特性的影响

通过在玉米授粉前0～14d、授粉后1～14d、授粉后15～28d3个时期分别进行遮光处理,研究了弱光胁迫对两个玉米品种费玉3号和泰玉2号产量及光合特性的影响.结果表明:各时期弱光胁迫均使玉米产量降低,其中授粉前0～14d弱光处理的产量降幅最大,费玉3号对弱光胁迫的反应较泰玉2号敏感.弱光胁迫后籽粒灌浆高峰出现时间延迟、灌浆速率慢、积累量小;弱光胁迫开始的时间越早,籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax)越晚.弱光胁迫期内,玉米Chl(a b)、Chla/b、光合速率(Pn)、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)显著下降,Chlb相对含量提高,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著上升;胁迫结束后,玉米Chl(a b)、Chla/b、Pn、Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、Ci和NPQ逐渐恢复接近自然光照条件(CK)水平,而Chlb相对含量下降.表明非气孔因素是弱光胁迫下玉米光合速率降低的原因之一.     

低温胁迫对不结球白菜光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以盆栽的耐寒性不同的不结球白菜品系001、007和010为材料,在玻璃温室中对各品系进行常温(CK,昼/夜温度为20℃/15℃)和低温(昼/夜温度为7℃/2℃)处理,研究低温对不结球白菜的冷害指数、光合指标和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,3个品系不结球白菜的净光合速率(Pn)均较CK显著下降,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著降低,而品系001各项指标显著高于其他品系;不同品系非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均呈增加趋势,品系间增加幅度差异不显著.低温胁迫下,品系001叶片吸收的光能中用于有效电子传递的比例较高,光合受抑程度较轻;007和010的电子传递速率显著下降,过剩激发能显著高于001,光合活性受损较严重.研究发现,低温胁迫下各不结球白菜品系非光化学耗散差异不显著,电子传递的有效性和光化学效率的差异是导致各品系耐冷性差异的主要原因.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.