α1, 2-岩藻糖转移酶基因转导对人卵巢癌细胞RMG-I p38MAPK信号通路介导的凋亡的影响

以α1,2-岩藻糖转移酶基因转染前后卵巢癌细胞RMG-I、RMG-I-H为细胞模型,用细胞免疫荧光方法检测转染前后细胞p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK的细胞内定位,RT-PCR和Western blot方法从mRNA和蛋白质两个水平检测转染前后细胞p38MAPK表达的变化;以兔抗人IgG抗体处理组为对照,分别利用RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测Lewisy单克隆抗体处理前后RMG-I-H细胞p38MAPK mRNA和蛋白质表达水平的变化;以0.1%DMSO为对照,用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580处理后RMG-I-H凋亡比率的变化,并利用RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白质水平的变化;用RT-PCR方法检测卡铂和SB203580处理后p38MAPK及caspase-3表达的变化.结果表明,RMG-I与RMG-I-H的p38MAPK蛋白主要定位在细胞质,p-p38MAPK蛋白定位在细胞核,转染后p38MAPK的mRNA水平明显高于转染前(P<0.05);Lewisy单克隆抗体处理后RMG-I-H细胞p38MAPK m...     

MAPK 级联途径在植物信号转导中的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)在植物的胁迫反应应答方面占有重要地位。本文就MAPK的基本组成、分类、激发子和两种可能的机理的最新进展作了综述。并介绍了近年来此领域中的研究方法,包括MAPK活性测定的方法、免疫沉淀法、酵母双杂交、基因突变、RNA干涉和网络模式法。     

植物MAPK C族基因的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,它包括MAPKKK、MAPKK和MAPK等3组,它们共同构成MAPK级联系统.MAPK级联系统通过参与蛋白质磷酸化作用传递和放大信号,调控下游基因的表达,最终引起植物的一系列生理反应.MAPK的基因包括A族、B族、C族和D族4类.就C族MAPK基因的种类和功能,以及近几年来对C族MAPK基因的研究方法作综述.     

阿托伐他汀对人肾小球系膜细胞增殖、TGF-β1mRNA和p38MAPK表达的影响

目的观察阿托伐他汀(atorv)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的人肾小球系膜细胞(HGMCs)增殖和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)mRNA及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)蛋白表达的影响。方法在体外培养HG-MCs,用MTT法检测细胞增殖,用半定量RT-PCR法检测细胞TGF-β1 mRNA表达,用Western blot法检测细胞p38MAPK蛋白合成。结果1.Ox-LDL(80μg/ml)刺激系膜细胞增殖;2.Ox-LDL(10μg/ml-80μg/ml)以浓度依赖的方式增加HGMCs TGF-β1 mRNA和p38MAPK蛋白表达,3.Atovastatin(6μg-12μg/ml)抑制系膜细胞增殖,降低ox-LDL引起的TGF-β1 mRNA表达上调,抑制p38MAPK信号途径激活。结论阿托伐他汀可能通过对抗p38MAPK信号通路,减少TGFβ1分泌,抑制ox-LDL引起的肾小球系膜细胞增殖,预防和治疗伴有血脂异常的糖尿病肾脏病变。     

MAPK信号通路基因在小鼠肝再生中的表达谱变化

为了分析丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases,MAPK)信号通路基因在肝再生中的表达图谱,以及探讨MAPK信号通路在肝再生中的作用,文章利用四氯化碳(Carbon Tetrachloride,CCl4)诱导的小鼠肝损伤再生模型对MAPK信号通路基因的表达进行检测.首先,采用CCl4腹腔注射的方法建立小鼠肝损伤再生模型,通过肝脏切片HE染色和测定血清中谷丙转氨酶活性确认模型的质量,然后,在注射CCl4后的第0、0.5、1.5、4.5、7 d分别采集小鼠肝脏样本,应用Affymetrix公司的小鼠基因表达芯片,检测MAPK信号通路中93个基因的差异表达图谱,并用荧光实时定量PCR法验证芯片检测的结果.结果表明,在芯片检测到的93个MAPK信号通路基因中,有31个在肝再生中有不同程度差异表达,且经荧光实时定量RT-PCR检测的结果与基因芯片的结果相符合.基因表达谱芯片技术可以筛选出肝再生中差异表达的基因,在小鼠肝再生中的第0.5和1.5 d,MAPK信号通路中表达水平上调的基因增多,而在第4.5和7 d,则表达水平下调的基因明显增多.这一结果表明MAPK信号通路对肝再生不同阶段的双重调控作用.     

蓖麻毒素对肝癌细胞有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶的影响

为进一步探讨蓖麻毒素的毒作用机理 ,采用 Western印迹和免疫组化方法研究蓖麻毒素对人肝癌细胞内磷酸化状态和有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶 (MAPK)的影响 .其结果表明 :蓖麻毒素能够影响细胞内的磷酸化状态 ,并能激活细胞内的有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶 ,对 MAPK的激活有时间依赖性和剂量依赖性 . MAPK信号传导途径参与了蓖麻毒素对肝癌细胞的毒作用 .     

真核生物的MAPK级联信号传递途径

MAPK级联途径在真核生物细胞的信号传递过程中起着重要的作用.MAPK级联途径由MAPK、MAPKK和MAPKKK三类酶蛋白组成.这三类蛋白质的结构非常保守,通过磷酸化作用传递各种信号.在酵母和动、植物细胞中已经发现了一系列的MAPK级联途径成员,使真核生物的信号传递途径逐渐得到阐明.     

MAPK/ERK 和 MAPK/P38 信号通路的活化参与沙眼衣原体诱导前炎因子的产生

沙眼衣原体感染可导致沙眼、性传播性疾病、不孕症等疾病,主要病理表现是炎症反应引起的组织损伤和瘢痕.因此,沙眼衣原体诱导产生的炎症因子是导致疾病的关键,沙眼衣原体可直接感染内皮细胞产生各种前炎因子,但其机制目前还不清楚.通过ELISA和免疫印迹等方法,检测到沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞可产生IL-8,IL-1α,IL-1β,IL-6等前炎因子,并且沙眼衣原体感染可以主要激活宿主细胞MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38信号通路.抑制MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38信号通路显示,两条通路在沙眼衣原体感染过程中参与调节不同的炎症因子产生.MAPK/P38信号通路的活化参与调控IL-1α,IL-6的产生,而IL-8则同时受MAPK/ERK和MAPK/P38两条通路的调控.     

MAPK和p90rsk在大鼠卵泡发育中的表达与活性

利用免疫组织化学方法研究丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPK)及其底物之一p90rsk在大鼠卵泡发育过程中的表达与活性.结果表明,非活性形式的MAPK存在于大鼠各生长期卵泡的卵母细胞和颗粒细胞中,但磷酸化活性形式的MAPK只存在于部分具有分裂增殖活性的颗粒细胞中.MAPK的作用底物p90rsk只在各期卵泡的卵母细胞中表达,在颗粒细胞中无着色,说明MAPK信号级联在卵母细胞和颗粒细胞中具有不同的作用方式.另外,胎鼠卵巢的免疫组化染色结果显示,MAPK在卵原细胞增殖过程中具有活性,表明MAPK信号级联在这一过程中起作用.     

水稻促分裂原活化蛋白激酶家族的研究进展

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)是生物体内信号转导途径MAPK级联反应的重要组分,通过传递胞内外信号,介导生物及非生物胁迫反应、激素反应、调控细胞分化和发育过程.对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)MAPK家族的结构、作用机制、分类以及在抗逆应答、生长发育中的作用进行了综述,为水稻MAPK的深入研究和应用提供参考.     

Phosphorylation and regulation of choline kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by protein kinase A

The CKI1-encoded choline kinase (ATP:choline phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.32) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was phosphorylated in vivo on multiple serine residues. Activation of protein kinase A activity in vivo resulted in a transient increase in the phosphorylation of choline kinase. This phosphorylation was accompanied by a stimulation in choline kinase activity. In vitro, protein kinase A phosphorylated choline kinase on a serine residue with a stoichiometry (0.44 mol of phosphate/mol of choline kinase) consistent with one phosphorylation site/choline kinase subunit. The major phosphopeptide derived from the enzyme phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase A was common to one of the major phosphopeptides derived from the enzyme phosphorylated in vivo. Protein kinase A activity was dose- and time-dependent and dependent on the concentrations of ATP (Km 2.1 microM) and choline kinase (Km 0.12 microM). Phosphorylation of choline kinase with protein kinase A resulted in a stimulation (1.9-fold) in choline kinase activity whereas alkaline phosphatase treatment of choline kinase resulted in a 60% decrease in choline kinase activity. The mechanism of the protein kinase A-mediated stimulation in choline kinase activity involved an increase in the apparent Vmax values with respect to ATP (2.6-fold) and choline (2.7-fold). Overall, the results reported here were consistent with the conclusion that choline kinase was regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation.     

Phosphorylation of the yeast choline kinase by protein kinase C. Identification of Ser25 and Ser30 as major sites of phosphorylation

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKI1-encoded choline kinase catalyzes the committed step in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway. The enzyme is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues, and some of this phosphorylation is mediated by protein kinase A. In this work we examined the hypothesis that choline kinase is also phosphorylated by protein kinase C. Using choline kinase as a substrate, protein kinase C activity was dose- and time-dependent and dependent on the concentrations of choline kinase (K(m) = 27 microg/ml) and ATP (K(m) = 15 microM). This phosphorylation, which occurred on a serine residue, was accompanied by a 1.6-fold stimulation of choline kinase activity. The synthetic peptide SRSSSQRRHS (V5max/K(m) = 17.5 mm(-1) micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) that contains the protein kinase C motif for Ser25 was a substrate for protein kinase C. A Ser25 to Ala (S25A) mutation in choline kinase resulted in a 60% decrease in protein kinase C phosphorylation of the enzyme. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis of the S25A mutant enzyme confirmed that Ser25 was a protein kinase C target site. In vivo the S25A mutation correlated with a decrease (55%) in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway, whereas an S25D phosphorylation site mimic correlated with an increase (44%) in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Although the S25A (protein kinase C site) mutation did not affect the phosphorylation of choline kinase by protein kinase A, the S30A (protein kinase A site) mutation caused a 46% reduction in enzyme phosphorylation by protein kinase C. A choline kinase synthetic peptide (SQRRHSLTRQ) containing Ser30 was a substrate (V(max)/K(m) = 3.0 mm(-1) micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) for protein kinase C. Comparison of phosphopeptide maps of the wild type and S30A mutant choline kinase enzymes phosphorylated by protein kinase C confirmed that Ser30 was also a target site for protein kinase C.     

Influence of choline and ethanolamine administration on choline and ethanolamine phosphorylating activities of mouse liver and kidney.

The administration of ethanolamine to adult male mice resulted in a significant increase in ethanolamine kinase activity in liver and kidney. Similarly, choline administration resulted in a significant increase in choline kinase activity in liver and kidney. The administration of ethanolamine resulted in enhancement of choline kinase activity concomitantly with ethanolamine kinase activity in liver and kidney. The administration of choline, however, did not result in any significant increase in ethanolamine kinase activity in liver or kidney. Cycloheximide administration along with choline-ethanolamine prevented the increase in kinase activity in liver and kidney. The results obtained have been discussed in relation to the regulatory role of choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase by de novo synthesis in response to enhanced substrate concentration, the secondary nature of choline kinase induction on ethanolamine administration, and possible distinction between choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase.     

Phosphorylation of caldesmon

The phosphorylation of caldesmon was studied to determine if kinase activity reflected either an endogenous kinase or caldesmon itself. Titration of kinase activity with calmodulin yielded maximum activity at substoichiometric ratios of calmodulin/caldesmon. The sites of phosphorylation on caldesmon for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and endogenous kinase were the same, but distinct from protein kinase C sites. Phosphorylation in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin resulted in a subsequent increase of endogenous kinase activity in the absence of Ca2+. These results suggest that caldesmon is not a protein kinase and that kinase activity in caldesmon preparations is due to calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.     

Activation of the MAP kinase pathway by the protein kinase raf.

Both MAP kinases and the protein kinase p74raf-1 are activated by many growth factors in a c-ras-dependent manner and by oncogenic p21ras. We were therefore interested in determining the relationship between MAP kinases and raf. The MAP kinase ERK2 is activated by expression of oncogenically activated raf, independently of cellular ras. Overexpressed p74raf-1 potentiates activation of ERK2 by EGF and TPA. MAP kinase kinase inactivated by phosphatase 2A treatment is phosphorylated and reactivated by incubation with p74raf-1 immunoprecipitated from phorbol ester-treated cells. We conclude that raf protein kinase is upstream of MAP kinases and is either a MAP kinase kinase kinase or a MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase.     

Phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase by protein kinase C. Comparative study of the phosphorylated sites

Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase is phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C purified from human platelets. When myosin light chain kinase which has calmodulin bound is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, 0.8-1.1 mol of phosphate is incorporated per mol of myosin light chain kinase with no effect on its enzyme activity. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase with no calmodulin bound results in the incorporation of 2-2.4 mol of phosphate and significantly decreases the rate of myosin light chain kinase activity. The decrease in myosin light chain kinase activity is due to a 3.3-fold increase in the concentration of calmodulin necessary for the half-maximal activation of myosin light chain kinase. The sites phosphorylated by protein kinase C and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase were compared by two-dimensional peptide mapping following extensive tryptic digestion of phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase. The single site phosphorylated by protein kinase C when calmodulin is bound to myosin light chain kinase (site 3) is different from that phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (site 1). The additional site that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C when calmodulin is not bound appears to be the same site phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (site 2). These studies confirm the important role of site 2 in binding calmodulin to myosin light chain kinase. Sequential studies using both protein kinase C and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase suggest that the phosphorylation of site 1 also plays a part in decreasing the affinity of myosin light chain kinase for calmodulin.     

Ca(2+)- and protein kinase C-dependent stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in detergent-skinned vascular smooth muscle

Protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase are expressed in all smooth muscle cells and believed to be important in several physiologically relevant properties of this muscle. Our goal was to determine if protein kinase C and MAP kinase are activated by a simple increase in cellular Ca(2+) and to determine if protein kinase C is an upstream activator of MAP kinase. These studies were performed in the Triton X-100 detergent-skinned preparation of the swine carotid artery, which allows control of the intracellular environment without influence from membrane or receptor-mediated modulation. The p42 and p44 isoforms of MAP kinase were activated in a concentration-dependent fashion by an increase in Ca2+. This was shown by in-the-gel kinase assay and direct measurement of MAP kinase phosphotransferase activity. Protein kinase C was also activated by an increase in Ca2+, as shown by a novel assay that measures total active protein kinase C in the tissue. Inhibition of protein kinase C activity completely abolished MAP kinase activity. Additionally, inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) also abolished MAP kinase activity. Using intact swine carotid arteries, we showed p42 and p44 MAP kinase to be activated by both histamine and phorbol dibutyrate, but only the p42 isoform was calcium-sensitive. Our results suggest that a Ca(2+)-dependent isoform of protein kinase C and CaM kinase II are upstream activators of MAP kinase in the swine carotid artery.     

Effect of a sunflower oil-supplemented diet on protein kinase activities of rat liver plasma membranes.

1. The effect of a sunflower oil-enriched diet on plasma membrane-bound protein kinase C, protein kinase A, casein and tyrosine kinase activities was studied. 2. The diet induced an increase in the content of linoleic acid and a decrease in the content of palmitic acid. The anisotropy parameter (rs) of the fluorescence probe DPH and SDPH decreased strongly in the experimental group. 3. Protein kinase C was stimulated more than two times. Tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A and casein kinase activities were increased by 65, 57 and 40%, respectively. 4. We suggest that a more fluid lipid environment favours higher plasma membrane-bound protein kinase activities.     

Citron kinase,a Rho-dependent kinase,induces di-phosphorylation of regulatory light chain of myosin II

Citron kinase is a Rho-effector protein kinase that is related to Rho-associated kinases of ROCK/ROK/Rho-kinase family. Both ROCK and citron kinase are suggested to play a role in cytokinesis. However, no substrates are known for citron kinase. We found that citron kinase phosphorylated regulatory light chain (MLC) of myosin II at both Ser-19 and Thr-18 in vitro. Unlike ROCK, however, citron kinase did not phosphorylate the myosin binding subunit of myosin phosphatase, indicating that it does not inhibit myosin phosphatase. We found that the expression of the kinase domain of citron kinase resulted in an increase in MLC di-phosphorylation. Furthermore, the kinase domain was able to increase di-phosphorylation and restore stress fiber assembly even when ROCK was inhibited with a specific inhibitor, Y-27632. The expression of full-length citron kinase also increased di-phosphorylation during cytokinesis. These observations suggest that citron kinase phosphorylates MLC to generate di-phosphorylated MLC in vivo. Although both mono- and di-phosphorylated MLC were found in cleavage furrows, di-phosphorylated MLC showed more constrained localization than did mono-phosphorylated MLC. Because citron kinase is localized in cleavage furrows, citron kinase may be involved in regulating di-phosphorylation of MLC during cytokinesis.     

Regulation of the activity of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase (BCODH) complex by binding BCODH kinase

Branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase (BCODH) kinase is responsible for inactivation of BCODH complex by phosphorylation of the complex. Activity of the kinase towards its substrate, the E1 component of the BCODH complex, is known dependent upon binding of the kinase to the E2 component. The possible existence as well as importance of unbound mitochondrial BCODH kinase has been largely ignored in previous studies. Evidence is presented here for the existence of free and bound BCODH kinase in the matrix space of rat liver mitochondria. Furthermore, in female rats, in which diurnal variations in liver BCODH complex and kinase activities occur, the amount of the kinase bound to the complex changes between morning and evening without a change in total kinase protein. Activity of the kinase correlates with the amount of bound rather than total kinase protein, suggesting only the bound form is active. Changes in amount of kinase bound and therefore active appear responsible for diurnal variation in BCODH complex activity in the female rat. We propose that change in the amount of bound BCODH kinase is a key feature of a novel regulatory mechanism for determining the activity state of the BCODH complex.