紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢研究进展

紫苏是一种新型油料作物,种子含油量为35%左右,紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成丰富,含有棕榈酸(16:0)、硬脂酸(18:0)、油酸(18:1)、亚油酸(18:2)和α-亚麻酸(18:3)等,其中α-亚麻酸(ALA)含量高达60%,广泛用于功能性保健食品、药物及油脂化工业.介绍紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢基本途径,对近年来脂肪酸合成代谢基因工程研究进行概述与展望.     

湘西北火棘籽油脂含量及其与土壤养分的关系

对湘西北岩溶山区5个生境火棘属植物的籽含油率与油脂组分进行了测定,探讨了土壤养分与火棘籽含油率及籽油主要组分的关联性.结果表明:土壤全磷与籽油中的亚油酸呈正相关,其他土壤元素与籽油脂肪酸无关联性;火棘籽油维生素E浓度与土壤全钙、全镁呈显著正相关.湘西北火棘籽最高含油率为5.9%,籽油中维生素E平均浓度达9.9g·kg-1,籽油中主要组分亚油酸、油酸和软脂酸的相对含量分别为63.7%、20.8%和13.2%.     

利用毕赤酵母发酵废液培养原始小球藻的研究

以毕赤酵母发酵废液为水源并提供部分C源和N、P,在500 mL摇瓶中,比较了发酵废液培养基与SE基础培养基对原始小球藻的生长影响,并通过单因素和正交优化发酵废液培养基。结果表明,发酵废液培养基适合于原始小球藻的培养。利用发酵废液培养小球藻,在添加葡萄糖0.05 mol/L,硝酸钠0.01 mol/L,磷酸二氢钾0.003 mol/L,海绿素浓度300μL/L,培养7 d后最高生物量达6.56 g/L,油脂含量达33.68%,两者均高于SE基础培养基。油脂的脂肪酸组成分析表明,废液培养基培养下小球藻油脂的脂肪酸组成主要是C16∶0(25.12%)、C18∶0(4.69%)、C18∶1(50.46%)、C18∶2(6.78%)、C18∶3(8.58%),而SE培养基培养的小球藻油脂脂肪酸组成主要是C16∶0(24.56%)、C18∶0(20.36%)、C18∶1(16.66%)、C18∶2(14.32%)、C18∶3(30.98%),两种培养基培养所得藻油脂肪酸组成虽相差较大,但均适合作为生物柴油的原料。     

灵芝孢子油脂肪酸组分的分析

采用气相色谱与质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,从超临界CO2萃取孢子油中鉴定出18种脂肪酸成分,包括6种不饱和脂肪酸、7种饱和脂肪酸、2种环链脂肪酸,以及己酸、辛酸、壬酸等短链脂肪酸。GC定量分析结果表明:灵芝孢子油中检出9种已知脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸总量为73.6%;其中,主体成分油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和棕榈酸(C16∶0)等含量分别为57.5%、13.4%、19.6%;此外,不饱和脂肪酸十六碳烯酸(C16∶1)、亚麻酸(C18∶3)等不饱和脂肪酸含量为2.2%、0.5%。     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼油脂成分分析

采用铁锅炼制提取斑点叉尾鮰内脏鱼油,然后加酸使其甲酯化,以气相色谱/质谱法分析鱼油中的脂肪酸.结果斑点叉尾鮰内脏纯油脂中鱼油达到99%.从鱼油中共鉴定出15种成分,有饱和脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸,还有少量烷烃类物质.不饱和脂肪酸含量为76.40%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸为18.03%,以C18∶ 2(16.23%)为主,单不饱和脂肪酸为58.37%,以C18∶ 1(54.88%)为主.饱和脂肪酸含量为20.91%,主要有C16∶ 0 (15.84%)和C18∶ 0(4.29%),多是低于C18以上的中长链脂肪酸.因此斑点叉尾鮰油脂可作功能性脂肪酸的重要膳食来源.     

伞形霉属3个种的脂肪酸组成初探

伞形霉属是重要的产油真菌,本研究分析了具棱伞形霉(Umbelopsis angularis)、长白伞形霉(U.changbaiensis)和葡酒色伞形霉(U. vinacea) 36个菌株的脂肪酸组成。研究结果共检测到26种脂肪酸,链长12～20碳。特征性脂肪酸为18∶3 cis 6,12,14(十八碳三烯酸)、18∶2 cis 9,12/18∶0a(亚油酸/硬脂酸)、18∶1(w 8)/18∶1 cis 9 (w 9)(顺-10-油酸/油酸)和16∶0(十六烷酸) 4种,累计百分比为92.92%。脂肪酸/菌体生物量比值范围为0.40%～2.18%。结果表明具棱伞形霉、长白伞形霉和葡酒色伞形霉富含长链不饱和脂肪酸和重要功能性脂肪酸,具有潜在的开发价值。     

牛蒡籽油中脂肪酸成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析

牛蒡 (ＡｒｃｔｉｕｍｌａｐｐａＬ .)是菊科 (Ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔａｅ)牛蒡属(ＡｒｃｔｉｕｍＬ .)植物 ,二年生草本 ,普遍分布于全国各地 ,野生或栽培。其根、叶、瘦果和籽均入药 ;茎皮纤维可造纸 ;根部含大量菊糖 ,可酿酒及作蔬菜食用 ;另外 ,还可以作为蜜源和饲料[1～ 4 ] 。据记载 ,其种子含油 2 5 %～ 30 % ;另据文献报道 ,其脂肪酸的主要成分为软脂酸、硬脂酸及油酸的甘油酯[2 ] 。牛蒡是耐盐植物 ,前人虽对其进行了较多的研究 ,但未见其籽油脂肪酸组成的准确报道 ,本文用气相色谱 质谱联用进行分析 ,以期为耐盐植物的开发利用积累部分…     

羊奶果种子脂肪酸组成和矿质元素分析

测定了羊奶果(Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.)种子脂肪酸组成以及矿质元素含量。结果表明:脂肪酸含量为1.98%,主要是油酸(C18:1)34.15%、亚油酸(C18:2)31.51%、软脂酸(C16:0)13.83%、硬脂酸(C18:0)2.88%。饱和脂肪酸:单不饱和脂肪酸:多不饱和脂肪酸含量比为1:2.23:2.75。矿质元素K高达7837.69mgkg-1,Fe为30.99mgkg-1、Zn为10.13mgkg-1,Na为259.5mgkg-1。     

酿酒酵母脂酰-△9脱氢酶亚细胞定位表达及其对烟草脂肪酸合成的影响

以烟草Nicotiana tabacum L.为宿主植物,分别在细胞质内质网和质体内定位表达酿酒酵母Saccharom,ees cerevisiae脂酰-CoA-△9脱氢酶(Sc△9D),以期提高植物组织中棕榈油酸(16∶1△9)的积累量和分析该酶不同亚细胞定位表达对油脂代谢的影响.与野生型和空载体(对照)植物相比,转基因烟草植株叶片中单不饱和的棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸(18∶1△11)含量明显提高,而饱和的棕榈酸(16∶0)含量相应减少,多不饱和的亚油酸(18∶2△9,12)和亚麻酸(18∶3△9,12,15)含量亦降低.Sc△9D质体定位表达烟叶中棕榈油酸及顺式十八碳烯酸含量分别是Sc△9D细胞质内质网定位表达烟叶的2.7和1.9倍.这表明酵母脂酰-△9脱氢酶能在高等植物细胞中正确催化棕榈酸(16∶0)转化为棕榈油酸(16∶1△9),而且在质体内表达的效应显著高于在细胞质内质网上的效应.新建立了一种应用脂酰-CoA-△9脱氢酶代谢工程培育植物组织高水平合成积累棕榈油酸等ω-7脂肪酸的策略,有助于在生物量大的烟叶等营养器官中组装ω-7脂肪酸合成途径以生产优质生物燃油.     

油茶FAD2基因的植物表达载体和RNA干扰载体构建及其功能分析

茶油是从油茶种子中提取的食用植物油,富含油酸、亚油酸以及亚麻酸等多种人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸。在植物的不饱和脂肪酸生物合成途径中,脂肪酸脱饱和酶(Fatty Acid Desaturase,FAD)有多个家族成员,可以将单不饱和脂肪酸转化成多不饱和脂肪酸,其中FAD2可以将油酸(18∶1Δ9)和棕榈油酸(16∶1Δ9)转化成亚麻酸(18∶2Δ9,11)和十六碳二烯酸(16∶2Δ9,11)。为了揭示油茶FAD2基因的功能,本研究在原有的基础上构建了这个基因的植物表达载体p BI121-Co FAD2以及RNA干扰载体p BI121-Co FAD2 RNAi,并分别对相应的拟南芥突变体和野生型植株进行了转基因研究。结果表明,同野生型相比,fad突变体中,18∶1和16∶1含量较高,18∶2和16∶2含量较低;突变体植株经过植物表达载体的转化后,脂肪酸组分得到了恢复;而野生型植株经过RNA干扰载体的转化后,18∶1和16∶1含量升高,18∶2和16∶2含量降低。由此说明,油茶FAD2基因在植物体内具有调控18∶1和16∶1转变成18∶2和16∶2的功能,对于茶油脂肪酸组分的构成起着关键的调控作用。     

Characterization of seed oils from fresh Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) and wine processing waste

The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and triacylglyceride (TAG) composition of seed oils from fresh Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) fruits and traditional Bokbunja wine processing waste were determined in this study. Oil contents of the fresh seeds and the seeds from wine processing waste were similar, accounting for about 18% of dry weight. The free fatty acid (FFA) content between the two seed oils was significantly different (0.50% for fresh seed oil and 73.14% for wine seed oil). Iodine, conjugated diene, saponification values, and unsaponifiable matter were very similar in the oil samples, but the specific extinction coefficients at 232 and 270 nm of wine seed oil were higher than those of fresh seed oil. Linoleic (C18:2, 50.45-53.18%, L) and linolenic (C18:3, 29.36-33.25%, Ln) acids were the dominant FAs in the two seed oils, whereas oleic (C18:1, 7.32-8.04%, O), palmitic (C16:0, 1.55-1.65%, P), and stearic (C18:0, 0.65-0.68%, S) acids were the minor FAs. LLL, OLL, LLLn, OOL, LLnLn, and OOO were the abundant TAGs, representing >90% of the oils.     

Fatty Acid Patterns of Seeds of Some Salvia Species from Iran – A Chemotaxonomic Approach

In this study, the seed oil content and fatty acid (FA) profile of 21 populations from 16 wild Salvia species of Iran were analyzed by GC. Patterns of chemical variations of the oils among species were identified via numerical analyses and also the taxonomic status of the infrageneric grouping was outlined in the genus. Salvia species were scored based on the contents of main FAs using principal coordinate analysis (PCO). The results showed that the total oil content in the seeds varied significantly, and ranged from 6.68 to 38.53% dry weight. α‐Linolenic (18:3ω3, 1.69 – 53.56%), linoleic (18:2ω6, 13.04 – 60.64%), oleic (18:1ω9, 6.15 – 27.06%), palmitic (16:0, 3.77 – 9.27%), and stearic (18:0, 1.78 – 3.05%) acid were identified as five major FAs in the oils. The amount of ω‐3 and ω‐6 FAs ranged between 1.90 – 53.80% and 13.46 – 60.83% of total FAs in the seed oils, respectively. The results confirmed that FA profiles were distinctive among the species and that they can be used as chemotaxonomic markers. The discrimination of Salvia species according to their botanical classification at intersectional level was supported. In general, seed oils of Salvia species were rich sources of polyunsaturated FAs, except in linoleic and α‐linolenic acid, and may be valuable for food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Phenotypic Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds from Different Herbaceous Peony Species Native to China

Herbaceous peony has been widely cultivated in China due to its substantial ornamental and medicinal value. In the present study, the phenotypic characteristics, total fatty acid (FA) content, and nine FA compositions of herbaceous peony seeds from 14 populations belonging to six species and one subspecies were determined by normal test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the phenotypic characteristics of seeds varied dramatically among species. The concentrations of five major FAs in seed oils were as follows: linoleic acid (173.95–236.51 μg/mg), linolenic acid (227.82–302.71 μg/mg), oleic acid (135.32–208.81 μg/mg), stearic acid (6.52–11.7 μg/mg), and palmitic acid (30.67–47.64 μg/mg). Correlation analysis demonstrated that oleic acid had the highest partial correlation coefficient with total FAs and might be applied to develop a model of phenotypic characteristics. FAs were significantly influenced by the following environmental factors: latitude, elevation, and annual average temperature. Based on the FA levels in the seed oils, clustering analysis divided 14 populations into two clusters. It was found that the average contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total FAs in cluster I (147.16 μg/mg, 200.31 μg/mg, and 671.24 μg/mg, respectively) were significantly lower than those in cluster II (196.65 μg/mg, 220.16 μg/mg, and 741.78 μg/mg, respectively). Cluster I was perfectly consistent with subsect. Foliolatae, while cluster II was in good agreement with subsect. Dissectifoliae. Therefore, the FA composition of wild herbaceous peony seed oil might be used as a chemotaxonomic marker.     

木兰科四种植物种子油的提取及脂肪酸成分分析

采用超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法同时提取白玉兰、凹叶厚朴、深山含笑和醉香含笑四种木兰科植物的种子油,种子油甲酯化后,运用气相色谱—质谱联用技术测定其脂肪酸成分。结果表明:四种植物种子油的提取率不同,白玉兰平均为27.35%、凹叶厚朴23.34%、深山含笑31.66%,醉香含笑9.27%。不同提取方法所得到的种子油脂肪酸成分和相对含量不同,但四种种子油的主要脂肪酸成分相同,包括油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Baobab Seed and Its Relationship with the Genus Adansonia Taxonomy

Baobab seed oil contains specific fatty acids. Most of the studies on baobab fatty acids have been carried out singly and in isolation from each other, making it difficult to compare results through different species. The objective of the present study is to establish the seed fatty acid composition of each Adansonia species in order to evaluate and understand the relationships between the oil chemical compositions, the baobabs’ taxonomy and, the ecological and geographical origin of each seed lot. The seed oils have been analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The oils of all baobab species contain three major fatty acids: palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. They also contain specific fatty acids such as cyclopropenic and cyclopropanic acids, which are characteristic of the Malvaceae family seed oils. It was possible to distinguish three sections through principal components analysis using the eleven fatty acids identified by GC. The Adansonia section contains high rates of oleic acid (± 35%), the Brevitubae section is rich in palmitic acid (± 42%) and the Longitubae section contains high levels of dihydrosterulic acid (± 5%). The oil fatty acid composition, however, does not enable a definitive characterization of profiles according to species. The fatty acid composition is not significantly influenced by the geographical, soil and climate conditions of the collection sites.     

樟科植物中脂肪酸成分的分布

本文报道了樟科11个属49种种子油和‘种果肉油的脂肪酸成分。其中樟族和木姜子族的各属种(滇新樟除外)种子油脂肪酸成分以 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)饱和或烯酸为主。而厚壳桂属、润楠和楠属种子油脂肪酸成分主要为棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸。山苍子、天目木姜子、大果山胡椒、山橙、红脉钓樟、鸭公树和锈叶新木姜子种子油中的 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)烯酸经分离鉴定均是顺式Δ~4烯酸。     

千年桐种子油提取工艺研究及其主要脂肪酸成分分析

本文以氯仿、石油醚和正己烷-异丙醇(3:2,v/v)三种不同溶剂对千年桐种子油进行提取,比较了不同溶剂对种子出油率的影响,结果表明以氯仿为溶剂时出油率最高,达到了35％;并考查了提取时间和提取溶剂体积对出油率的影响.最终优化的提取工艺为:以氯仿为溶剂,液料比为12:1(v/w),提取时间6h,出油率达到了37％.提取的种子油经转酯化后,GC-MS分析其主要脂肪酸组分,结果表明千年桐种子油中总脂肪酸占总油酯的90.55％,其中棕榈酸3.87％,硬脂酸4.11％,亚油酸12.15％,油酸13.31％,亚麻酸12.09％,共轭亚麻酸51.20％和EPA(二十碳五烯酸)3.30％.千年桐种子油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,是一种良好的干性油.     

白苏子和荠苧子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠苧子两种种子的脂肪油、氨基酸、矿质元素等化学成分进行分析 ,结果表明 :两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油 ,含量分别为 4 0 .18%和 2 0 .6 2 % ,其脂肪油的主要成分为 :亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等 ,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为 92 .759%和 92 .990 % ,具有较高的营养价值。此外 ,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素。其种子形状大小、纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

白苏子和荠Lin子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠Lin子两种种子的脂肪油,氨基酸,矿质元素等化学成分进行分析,结果表明,两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油,含量分别为40．18％和20．62％,其脂肪油的主要成分为：亚麻酸,亚油酸,油酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为92．759％和92．990％,具有较高的营养价值,此外,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素,其种子形状大小,纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

Physicochemical properties of cold pressed sunflower,peanut, rapeseed,mustard and olive oils grown in the Eastern Mediterranean region

Fatty acid composition and stability of vegetable oils have taken more attention as an essential source of biologically active compounds in a good balanced diet. The purpose of the study was to determine peroxide value, free fatty acids, unsaponifiable matter, total carotenoid content, iodine value and fatty acid composition of sunflower, rapeseed, mustard, peanut and olive oils. Rapeseed and peanut oils had the highest peroxide values, while sunflower oil had the lowest peroxide values. The free fatty acid value of the tested oils varied between 0.43 and 1.36% oleic. The peanut oil had the highest free acid value and the mustard oil had the lowest one. Total carotenoid contents of mustard and rape seed oil were higher than those of the other oils tested. Palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were the common main fatty acid components of the vegetable oils tested. Followed by linoleic acid, the amount of oleic acid was the highest among other fatty acid components. Mustard oil had the highest erucic acid (C22:1) with the amount of 11.38%, indicating that it cannot be used for human consumption. Among the oils investigated, sunflower and mustard oils were more stable than rapeseed, peanut and olive oils.