祁连山北坡混播草地密度制约下燕麦和毛苕子比根长分布格局

比根长反映了植物对不同生境的适应特征,密度制约下比根长的变化可能是植物对地上和地下资源投资权衡的结果。在祁连山建立禾本科牧草燕麦(Avena sativa L.)与豆科毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)混播草地,按燕麦与毛苕子的密度比例设置CK1(1∶0)、A1(8∶2)、A2(6∶4)、A3(5∶5)、A4(4∶6)、A5(2∶8)和CK2(0∶1)7个密度组,研究了混播草地密度制约下燕麦与毛苕子根系比根长的空间分布格局。结果表明:各混播组燕麦根长和比根长均大于毛苕子(P0.05),二者地下生物量无明显差异;随着混播草地中燕麦密度的减小和毛苕子密度的增大,燕麦和毛苕子的根长逐渐增加(P0.05),根系生物量先减小后增大(P0.05),比根长先增加后减小(P0.05);5个混播组中燕麦和毛苕子比根长随土层加深持续减小,且燕麦细根表层化程度大于毛苕子。1年生牧草根系在空间上的分层分布改变了混播草地的资源分配策略,逐渐优化了资源利用格局,实现了土壤资源利用的最大化。     

高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子根长密度分布格局

植物通过维系根长密度的大小及其分布格局逐渐优化资源利用格局.本实验在祁连山地建立禾本科牧草燕麦与豆科毛苕子混播草地,按燕麦(Avena sativa)与毛苕子(Vicia villosa)的密度比例设置CK1(0∶10)、Ⅰ(6∶4)、Ⅱ(5∶5)、Ⅲ(4∶6)、Ⅳ(2∶8)和CK2(10∶0)6个密度组,研究了混播草地燕麦与毛苕子根系根长密度的空间分布格局.结果表明:混播草地燕麦和毛苕子根长密度显著大于单播处理,并且随着混播草地中燕麦密度的减小,牧草根长密度逐渐增大,出现高燕麦密度低根长密度的现象;在空间分布上燕麦和毛苕子根长密度表现出明显差异,燕麦根系主要分布在0 ～ 25 cm土层,毛苕子根系主要分布在0～15 cm土层.根系的分层分布改变了其竞争格局,垂直分布上出现的差异使根系结构和形态逐渐发生转变,混播处理使Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ处理的主根生长受到抑制,5个处理的侧根生长受到促进.一年生牧草侧根在空间上的分层分布改变了混播草地的资源利用格局,逐渐优化了根长密度配置格局,实现了土壤资源利用最大化的目标.     

高寒山区一年生混播牧草生态位对密度的响应

生态位指一个种群占据的时空位置及其与相关种群之间的功能关系,密度是混生种群生态位发生变化的主要制约因子.2010年6-9月采用取代系列实验方法,在石羊河上游建立1年生人工混播草地,按燕麦(Avena sativa L)与毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)的密度比例设置KY(1∶0)、A(8∶2)、B(6∶4)、C(5∶5)、D(4∶6)、E(2∶8)和KM(0∶1)7个密度组,研究了时间序列和密度梯度下燕麦与毛苕子生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:随着牧草的生长,5种混播草地中燕麦的生态位宽度逐渐减小,毛苕子的生态位宽度逐渐增加,燕麦与毛苕子的生态位重叠逐渐减小;混播草地中随着燕麦相对密度的减小和毛苕子相对密度的增加,燕麦的生态位宽度逐渐减小,毛苕子的生态位宽度逐渐增加,燕麦与毛苕子生态位重叠逐渐增加.牧草生长过程中密度制约使两种混播牧草应对种内、种间竞争的资源分配策略发生了调整,使种间关系和群落结构趋于稳定,形成一个相互稳定和相互影响的生态系统,实现了资源利用的最大化.     

高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子种间竞争对密度的响应

混播草地种内与种间竞争的强弱和转化受混播牧草相对密度的制约。2010年6-9月采用取代系列实验方法,在石羊河上游建立燕麦(Avena sativa)和毛苕子(Vicia villo-sa)混播草地,按燕麦与毛苕子相对密度设置1∶0(KY)、8∶2(A)、6∶4(B)、5∶5(C)、4∶6(D)、2∶8(E)和0∶1(KM)7个处理,研究了密度制约下混播草地一年生牧草种间竞争的变化。结果表明:混播草地在密度影响下各物候期的种内与种间竞争发生不同程度的转化,所有混播处理中燕麦相对产量(RYy)随牧草的生长逐渐增加;混播处理A、B和C中毛苕子相对产量(RYm)随牧草的生长逐渐减小,混播处理D和E中逐渐增加;在燕麦出苗期和分蘖期除混播处理A外其余混播处理中两牧草为敌对关系(RYT<1),在牧草生长后期所有混播处理中两牧草转化为共生关系(RYT!1),且燕麦的竞争能力强于毛苕子(RCCy!1、RCCm"1);所有混播处理在牧草整个生长阶段的竞争偏利于燕麦(AG<1)。混播草地内种间竞争在各物候期表现出明显的密度制约现象,实现了资源协同利用目标。     

高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子种间的竞争关系

植物通过调整生长发育阶段的生长行为和形态特征来适应种间竞争关系的变化.在祁连山区建立了禾本科牧草燕麦与豆科毛苕子混播草地,以相对产量(RY)、相对密度(RD)和相对产量总值(RYT)为指标,研究了这2种1年生植物在不同物候期的种间竞争关系.结果表明:随着物候期的变化,种间竞争关系发生着动态变化,在出苗期,二者存在激烈的种间竞争,2个物种限制彼此相对数量的发展,株高、叶片数等增长缓慢;分蘖期,种间竞争转换为种间协作,分蘖数、叶片数等迅速增大,相对产量总值不断积累;进入拔节期,毛苕子开始扩大相对数量,限制了燕麦的生长,导致了激烈的种内竞争;到结实期,种内竞争再次转化为种间竞争.不同物候期的燕麦和毛苕子通过对植物形态可塑性的调整,更好地响应了种间竞争关系的转换.     

密度对尖头叶藜生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响

植物器官指示植物不同的功能,而植物器官生物量分配比例的变化表征了植物对资源获取能力的调整。在植物生长发育过程中,植物各器官呈一种明显的异速生长规律。利用异速生长分析方法,通过模拟不同密度(16、44.4、100、400株/m~2)下尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)的生长特性,研究密度对尖头叶藜器官生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,尖头叶藜地上和地下器官都存在不同程度的竞争:其中,根和主茎生物量分配增加,茎和地上生物量分配减少,而叶和繁殖生物量分配不随密度变化而变化。研究发现,尖头叶藜各器官间具有显著的异速生长关系:其中叶∶主茎、根∶地上部分、根∶茎、根∶主茎、繁殖器官∶地上部分及繁殖器官∶根生物量间的异速生长不随密度变化而变化,属于表观可塑性;而叶∶地上部分、叶∶根、叶∶茎、茎∶地上部分、主茎∶地上部分、繁殖器官∶茎、繁殖器官∶主茎生物量间具有极显著的异速生长关系,异速指数和个体大小显著受密度变化影响,属于真正可塑性,这表明密度能够影响尖头叶藜各器官的生长变化。尖头叶藜叶∶主茎、叶∶根及主茎∶地上部分生物量间的异速指数在D4-密度时与3/4差异不显著(P0.05),符合生态代谢理论,而在D1—D3密度时与3/4差异显著(P0.05),表明充分竞争的植株更符合代谢理论,而竞争不激烈的植株对资源的投入具有物种特异性。     

高寒草地甘肃臭草斑块不同发育阶段茎-叶生物量分配:异速生长分析

植物生物量分配格局反映了环境对植物的选择和植物对环境的响应。在祁连山高寒退化草地,采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation)方法,探讨甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)茎、叶生物量变化及其分配策略对斑块不同发育阶段(斑块形成、斑块扩散、斑块稳定及斑块衰退阶段)的响应。结果表明:随着甘肃臭草斑块的发育,甘肃臭草茎生物量积累呈先上升后下降趋势,茎生物量分配比例呈先下降后上升趋势;叶生物量积累及生物量分配比例在斑块形成、斑块扩散及斑块稳定阶段均呈逐渐上升趋势,斑块衰退阶段呈下降趋势;斑块形成阶段甘肃臭草茎叶生物量呈等速生长模式,斑块扩散及稳定阶段叶生物量的增长速度大于茎生物量的增长速度,斑块衰退阶段转为茎生物量的增长速度大于叶生物量的增长速度。随着斑块的发育,甘肃臭草由依靠增加叶干物质投入占领资源,转为减小叶生物量投入、提高茎生物量的增长速度。     

密度制约决定的植物生物量分配格局

基于自然环境下红葱(Allium cepa var.proliferum)个体各器官生物量积累动态、生物量分配比例动态、生物量比率动态和形态性状对不同种群密度(36、49、64、121和225株·m-2)响应的模拟实验,分析了密度制约对其生物量分配格局的影响。结果表明:红葱地上部分、叶和鞘的生物量分配比例均随密度的增加而增加,地下部分和鳞茎的分配比例随密度的增加而下降,而根的分配比例未随密度发生显著变化。除根:叶、根:地上比在密度处理间无显著差异外,各器官间生物量比率均表现出明显的密度依赖性。随着个体的生长,根:鞘、根:叶、根:地上比逐渐减小,鳞茎:叶、鳞茎:鞘、鳞茎:地上比先减小后增加,而地上:地下比先增加后减小。比叶面积与密度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),叶面积和根长与密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而比根长不受密度的影响。由此可见,种内竞争水平会对植物体内的资源分配产生较大影响;植物生物量分配格局响应不同密度具有可塑性,随着密度的增加,红葱个体会增加地上营养器官的生物量分配,并以减小地下无性繁殖器官的生物量分配为代价。最优化分配理论仅在无竞争存在的情况下适用,当竞争发生时,种群密度及其制约性调节是决定...     

一年生和多年生豆禾混播草地超产与多样性效应的比较

为了测度一年生和多年生豆禾混播草地的超产效应与植物多样性效应的关系, 明确一年生和多年生混播草地的高产优势, 探索豆禾混播草地多样性效应和超产效应对其生态功能的响应机制, 于2013-2015年在新疆伊犁地区昭苏盆地开展了3年的牧草产量观测试验。该试验设置3种牧草混播种类和混播比例, 分别为一年生豆禾混播草地(2种牧草混播, AM2)和多年生豆禾混播草地(2种牧草混播, PM2; 4种牧草混播, PM4; 6种牧草混播, PM6), 豆禾混播比例分别为6:4、5:5和4:6。结果表明: 1) 2013、2014年和3年平均值AM2的超产幅度小于PM2和PM6, 2015年AM2的超产幅度大于PM2、PM4和PM6; 混播群落生产力与群落组分中生产力最高产物种单产以及各组分种平均单产的差值表现出相似的规律。2) 2013、2014年和3年平均值AM2的互补效应大于PM2、PM4和PM6, AM2的选择效应则远小于互补效应, PM2、PM4和PM6的互补效应则比较稳定。3)物种丰富度和物种均匀度与牧草产量(群落生产力)大部分情况下呈单峰的“饱和上升型”模式, 分别在4种牧草混播和豆禾混播比例为5:5时, 具有较高生产力。4)多年生豆禾混播草地的互补效应、选择效应和多样性净效应均随生长年限的延长而呈下降趋势, 也导致了超产幅度、超产效应及其稳定性的下降。由此可见, 在建植初期, 互补效应和选择效应共同主导了多年生豆禾混播草地的超产效应, 而随着生长年限的延长, 选择效应则成为主要影响因素; 一年生豆禾混播草地的超产效应则一直受互补效应的影响。     

载畜率对内蒙古荒漠草原冷蒿种群资源分配格局的影响

研究植物的资源分配格局以揭示其对环境变化的响应机制有重要的生态学意义。以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)种群为研究对象,设置4个载畜率水平的随机区组试验,由冷蒿地上、地下及各构件生物量的变化入手,探讨了载畜率对该种群资源分配格局的影响规律,为退化草地的恢复及合理的放牧管理提供参考。结果表明:(1)冷蒿种群的高度随载畜率的增大而显著降低(P0.05),中度与重度放牧显著降低了该种群的盖度(P0.05),轻度放牧使该种群密度显著增加(P0.05);(2)地上、地下生物量及总生物量均随载畜率的增加而显著降低(P0.05),3a的年际效应及载畜率与年际的互作效应对总生物量、地上和地下生物量的影响差异均显著(P0.05);(3)生物量分配的总体格局是根茎叶花/果,且各构件的生物量均随着载畜率的增加而减少;(4)各构件的生物量分配比例对载畜率的响应不同,中度与重度放牧显著增大了生物量在根的分配(P0.05),茎的生物量分配在轻度放牧显著增加,重度放牧显著降低(P0.05),轻度与中度放牧显著促进了叶的生物量分配(P0.05),花/果的生物量分配随载畜率的增加而显著降低(P0.05);(5)随着载畜率的增大,冷蒿的有性繁殖能力减弱,而无性繁殖能力增强。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.