东灵山辽东栎林啮齿动物群落组成及多样性

1999～ 2 0 0 1年采用标记重捕法对东灵山小龙门林场辽东栎林啮齿动物群落进行了 1 2次调查。共布 2 93 6笼日 ,捕得啮齿动物 2 68只 ,平均捕获率为 9%。啮齿动物群落包括三科四属 ,由朝鲜姬鼠(Apodemuspeninsulae)、社鼠 (Niviventerconfucianus)、棕背 (Clethrionomysrufocanus)和花鼠 (Eotamiassibiricus)组成 ,分别占群落的 85 5 %、8 6%、3 0 %和 2 6%;朝鲜姬鼠为优势鼠种。标记重捕调查表明朝鲜姬鼠重捕率无性别差异 (t =0 91 3 ,P >0 0 5 )。啮齿动物物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈“低 高 低”年间波动趋势 ,差异不显著 (t=0 1 65 ,P >0 0 5 ) ;生态优势度指数变化趋势反之 ,样地间无显著差异(t=0 0 64,P >0 0 5 )。可以认为该地区辽东栎林中啮齿动物群落结构较稳定。     

啮齿动物和鸟类对东灵山地区辽东栎种子丢失的影响

20 0 0年 8月中旬至 10月上旬 ,在北京东灵山地区小龙门林场选取两块辽东栎分布近似而坡向不同的样地 ,并对样地内种子库与啮齿动物的种群数量变化进行了调查。结果表明 ,两块样地种子雨持续 4 0天左右 ,且种子下落趋势基本一致 ,高峰期都集中在 9月中旬 ,不同坡向的种子产量差异显著。在两样地随机各设置 2 4个种子方形收集器 (0 5m2 )和 2 0个地表样方 (1 0× 0 5m2 )调查种子产量。通过比较收集器内壳斗和种子数量 ,发现二者无显著差异 ,说明鸟类对林冠层种子丢失作用不明显 ;而收集器和地表样方种子数量差异显著 ,表明辽东栎种子库扩散主要由林中啮齿动物完成。标记重捕发现辽东栎林中啮齿动物群落包括大林姬鼠 ,社鼠 ,棕背鼠平和花鼠 ,其中大林姬鼠为优势种 ,占群落的 77.2 %。     

灌丛高度对啮齿动物贮藏和扩散辽东栎坚果的影响

本文选择高、矮两类灌丛生境, 于2002 年至2003 年在其中释放标记的辽东栎坚果, 并连续记录释放坚果的命运, 以了解生境差异对啮齿动物搬运、取食和贮藏辽东栎坚果的影响以及啮齿动物对微生境的选择等。研究结果表明, 大林姬鼠等啮齿动物对辽东栎坚果的短期取食非常强烈, 而分散贮藏的量则相对较少; 啮齿动物对辽东栎坚果的搬运距离在矮灌丛生境中显著大于高灌丛生境; 啮齿动物倾向于选择灌丛边缘和灌丛下方取食或贮藏辽东栎坚果, 这类微生境也有利于埋藏坚果的萌发。     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。     

柴河林区小型啮齿动物群落格局变化

为阐明柴河林区小型啮齿动物群落结构与格局的形成原因,掌握林区啮齿动物群落动态及发展趋势。于2012至2015年在柴河林区的新房子、大青沟和二道河子地区,对针阔混交林、阔叶林、草甸、沿河林和农田5种生境类型,采用铗日法对小型啮齿动物进行了调查。结果表明,棕背?（Clethrionomys rufocanus）和大林姬鼠（Apodemus peninsulae）为柴河林区小型啮齿动物的优势物种,针阔混交林为棕背?最适生境,阔叶林为大林姬鼠最适生境;黑线姬鼠（A. agrarius）和大仓鼠（Cricetulus triton）为农田优势物种,东方田鼠（Microtus fortis）仅在草甸中发现。随生境垂直分布区海拔高度的降低,总捕获率逐渐减低,其中棕背?的种群变化起主要作用;大林姬鼠的捕获率逐渐增加,其对农业经济的干扰适应性更强;褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）的分布规律受居民点分布比例影响;红背?（Clethrionomys rutilus）主要分布于海拔相对较高的针阔混交林。通过与孙儒泳等20世纪60年代在此地区的研究结果的比较,最后认为近几十年原始森林的破坏,伴生的次生林和人工林,致柴河林区的针阔混交林向阔叶林的过渡失去先前的典型特征。并发现小型啮齿动物的群落格局变化,虽呈现出自然条件的垂直变化和农业活动影响的规律,但同时存在生境变化的适应性改变,也表现出各地区的区域生境特征对取样点微生境啮齿动物分布的巨大影响。     

子午岭天然林与人工林群落特征比较研究

采用标准样地调查法对比研究了黄土高原子午岭地区人工刺槐林、人工油松林与天然林山杨林、白桦林与辽东栎林的群落特征。结果表明,人工林与天然演替森林（山杨林与自桦林）均具有较丰富的物种组成,为62种左右,而天然顶极森林（辽东栎林）的物种数量则相对较少,为48种。人工林与天然林空间层次分化明显,而且还有一定数量的层间藤本植物。从群落结构的空间格局来看,人工油松林与天然林乔木层与灌木层发育较好,但人工刺槐林的草本层发育较好。人工林的植物多样性主要体现在草本层,而天然林乔木层与灌木层也具有相对较高的多样性。以天然辽东栎林为参照,群落物种组成相似性的比较结果表明,人工刺槐林与天然林的相似性较低,其相似性指数（IS）为19．4,而人工油松林与天然林的相似性则较高,IS值为43．4,甚至高于天然白桦林（33．3）与山杨林（42．9）。因此,相比较而言,油松比刺槐更适合作为黄土高原子午岭地区的人工造林树种。     

西双版纳地区小型哺乳动物群落结构及其季节变动

2008年10月—2009年6月,选择云南西双版纳地区7个不同类型生境,分别在旱季、雾凉季和雨季,采用铗夜法对小型哺乳动物群落展开调查。共布2100铗日,捕得小型哺乳动物3科10种127只,其中啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)8种,食虫目(Instectivo-ra)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)和猬科(Erinaceidae)各1种,平均捕获率为6%。社鼠(Niviventer con-fucianus)是该地区小型哺乳动物群落中的优势种,其捕获率在季节之间的差异达到显著水平(P=0.023),在生境之间的差异不显著(P0.05)。在所调查的7个生境中,以生境最原始的热带雨林中的小型哺乳动物物种多样性指数最高(1.91);热带山地常绿阔叶林物种均匀度最高(0.95);热带季节性湿润林物种优势度最高(0.94)。人工橡胶林中未捕获到小型哺乳动物。3个季节中以旱季捕获小型哺乳动物数量最多。对不同生境内群落相似性指数进行聚类分析,6个生境在相似性指数0.21处全部聚合在一起。本研究结果表明,不同生境中小型哺乳动物物种多样性的丰富度与人类干扰程度有关,在人类干扰越小的生境中,小型哺乳动物种类越丰富,生物多样性指数越高;人为干扰频繁的生境物种多样性较低。     

生境类型对啮齿动物扩散和贮藏栓皮栎坚果的影响

在河南省济源市王屋山地区,研究了次生林、灌丛、退耕地三个生境中啮齿动物对栓皮栎坚果的取食、
扩散与贮藏情况。结果表明:1)在研究地区,取食栓皮栎坚果的啮齿动物主要有大林姬鼠、社鼠和黑线姬鼠;
2)在次生林中,啮齿动物对坚果的搬运速率慢于在灌丛和退耕地生境中的搬运速率;3)次生林生境中,贮藏
坚果占被扩散坚果的比例高于灌丛和退耕地,而灌丛生境中被取食坚果占被扩散种子的比例高于退耕地和次生
林;4)栓皮栎坚果的中位存留时间在三个生境间有显著性差异。研究结果提示,在人工造林时,可通过对栓皮
栎坚果进行埋藏处理,以提高种子萌发率。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要森林群落物种多样性研究

应用丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H1)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(Js)对子午岭马栏林区的主要森林群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:41个样地共记录草本151种,灌木111种,乔木33种。马栏林区森林植物群落其总体多样性是混交林>纯林>人工林;不同森林群落各层的物种多样性基本都表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;物种多样性乔木层以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)混交林和落叶阔叶混交林较高,灌木层以油松 白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林和天然油松林多样性较高;草本层则是人工刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia)林、白桦林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林多样性较高。人工刺槐林和人工油松林在乔木层和灌木层多样性指数都较低。物种均匀度乔木层是落叶阔叶混交林最高,人工油松林和人工刺槐林最低;灌木层各群落的均匀度较为接近;草本层则表现为人工刺槐林均匀度最高,混交林最低。β多样性分析显示人工刺槐林与其它森林群落相异性较大,而辽东栎林、天然油松林和油松 白桦混交林均与油松 辽东栎混交林的相异性较小。研究表明多树种营造混交林可以增加群落的多样性,建造具有较高物种多样性的群落应种植混交林取代单一物种的人工纯林,在选择树种时应优先考虑乡土树种。     

黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区啮齿动物群落结构

2005年4–5月和9月对黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区不同生境中啮齿动物群落结构进行了研究。在甘肃省张掖市高台县黑泉乡选择流动沙丘、含砾沙漠、固定沙地、荒漠灌丛、防护林带、灌耕草地、灌耕农田和河岸草地等8种代表性生境,采用活捕法(4,800铗日)共捕获啮齿动物254只,隶属于3科8属9种。利用捕获记录计算了群落结构特征指数,进一步利用Pearson相关系数考察了不同生境啮齿动物群落的相似性,并在此基础上对不同生境的啮齿动物群落作了聚类分析。群落结构特征指数表明,啮齿动物物种多样性(用Shannon-Wiener指数测度)在灌耕草地中最低(0.6859),在固定沙地中最高(1.7036);物种均匀度(用Pielou均匀度指数测度)在流动沙丘中最低(0.6531),在河岸草地中最高(1.0000)。聚类分析结果显示,研究区啮齿动物群落可以分成荒漠型群落和绿洲型群落两大类。三趾跳鼠(Dipussagitta)在荒漠型生境中密度较高,总体上具有优势地位,尤其是在流动沙丘生境中占据绝对优势;黑线仓鼠(Cricetulusbarabensis)在植被较好的绿洲型生境中占据优势地位,但在流动沙丘外的其他荒漠型生境中也有发现。除五趾跳鼠(Allactagasibirica)外,其他种类的跳鼠只在荒漠型生境中发现。本次调查没有在防护林内部生境中捕获啮齿动物,但在林缘区域仍有捕获记录。啮齿动物群落物种多样性指数与捕获率间无显著关联(r=0.240,P=0.566)。本研究提示人为干扰可能对维持研究区域的啮齿动物多样性有积极意义。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.