茂兰喀斯特地区森林降水分配的水化学特征

于2007年9月—2009年8月对中国西南茂兰喀斯特地区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林大气降水、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流进行观测,分析了各降水分配中的养分离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-)浓度动态变化规律及年养分元素输入量。结果表明:7—9月,林外雨、林冠穿透雨和树干茎流中各养分离子浓度相对较低,12月—翌年2月,各降水分配中各养分离子浓度相对较高;降水通过林冠或树干后,除了Na+浓度无显著变化外,NH4+浓度表现下降趋势,Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-均表现增加趋势;林外雨的养分元素输入量顺序为Ca2+SO42--SNH4+-NCl-K+Na+Mg2+NO3--N。在林冠穿透雨+树干茎流中的养分元素输入量顺序为K+Ca2+Cl-SO42--SMg2+NH4+-NNO3--NNa+。与非喀斯特地区相比,林外雨中的各养分离子浓度较低,林冠穿透雨、树干茎流中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+增加幅度较大。总体来看,独特的立地特征决定了该地区Ca2+、Mg2+的积极参与生态系统养分循环和K+高效循环的特征。     

广州流溪河降水化学成分及其海洋源分析

通过2006年6月～2008年5月在广州流溪河地区采集的106次降雨水样(雨量范围0.7～268.6 mm)及其化学测试,论述了几类主要离子在降水中的含量特征、季节变化、物质的海洋来源以及雨水中离子平衡等.结果显示:(1)流溪河周边没有明显的点污染源,但酸雨降水量占总降水量的69.5%,说明降水中的污染物来自该地南部和北部污染区的中距离传输;如夏季和秋季时,台风等海洋气流把珠三角南部更多的NOx传输至该地,使得雨水中NO-3含量在夏季和秋季最大.(2)降水中的年平均F-、Cl-、NO-2、NO-3、PO3-4、SO2-4、NH+4、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+和Al3+离子浓度分别为3.76、22.80、0.45、25.22、0.86、62 9、41.5、35.77、2.93、5.45、14.8和0.943 μeq·L-1;且单个降水事件中的离子浓度大小与降水量呈负相关.(3)流溪河雨水酸度主要来自SO2-4、NO-3和Cl-1,且主要靠中和因子较大的NH+4、Ca2+、K+等阳离子起缓冲作用;该地降水沉降中的强酸酸量为2 053 keq hm-2 a-1,NH+4、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Al3+的缓冲量分别为0.865、0.745、0.114、0.061、0.020 keq hm-2 a-1.(4)降水化学的月和季节波动明显,酸雨主要集中于雨季,而旱季雨水酸度较低,这和重庆及北京的情况相反.(5)在雨水中化学成分Na+全部来源海洋的假设前提下,分析得出:绝大部分Mg2+和部分Cl-(80.07%)、SO2-4(2.91%)、Ca2+(1.86%)、K+(6.19%)来自于海洋,而F-、NO-3来自海洋的贡献率非常小,可以忽略不计.     

3种药赏两用植物对滨海盐碱土改良效应的比较

为比较种植药赏两用植物对滨海盐碱土的改良效应,采用实生栽培方法种植了薄荷(Mentha haplocalyxBriq.)、地榆(Sanguisorba officinalis L.)和枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)1年生植株,对不同土层的pH值以及可溶性盐和主要离子含量的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明:种植3种植物后,0～10、10～20和20～30 cm土层的pH值以及可溶性盐、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO42-含量均有不同程度的变化,且以0～10 cm土层的变化相对明显,并且各土层的离子组成也有所改变。种植3种植物后,0～10和10～20 cm土层的pH值以及0～10 cm土层的可溶性盐含量均低于对照,其中,地榆种植土壤pH值及枸杞种植土壤可溶性盐含量的降低效应最明显。种植3种植物后,各土层的Ca2+含量及10～20和20～30 cm土层的K+和Mg2+含量均极显著高于对照,各土层的Na+含量及0～10 cm土层的Cl-含量、10～20和20～30 cm土层的SO42-含量均极显著低于对照;不同土层的K+/Na+值均高于对照、(K++Na+)/(Ca2++Mg2+)值均低于对照、主要阳离子(Ca2+、K+和Mg2+)的交换量总和均明显增加。总体上,地榆和枸杞对土壤中K+及Ca2+和Mg2+含量、K+/Na+值、主要阳离子(Ca2+、K+和Mg2+)交换量总和的提高效应以及对Na+含量、(K++Na+)/(Ca2++Mg2+)值的降低作用均较强,而薄荷的作用均较弱。研究结果显示:供试的3种药赏两用植物对盐碱地均具有明显的改良作用,其中枸杞和地榆的改良效果较好。     

广州市典型森林区酸雨的化学组成、季节变化及其成因探讨

报道了1998年4月至1999年3月广州市典型森林区降雨的化学组成中SO32-,NO3-,Ca2+浓度很高,并具有明显的季节性变化,春夏季酸雨较秋冬季严重.广州地区全年酸雨频率为80%,酸雨量占总降雨量的95%.结合气象资料并通过与其它地区酸雨化学组成的对比分析,认为广州地区酸雨形成机制具有局地冲刷和中远距离传输叠加的双重特征.酸雨中主要离子除来自于工业和交通污染源外(SO42--和NO3-),还受到陆地源尘埃(Ca2+)和海洋源(Na+和Cl-)的影响.广州酸雨中SO42-和NO3-的年沉降率分别为3200 eq/(hm2.a)和570 eq/(hm2.a),远远超过了维持生态平衡的最低临界值(200～300eq/(hm 2.a)),因而已对本地区生态环境构成了威胁.     

北京城乡结合部气溶胶中水溶性离子粒径分布和季节变化

利用离子色谱分析北京市大气气溶胶中的水溶性无机离子,结果表明,北京城乡结合部TSP中水溶性离子的年均浓度为54.97μg.m-3,其中SO42-、NO3-、C a2 、NH4 4种组分占总离子浓度的85%。TSP中总离子浓度冬季最高、夏季最低。K 浓度夏季最高,C a2 和M g2 秋季浓度明显比其他季节高。NH4 和SO42-的浓度变化趋势相似,相关系数为0.97。大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布各不相同,F-、M g2 和C a2 呈粗模态分布,NH4 是细模态分布,其余离子呈双模态分布。F-、NH4 、M g2 和C a2 4种离子粒径分布的季节变化不明显,冬季NO3-在细颗粒中的比例最大,春季N a 在粗颗粒中的比例最大,采暖期前后SO42-的粒径分布有明显变化。     

四种生态型芦苇叶中离子分布对生境的生理适应

采用X射线微区分析技术,测定了4种生态型芦苇(Phragmites australis (CaV.) Trin. exSteud.)叶的表皮泡状细胞、叶肉细胞和叶脉维管束鞘细胞离子的含量.结果表明:沼泽芦苇的鞘细胞内,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Cl-分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞高.沙丘芦苇的泡状细胞中Ca2+分布较叶肉细胞和鞘细胞高,而Mg2+在其叶肉细胞,以及K+、Na+和Cl-在其鞘细胞内分布均较高.在轻度盐化草甸芦苇的叶肉细胞内分布较多的Na+和Mg2+,而在鞘细胞内K+、Ca2+ 和Cl-的分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞为高.重度盐化草甸芦苇的泡状细胞内Na+和Mg2+的分布较多;同样,在叶肉细胞中K+、Ca2+和Cl-的分布也较多.最后,讨论了上述各种离子在不同生态型芦苇叶内分布的状况, 以及与其环境适应的生理意义.     

湖南韶山森林复合冠层沉降化学

在韶山森林设立了 1 0个 30m× 30m的样方 ,研究了 1年中各个季节的二维结构冠层在酸雨作用下各离子的净沉降及森林地表接收的总酸沉降的变化。结果表明 ,来源于树冠层叶中营养离子的洗脱与大气中含钙颗粒物质的Ca2 + 的净沉降在乔木冠层和灌木亚冠层都为正 ,Mg2 + 除了在生长季节外 ,其冠层仍有较明显的滤出现象 ,K+ 在乔木冠层树冠的大量的滤出与灌木亚冠层的摄入形成明显对比。SO42 -,NO3 -,Cl-在秋冬两季树冠层均有较强的洗脱现象 ,而海洋输送则成为Cl-的另外一个重要来源。总酸沉降结果表明 ,盐基离子中Ca2 + 在春夏两季沉降量最大 ,Mg2 + 的沉降则以秋冬两季的量最高 ,K+ 的最大沉降量出现在秋季。     

NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗不同器官离子含量的影响

在实验室水培条件下,研究了NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗不同器官中Na+、K+,Ca2+,Mg 2+和Cl-含量的变化.结果表明:玉米各个部分Na+和Cl-含量、Na+/K+和Na+/Ca2+比值均随着培养液中NaCl浓度的增加而迅速提高,Na+,K+和Cl-含量的变化幅度为根系>成熟叶叶鞘>生长叶>成熟叶叶片,玉米幼苗根系最易受外界离子浓度的影响,叶片受外界环境影响较小;各器官中Ca2+、Mg2+对盐胁迫的响应不一致,NaCl胁迫使根系中Ca2+、Mg2+含量下降,成熟叶叶鞘中Mg2+含量变化规律性不明显,而NaCl胁迫下,成熟叶叶片中Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加;玉米幼苗具有拒Na+机制,具有一定的耐盐性,它的耐盐性是通过根和成熟叶叶鞘来实现的,Na+主要贮存在根系和成熟叶叶鞘中,而向成熟叶叶片和生长叶中运输较少;成熟叶叶鞘同时还具有拒Cl-能力.     

淋洗与植物作用耦合对盐渍化土壤的改良效应

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为背景,以当地5种耐盐植物为材料,采用根袋法盆栽试验动态研究了淋洗结合植物种植对盐渍化土壤改良的效应。结果表明:与种前相比,单纯的淋洗作用对土壤pH值影响不大,而淋洗结合植物种植明显降低了土壤pH值,且根际土壤pH值小于非根际土壤的,5种耐盐植物中霸王根际土壤pH值降低幅度最大,达0.6个单位。K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO2-4在5种植物根际土壤中均有不同程度的富集,富集程度因物种的不同而不同,随培养时间的延长而呈波动状态。5种供试植物和对照组土壤中的6种主要的可溶性盐分离子随淋洗次数和培养时间的延长呈下降趋势。在培养120d后,单纯淋洗的土壤中K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO2-4的含量相比种前平均分别降低了33.3%、26.1%、35.6%、32.5%、35.5%和36.3%,植物吸收带走的上述各离子的含量平均分别占种前的46.2%、8.1%、30.2%、7.2%和21.6%,其中霸王吸收带走的盐分离子最多,而淋洗结合种植植物的土壤中上述各离子的含量与种前相比平均分别降低了67.25%、63.73%、83.8%、67.5%、81.55%和78.46%,由此可见,淋洗结合植物种植的脱盐效果优于单纯淋洗,且土壤中主要的盐分离子Na+、Cl-和SO2-4的含量降低幅度最大,通过计算得出,在Cl-、SO2-4和Na+减少的总量中还有37.73%的Na+、38.22%的Cl-和35.14%的SO2-4的减少量是由植物根系的物理化学作用机制引起的。     

外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响

为了探讨外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)诱导燕麦(Avena sativa L.)幼苗抗盐性的效果及其生理调节机制,以"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下施用外源EBR对燕麦幼苗无机离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明:100mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+、Cl-含量均显著升高,对阳离子的吸收产生了拮抗作用,导致燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Cu2+含量显著降低,离子稳态平衡被打破;100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,施用0.01μmol·L-1外源EBR后,"青引2号"和"加燕2号"燕麦幼苗叶片和根系中的Na+和Cl-含量显著降低,促进了燕麦幼苗根系对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸收,叶片和根系中K+/Na+、Cl-/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+、Fe2+/Na+、Mn2+/Na+、Cu2+/Na+和Zn2+/Na+显著升高,并且有效调控燕麦幼苗体内无机离子的运输比和阳离子的运输选择性比率,离子稳态重新达到平衡状态;说明外源EBR能够缓解NaCl胁迫下Na+和Cl-对燕麦幼苗所造成的离子毒害作用,有效调控燕麦幼苗对无机离子的选择性吸收、运输和分配,对维持燕麦幼苗体内的离子稳态平衡具有正向调控作用。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。