16S rRNA Gene Survey of Microbial Communities in Winogradsky Columns

A Winogradsky column is a clear glass or plastic column filled with enriched sediment. Over time, microbial communities in the sediment grow in a stratified ecosystem with an oxic top layer and anoxic sub-surface layers. Winogradsky columns have been used extensively to demonstrate microbial nutrient cycling and metabolic diversity in undergraduate microbiology labs. In this study, we used high-throughput 16s rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the microbial diversity of Winogradsky columns. Specifically, we tested the impact of sediment source, supplemental cellulose source, and depth within the column, on microbial community structure. We found that the Winogradsky columns were highly diverse communities but are dominated by three phyla: Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The community is structured by a founding population dependent on the source of sediment used to prepare the columns and is differentiated by depth within the column. Numerous biomarkers were identified distinguishing sample depth, including Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria as biomarkers of the soil-water interface, and Clostridia as a biomarker of the deepest depth. Supplemental cellulose source impacted community structure but less strongly than depth and sediment source. In columns dominated by Firmicutes, the family Peptococcaceae was the most abundant sulfate reducer, while in columns abundant in Proteobacteria, several Deltaproteobacteria families, including Desulfobacteraceae, were found, showing that different taxonomic groups carry out sulfur cycling in different columns. This study brings this historical method for enrichment culture of chemolithotrophs and other soil bacteria into the modern era of microbiology and demonstrates the potential of the Winogradsky column as a model system for investigating the effect of environmental variables on soil microbial communities.     

Winogradsky columns as a strategy to study typically rare microbial eukaryotes

Winogradsky columns have been widely used to study soil microbial communities, but the vast majority of those investigations have focused on the ecology and diversity of bacteria. In contrast, microbial eukaryotes (ME) have been regularly overlooked in studies based on experimental soil columns. Despite the recognized ecological relevance of ME in soil communities, investigations focused on ME diversity and the abundance of certain groups of interest are still scarce. In the present study, we used DNA metabarcoding (high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA locus) to survey the ME diversity and abundance in an experimental Winogradsky soil column. Consistent with previous surveys in natural soils, our survey identified members of Cercozoa (Rhizaria; 31.2%), Apicomplexa and Ciliophora (Alveolata; 12.5%) as the predominant ME groups, but at particular depths we also detected the abundant presence of ME lineages that are typically rare in natural environments, such as members of the Vampyrellida (Rhizaria) and Breviatea (Amorphea). Our survey demonstrates that experimental soil columns are an efficient enrichment-culture approach that can enhance investigations about the diversity and ecology of ME in soils.     

Division-Specific Differences in Bacterial Community Assembly of Two Alkaline Hot Spring Ecosystems from Yellowstone National Park

A fundamental issue in ecology is whether communities are random assemblages or, alternatively, whether there are rules that determine which combinations of taxa can co-occur. For microbial systems, in particular, the question of whether taxonomic groups exhibit differences in community organization remains unresolved but is critical for our understanding of community structure and function. Here, we used presence–absence matrices derived from bar-coded pyrosequencing data to evaluate the assembly patterns of eight bacterial divisions distributed along two Yellowstone National Park hot spring outflow channels. Four divisions (Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides) exhibited less co-occurrence than expected by chance, with phototrophic taxa showing the strongest evidence for nonrandom community structure. We propose that both differences in environmental tolerance and competitive interactions within divisions contribute to these nonrandom assembly patterns. The higher degree of nonrandom structure observed for phototrophic taxa compared with the other divisions may be due in part to greater overlap in resource usage, as has been previously proposed for plant communities.     

The biogeography of abundant and rare bacterioplankton in the lakes and reservoirs of China

Bacteria play key roles in the ecology of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; however, little is known about their diversity and biogeography, especially in the rare microbial biosphere of inland freshwater ecosystems. Here we investigated aspects of the community ecology and geographical distribution of abundant and rare bacterioplankton using high-throughput sequencing and examined the relative influence of local environmental variables and regional (spatial) factors on their geographical distribution patterns in 42 lakes and reservoirs across China. Our results showed that the geographical patterns of abundant and rare bacterial subcommunities were generally similar, and both of them showed a significant distance–decay relationship. This suggests that the rare bacterial biosphere is not a random assembly, as some authors have assumed, and that its distribution is most likely subject to the same ecological processes that control abundant taxa. However, we identified some differences between the abundant and rare groups as both groups of bacteria showed a significant positive relationship between sites occupancy and abundance, but the abundant bacteria exhibited a weaker distance–decay relationship than the rare bacteria. Our results implied that rare subcommunities were mostly governed by local environmental variables, whereas the abundant subcommunities were mainly affected by regional factors. In addition, both local and regional variables that were significantly related to the spatial variation of abundant bacterial community composition were different to those of rare ones, suggesting that abundant and rare bacteria may have discrepant ecological niches and may play different roles in natural ecosystems.     

青藏高原淡水湖普莫雍错和盐水湖阿翁错湖底沉积物中细菌群落的垂直分布

【目的】湖泊沉积物中存储着大量独特的微生物,这些微生物在湖泊生态系统生物地球化学循环中扮演着非常重要的角色。然而,很少有研究报道微生物群落在湖泊沉积物中的垂直分布。本文比较研究青藏高原淡水湖普莫雍错和盐水湖阿翁错沉积物在不同深度下细菌的丰度和群落结构。【方法】利用定量PCR(q PCR)和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分别测定细菌群落的丰度与群落结构。【结果】定量PCR结果显示,湖泊沉积物中细菌丰度均随深度增加而降低,盐水湖阿翁错和淡水湖普莫雍错的细菌丰度分别从1011数量级降到108数量级,从1012数量级降到1010数量级。在相对应的沉积物层,淡水湖沉积物的细菌丰度比盐水湖高1-2个数量级。变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图谱的分析表明,淡水湖沉积物细菌群落的DGGE条带数(丰富度)显著高于盐水湖(P=0.014);淡水与盐水湖泊沉积物细菌群落结构明显不同,同时在同一湖泊沉积物中上层(0-6 cm)和下层(7-20 cm)细菌群落结构也呈明显分异。系统发育分析表明,盐水湖阿翁错沉积物特有菌门为Gamma-变形菌、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌和栖热菌门,而淡水湖普莫雍错沉积物中特有菌门为Delta-和Beta-变形菌、酸杆菌和绿弯菌门。【结论】青藏高原淡水与盐水湖泊沉积物细菌丰度与群落结构具有明显的差异;同时,细菌群落结构在沉积物的不同深度也表现出差异。这些结果可为进一步阐明青藏高原湖泊生态系统中微生物对气候环境变化的响应提供科学依据。     

沙颍河下游城市黑臭内河沉积物微生物群落季节变化特征

为了研究沙颍河下游城市黑臭内河不同季节沉积物微生物群落特征,对安徽省阜阳市黑臭内河中清河、七渔河表层沉积物进行16S rDNA高通量测序。结果发现:黑臭河流中沉积物的微生物多样性指数均不高,但是表现出一定的变化规律,即春季>冬季≥夏季>秋季;通过冗余性分析发现微生物多样性受季节与沉积物pH影响较显著。分析沉积物门水平上的微生物群落结构发现,季节、温度、TN及SOM对微生物影响较大。变形杆菌、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门等优势菌门的相对丰度在季节水平上存在差异,春季厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度较高,其中绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门是已知指示污染的微生物,变形杆菌门相对较少。秋季疣微菌门与拟杆菌门相对丰度显著减小,变形杆菌门相对其他季节显著增加。样品中共发现16个硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)菌属,其中Desulfoprunum是丰度最高的菌属。春季沉积物中SRB的类群最多,相对丰度最大;硫酸盐还原菌群与SO42-、TN、SOM、Cl–等呈显著正相关。上述结果为营养盐控制时机的选择从而有效避免河流中黑臭物质的产生提供了一定参考。     

高原鼠兔肠道微生物中丰富及稀有类群的季节性特征

气候及食物是驱动植食性小哺乳动物肠道菌群产生季节性变化的重要因素。然而,此类研究很少涉及肠道丰富及稀有微生物类群。本文以高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）为对象,通过16S rRNA基因测序和分析,探讨丰富及稀有肠道微生物类群的结构组成、多样性指数及功能在春、夏、秋、冬四季的变化特征。结果显示,丰富类群对菌群主要门和功能的季节性变异贡献大于稀有类群,稀有类群对菌群OTU和alpha多样性的变异贡献大于丰富类群。丰富类群和稀有类群的香农指数均在冬季显著高于其他季节;丰富类群的ACE指数在秋季显著低于其他季节,而稀有类群的ACE指数则在冬季显著高于春季和夏季。丰富类群中拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对丰度在冬季和秋季显著高于春季和夏季,但在稀有类群中,夏季和秋季的相对丰度显著高于冬季和春季。丰富类群中氨基酸代谢通路的相对丰度在冬季显著高于春季和夏季,而在稀有类群中,其相对丰度在春季显著高于夏季和秋季。气温、降水量和植被中的营养物质与肠道菌群中丰富类群和稀有类群的变化均显著相关,环境变量对丰富类群和稀有类群变化的总解释率分别为18%（气温：3%;降水：4%;植被营养成分：10%;联合：1%）和9%（气温：1%;降水：2%;植被营养成分：5%;联合：1%）。以上结果表明肠道微生物中的丰富和稀有类群具有不同的分布模式和季节性特征,二者对整体菌群变异的贡献存在差异,环境因素更多地影响丰富类群,反映了肠道微生物不同类群对季节变化响应的非一致性。本研究增进了我们对哺乳动物肠道菌群季节性变化过程及环境适应性的认识。     

Microbial diversity and stratification of South Pacific abyssal marine sediments

Abyssal marine sediments cover a large proportion of the ocean floor, but linkages between their microbial community structure and redox stratification have remained poorly constrained. This study compares the downcore gradients in microbial community composition to porewater oxygen and nitrate concentration profiles in an abyssal marine sediment column in the South Pacific Ocean. Archaeal 16S rRNA clone libraries showed a stratified archaeal community that changed from Marine Group I Archaea in the aerobic and nitrate-reducing upper sediment column towards deeply branching, uncultured crenarchaeotal and euryarchaeotal lineages in nitrate-depleted, anaerobic sediment horizons. Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries revealed a similar shift on the phylum and subphylum level within the bacteria, from a complex community of Alpha-, Gamma- and Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in oxic surface sediments towards uncultured Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes in the anaerobic sediment column. The distinct stratification of largely uncultured bacterial and archaeal groups within the oxic and nitrate-reducing marine sediment column provides initial constraints for their microbial habitat preferences.     

宜春温泉水体与泉底沉积物细菌多样性分析

研究宜春富硒温泉水体与泉底沉积物的细菌群落多样性。利用高通量测序技术分析泉水与沉积物中细菌群落结构与多样性。温泉水中主要的细菌类群为变形菌门和拟杆菌门,而在沉积物样品中的主要优势菌群为OP1、蓝细菌、浮霉菌门和绿弯菌门。细菌在属分类水平上,温泉水中优势菌群为不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、水栖菌属、Thermosynechococcus、鞘脂杆菌属和金黄杆菌属等。沉积物样品细菌中优势菌群属于未知物种,在数据库中并没有相关的注释信息;其中已知的优势菌属为Candidatus acetothermum、Thermosynechococcus、亚热栖菌属、不动杆菌属。宜春温汤富硒温泉水体与沉积物中存在着丰富的微生物群落且组成差异性很大,该研究为了解与发掘温泉微生物菌种资源具有重要价值。     

马里亚纳海沟共培养细菌多样性动态变化及潜在微生物互作关系

马里亚纳海沟是世界已知最深的海沟,其寡营养、高压、低温、低氧等极端的深海环境孕育出独特的细菌群落结构及多样性特征。选取寡营养培养基对马里亚纳海沟海水及表层沉积物分别进行液体共培养,并在不同培养阶段取样进行高通量测序,分析细菌群落结构组成及其多样性的动态变化,探讨微生物之间可能的互作关系。研究结果表明：液体共培养样品中一共检测到19个门、34个纲、76个目、131个科、227个属的细菌,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为优势菌群,其次为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;与其他样品相比,1000米海水样品中细菌群落的多样性最高,并且蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）具有更高的相对丰度。共培养样品中细菌丰富度、多样性、群落结构均随培养时间而改变,其中共培养中期样品的细菌多样性较高;表层沉积物样本中,盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）可能由于较强的竞争能力在共培养后期占据优势地位。基因功能预测与代谢通路富集结果显示,随着共培养时间的增加,微生物生长相关的代谢通路丰度明显下降,而与互作相关的代谢通路丰度明显增加。共培养样品检测到的细菌多样性远高于单独分离培养的多样性,仅有少量菌属为单独分离培养与共培养样品均检测到的共有属。综上所述,马里亚纳海沟细菌群落中存在竞争、互利共生的相互作用,共培养法有利于揭示细菌间的互作关系。研究为深渊及深海等极端环境下微生物生态系统组成及维持奠定了理论基础,也为进一步研究极端微生物的生存策略提供了科学指导。     

Salt marsh sediment diversity: a test of the variability of the rare biosphere among environmental replicates

Much of the phylogenetic diversity in microbial systems arises from rare taxa that comprise the long tail of taxon rank distribution curves. This vast diversity presents a challenge to testing hypotheses about the effects of perturbations on microbial community composition because variability of rare taxa among environmental replicates may be sufficiently large that it would require a prohibitive degree of sequencing to discern differences between samples. In this study we used pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA tags to examine the diversity and within-site variability of salt marsh sediment bacteria. Our goal was to determine whether pyrosequencing could produce similar patterns in community composition among replicate environmental samples from the same location. We hypothesized that repeated sampling from the same location would produce different snapshots of the rare community due to incomplete sequencing of the taxonomically rich rare biosphere. We demonstrate that the salt marsh sediments we sampled contain a remarkably diverse array of bacterial taxa and, in contrast to our hypothesis, repeated sampling from within the same site produces reliably similar patterns in bacterial community composition, even among rare organisms. These results demonstrate that deep sequencing of 16s tags is well suited to distinguish site-specific similarities and differences among rare taxa and is a valuable tool for hypothesis testing in microbial ecology.     

Community structure of Archaea and Bacteria in a profundal lake sediment Lake Kinneret (Israel)

The microbial community structure of an anoxic profundal lake sediment, i.e., subtropical Lake Kinneret, was analysed with respect to its composition by culture-independent molecular methods including terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, comparative sequence analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR. In particular we were interested in the structure, species composition, and relative abundance of the overall microbial community in the methanogenic sediment layer (0-10 cm depth). Pairwise comparison of archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP profiles obtained from three independent samplings indicated stability of the microbial community. The numbers of Archaea and Bacteria, quantified by real-time PCR, amounted to about 10(8) and 10(10) 16S rRNA gene copies cm(-3) sediment, respectively, suggesting that Archaea may account for only a minor fraction (approximately 1%) of the total prokaryotic community. Hydrogenotrophic Methanomicrobiales and acetoclastic Methanosaeta spp. dominated T-RFLP profiles of the archaeal community. T-RFLP profiles of the bacterial community were dominated by Deltaproteobacteria, sulphate reducers and syntrophs in particular. The second most abundant group was assigned to the Bacteroidetes-Chlorobi-group. Only one bacterial group, which was affiliated with halorespiring bacteria of subphylum II of the Chloroflexi, showed variation in abundance within the sediment samples investigated. Our study gives a comprehensive insight into the structure of the bacterial and archaeal community of a profundal lake sediment, indicating that sulphate reducers, syntrophs, bacteroidetes, halorespirers and methanogens are of particular importance in Lake Kinneret sediment.     

北京市妫水河底泥微生物群落结构特征

微生物对外界环境变化较为敏感,常被作为指示生物用于监测和反映水质情况。为满足延庆世园会和冬奥会举办对妫水河水质的调控要求,探讨妫水河底泥微生物群落结构特征及环境因子对其分布的影响。基于妫水河12个不同断面的水样和底泥样品,进行了水质、底泥理化性质分析,并对底泥的微生物群落结构特征进行了研究。结果表明,妫水河中、下游水体水质COD、NH~+_4-N、TN超标,其中上覆水TN含量与底泥TN含量呈极显著正相关(P=0.914);MiSeq高通量测序发现,妫水河底泥微生物共检出70门228纲1168属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)是妫水河底泥微生物群落结构中的主要菌门,在各个样品中相对丰度之和均占84%以上,其中变形菌门为第一优势门,占比达到45.3%—69.1%,而不同断面样品的优势菌属有所不同。妫水河底泥微生物群落丰度总体较高,多样性也相对较高,其中世园段D7点Ace丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均较其他点位低,分别为2673和6.56。RDA(redundancy analysis)分析表明,底泥氨氮和温度是影响其微生物群落结构的主要因子(F=2.92,P=0.038;F=2.81,P=0.014),妫水河底泥的优势反硝化菌属为脱氮单孢菌属和硫杆状菌属,其丰度与NH~+_4-N、水温呈正相关,同时与DO呈负相关。研究结果对妫水河水生态环境保护和水质管理提供数据支撑及理论指导意义。     

Biogeography and ecological diversity patterns of rare and abundant bacteria in oil‐contaminated soils

Revealing the biogeographies and ecologies of rare and abundant microorganisms is crucial to understand ecosystem diversity and function. In this study, we investigated the biogeographic assemblies and ecological diversity patterns of rare and abundant bacteria in long‐term oil‐contaminated soils at intervals of 46–360 km by performing high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The results clearly revealed distinct distribution patterns for rare and abundant bacteria in soil samples. Rare taxa were unevenly distributed; however, abundant taxa were ubiquitous across all samples. Both rare and abundant subcommunities showed significant distance–decay relationships, and their assemblies were driven by different factors. The rare subcommunity primarily exhibited a spatially structured distribution (i.e., stochastic processes), while edaphic factors (i.e., deterministic processes) largely contributed to the structure of the abundant subcommunity. A network analysis revealed closer relationships between abundant bacteria and their heightened influence on other co‐occurrences in the community compared with rare species. In conclusion, rare microbial taxa may play potential roles in maintaining ecosystem diversity, although they do not appear to be central to microbial networks. Abundant microbes are vital for microbial co‐occurrences in oil‐contaminated soils, and high relative abundance and ubiquitous distribution suggest potential roles in the degradation of organic pollutants.     

Regional invariance among microbial communities

Microbial ecology has focused much on causes of between-site variation in community composition. By analysing five data-sets each of aquatic bacteria and phytoplankton, we demonstrated that microbial communities show a large degree of similarity in community composition and that abundant taxa were widespread, a typical pattern for many metazoan metacommunities. The regional abundance of taxa explained on average 85 and 41% of variation in detection frequency and 58 and 31% of variation in local abundances for bacteria and phytoplankton, respectively. However, regional abundance explained less variation in local abundances with increasing environmental variation between sites within data-sets. These findings indicate that the studies of microbial assemblages need to consider similarities between communities to better understand the processes underlying the assembly of microbial communities. Finally, we propose that the degree of regional invariance can be linked to the evolution of microbes and the variation in ecosystem functions performed by microbial communities.
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 118–127     

硫酸盐对淡水养殖池塘表层底泥微生物的影响

硫酸盐引起的生态学效应已得到了越来越多的关注,但目前关于硫酸盐对养殖池塘底泥微生物的影响还知之甚少。【目的】探究不同浓度硫酸盐对养殖池塘底泥微生物的影响规律及可能的机制。【方法】本研究利用采集自养殖池塘的底泥和表层水构建了试验系统,研究了加入约0 mg/L （对照组）、30 mg/L （T1处理组）、150 mg/L （T2处理组）、500 mg/L （T3处理组） Na₂SO₄后表层底泥微生物的丰度、多样性、组成和共生网络的变化规律,并分析了环境影响因素。【结果】孵育第30天前,各实验组底泥微生物变化不大;但到第50天时,T2和T3处理组微生物丰度和多样性相比对照组均明显下降。相比其他实验组,T1处理组酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度出现显著升高（P<0.05）,T3处理组变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）相对丰度出现显著升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,T1处理组增加了较多差异类群（62种）,而T3处理组差异类群大量减少（45种）。共生网络图分析显示硫酸盐浓度的增加引起了底泥微生物网络复杂性的增加,说明微生物群落可能通过自身的调节来响应硫酸盐引起的环境改变。冗余分析（redundant analysis,RDA）和相关性分析揭示底泥总有机碳、总氮和氧化还原电位是影响底泥微生物的主要环境因素,提示底泥微生物可能受到硫酸盐和有机质作用的影响。【结论】较长时间的高浓度硫酸盐会对池塘底泥微生物群落造成重要影响,微生物群落自身的转变和硫酸盐引起的有机质分解改变可能是造成微生物群落变化的关键因素。     

Bacterial Diversity in the Metal-Rich Terrestrial Deep Subsurface Sediments of Krishna Godavari Basin,India

Abstract

Krishna Godavari (KG) basin, located in the eastern continental margin of India, is a geological region well known for the abundance of economically important minerals. However, less is known about the microbial ecology of its subsurface sediments. The present study is the first report on the comprehensive culture-independent census of bacterial communities of deep subsurface of KG basin and their relationship with the geochemical environment. Elemental and mineralogical characterization of the sediments highlighted the presence of carbon and nitrogen deprived conditions along with the abundance of metalliferous minerals, especially rich in valuable elements like zirconium, vanadium, cesium, and rare earth elements. Diversity analysis based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform revealed the predominance of Firmicutes (44.24%), Proteobacteria (34.17%), Bacteroidetes (15.18%), and Actinobacteria (3.81%) in the deep subsurface of this basin. ‘Abundant’ and ‘rare’ sub-communities analysis indicated that a large number of phyla like Acidobacteria, Armatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus were exclusively present as a rare community. Statistical analyses demonstrated that geochemical parameters, especially depth, pH, and metal content, showed significant influence on the microbial community structure. The present study should help future investigations for microbial mediated sustainable utilization of mineral-rich sediments of the region.     

Apparent global ubiquity of species in the protist genus Paraphysomonas

Evidence is presented for the ubiquity of protist species. Using the example of protists that leave traces (siliceous scales) of their recent population growth, we show that most - perhaps all species in the genus Paraphysomonas, are ubiquitous. Of the species recorded in surveys carried out worldwide, we have identified 78% of their number in 0.1 cm2 of sediment collected from a freshwater pond (total area 10(8) cm2) in England. Moreover, the pond appears to act like a microcosm of aquatic environments in general, for species that are globally rare or abundant, are likewise rare or abundant in the pond. We assume that the rate of neutral migration to the pond is greatest for the globally abundant species. As these species are probably capable of growth in a broad range of conditions, they will more frequently encounter the environment they require for population growth. Thus globally abundant species are also locally abundant in the pond - a pattern that will be amplified by periodic cyst production. Ubiquitous dispersal is probably driven by very high absolute abundance of individuals, and the water column of the pond was estimated to support >10(14) Paraphysomonas individuals. Ubiquity will dampen rates of speciation, and the evidence presented here indicates that global species richness of Paraphysomonas is indeed modest - perhaps close to what is already known.     

干旱与盐胁迫对花生根际土壤细菌群落结构和花生产量的影响

以花生品种花育25号为试验材料,采用盆栽试验研究了开花期干旱和盐分胁迫对花生生长发育和荚果产量的影响,并运用高通量测序技术分析干旱、盐胁迫及旱盐双重胁迫下,花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化特征。结果表明: 不同胁迫处理花生根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、放线菌门、Saccharibacteria、绿弯菌门、蓝藻菌门和酸杆菌门为主。干旱、盐胁迫及旱盐双重胁迫均不同程度降低了变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度,但显著提高了蓝藻菌门的含量,且旱盐双重胁迫较其单一胁迫引起的根际蓝藻菌门丰度变化更显著。土壤细菌功能预测分析显示,信号转导机制、防御机制及翻译后修饰、蛋白质周转和分子伴侣等相关功能在旱盐双重胁迫的细菌中活性更强,可能对花生生长及胁迫应答具有重要影响。统计学分析显示,开花期干旱、盐胁迫和旱盐双重胁迫严重影响花生生长发育,并显著降低产量。研究结果可为通过改良土壤微生物环境来提高植物胁迫耐受性提供参考。