不同品质类型花生品质性状及相关酶活性差异

在大田栽培条件下,以高蛋白花生品种KB008、高脂肪品种花17(H17)和高油酸/亚油酸(O/L)品种农大818(818)为试验材料,研究了3种类型花生品种籽仁中蛋白质、脂肪含量及与品质合成相关的碳、氮代谢酶活性差异.结果表明:KB008的蛋白质含量显著高于H17和818,而可溶性糖含量和O/L值显著低于其他两品种.KB008籽仁中氨基酸组分含量均高于其他两品种,特别是谷氨酸和赖氨酸含量显著高于后两者;油酸含量显著低于、而亚油酸含量显著高于其他两品种.3种类型花生在整个生育期中叶片的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性均以KB008最高,其次为H17.3种类型花生在结荚期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性大小均表现为KB008 ＞H17 ＞818,说明较高的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性有利于蛋白质合成与积累.叶片中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性大小表现为H17＞818＞KB008,KB008的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性显著低于其他两品种,而H17的SPS活性在花后60d时仍保持较高活性,说明较高的叶片SPS、SS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成.     

不同时期喷施多效唑对花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

为确定高产条件下不同花生品种的最佳化控时期,以小花生品种‘花育20’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育25’(HY25)为试验材料,研究了多效唑(PBZ)不同喷施时期对花生根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶片保护酶和碳、氮代谢酶活性,以及荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响.结果表明:不同时期喷施PBZ均提高了2个品种花生在结荚期的叶绿素含量、根系活力,以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性,且PBZ喷施时间越早效果越明显.在饱果期,HY25的各指标以主茎高25cm时喷施PBZ的效果最好,但HY20在主茎高25 cm时喷施PBZ的保护酶活性降低,化控时间过早导致植株早衰,叶绿素含量、根系活力以及碳代谢酶活性也略低于CK,HY20的指标以主茎高30 cm时喷施PBZ效果最好.适宜时期PBZ处理提高了2个品种的荚果产量和经济系数,提高了脂肪含量和油酸相对含量以及O/L值.高产条件下,HY25和HY20的最适多效唑处理时期分别为花生主茎高25和30 cm左右.     

壳寡糖对旱薄地花生叶片衰老及产量和品质的影响

在旱薄地条件下,以小花生品种‘花育20号’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育22号’(HY22)为实验材料,研究叶面喷施不同浓度壳寡糖[0mg·kg-1(T0)、50mg·kg-1(T1)、100mg·kg-1(T2)、200mg·kg-1(T3)]对叶片衰老、荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明:(1)壳寡糖处理均显著提高了旱薄地花生饱果期叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了MDA含量,并显著提高了2个品种的单株结果数、饱果率和荚果产量。(2)壳寡糖处理降低了HY20的籽仁蛋白质含量却提高了其脂肪含量,但提高了HY22的籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,且T1处理对HY20的油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值提高幅度较大,而T2处理对HY22的O/L值提高幅度较大。研究认为,在生产实际中用50mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育20号’(HY20)、用100mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育22号’(HY22)时,2个品种的籽仁产量、蛋白质和脂肪产量均最高,可达到花生生产的高产优质高效。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对花生生理特性及产量、品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对花生叶片生理特性及产量、品质的影响, 结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥配合施用均可不同程度地提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率, 且生育中后期(饱果期)的作用大于生育中期(结荚期),N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的效果好于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对提高叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白质含量和降低MDA积累量均有明显作用, N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的作用大于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可明显增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,以N300 P150 K300处理产量最高,其次是P150 K300处理, N300 K300处理产量最低,N300 P150 K300和P150 K300处理还明显提高了荚果出仁率;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可以不同程度提高花生籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量, P150 K300和N300 P150 K300处理对脂肪和蛋白质含量均有明显增加作用, N300 K300处理可明显提高脂肪含量,对蛋白质的增加作用不显著,N300 P150处理对脂肪和蛋白质的影响不大, N300 P150 K300处理还可明显提高籽仁中O/L比值和可溶性糖含量,从而延长花生制品的货价寿命、改善花生食用口味.     

麦套花生产量形成期固氮酶和保护酶活性特征研究

以小麦品种烟农23号"和花生品种花育22号"为材料,研究了大田条件下花生产量形成期套种和清种花生根瘤固氮酶活性及SOD、POD、CAT活性等指标变化情况.结果表明:(1)麦套和清种花生单株根瘤重量和固氮酶活性变化均呈单峰曲线,高峰期分别出现在结荚末期和结荚中期;前者固N能力明显高于后者.(2)花生根系中SOD、POD、CAT活性基本上均是先增后降趋势,但麦套花生后期下降速率明显缓于清种花生;叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性变化规律性明显不及根系,后期麦套花生SOD、CAT活性高于清种花生,POD则相反.(3)麦套花生根系中可溶性蛋白含量一直较高,而清种花生后期下降较快;麦套花生叶片中可溶性蛋白含量的高峰约出现在结荚中期,清种花生整个结荚期呈下降态势,两者进入饱果期后均趋于稳定.可见麦套花生生育后期根系衰老速率明显迟于清种花生.     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

不同生育期花生叶片蛋白质含量及氮代谢相关酶活性分析

以5个珍珠豆型花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)品种(系)‘汕E’(‘Shan E’)、‘汕G’(‘Shan G’)、‘TH’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’(‘Quanhua No.7’)为研究对象,分析了花针期、结荚期和饱果期花生叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化趋势,并比较了5个品种(系)荚果和秆产量的差异。结果表明:在3个生育期内,5个花生品种(系)叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和GDH活性的变化趋势基本一致,而NR和GS活性的变化趋势则有差异。其中,可溶性蛋白质含量均呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势,在结荚期最高;GDH活性均逐渐升高,至饱果期达最高;‘泉花7号’叶片NR活性呈"高—低—高"的变化趋势,而其他4个品种(系)叶片NR活性均逐渐降低;‘汕E’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’叶片GS活性呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘汕G’和‘TH’叶片GS活性呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势。总体上看,5个品种(系)中,‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性、‘汕E’叶片的NR和GS活性以及‘TH’叶片的GDH活性均较高。5个品种(系)的2个产量指标(单株荚果鲜质量和单株秆鲜质量)均有明显差异,总体上看,‘汕G’、‘泉花7号’和‘TH’的2个产量指标均较高,而‘汕E’和‘TJ’的2个产量指标均较低。综合分析结果显示:‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性均相对较高,其荚果和秆产量也均较高,表明花生荚果和秆产量与不同生育期叶片氮代谢水平有一定关系。     

施钙对干旱胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

以花生品种606为试材,在旱棚池栽人工控水条件下,研究了钙肥不同用量对花针期和结荚期干旱胁迫下花生的营养生长、生理特性、产量及品质的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下施钙,可以促进花生的营养生长,提高叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和根系活力,提高干旱后复水过程中花生的恢复能力,缓解干旱对花生的不利影响;增加了花生荚果和籽仁的产量,尤其是增加了单株结果数和出仁率.施钙提高了籽仁中的脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善了干旱胁迫下花生的籽仁品质.在本试验条件下,施钙量为300 kg·hm-2时效果最佳.     

苗期灌水量对花生生理特性和产量的影响

在人工控水条件下,研究了苗期不同灌水量对两个抗旱性不同的花生品种“农大818”和“鲁花11”生理特性及产量的影响.结果表明：随着灌水量的减少,花生叶片光合速率逐渐下降,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量增加;灌水60～80 mm（适当干旱）可增加叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,提高叶片可溶性蛋白质(P_r)含量;干旱解除后,叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性和P_r、MDA含量显著降低,而光合速率显著升高.随着灌水量的减少,花生荚果和籽仁产量降低,但农大818的降低幅度不如鲁花11明显,表明农大818比鲁花11更耐旱;在节水条件下,鲁花11苗期适宜灌水量不能低于80 mm,农大818不能低于60 mm.     

Exogenously applied paclobutrazol modulates growth in salt-stressed wheat plants

Effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) treatment on salinity tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was investigated on a salt-tolerant (Karchia-65) and salt-sensitive (Ghods) cultivars. Salinity significantly reduced the investigated growth parameters such as plant height, length and area of sixth leaf, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, roots and sixth leaf, water content (WC) of plant and seeds weight in the both cultivars. The negative effect of salinity in Ghods cultivar was more than Karchia cultivar. However, PBZ treatment reduced the growth in both cultivars, the differences in plant growth among various levels of NaCl decreased in PBZ-treated plants. Salt stress resulted in high accumulation of Na⁺ in the sixth leaf and roots in both cultivars, particularly in Ghods cultivar. Against Karchia cultivar, salt stress decreased the storage of K⁺, P and N in sixth leaf and roots in Ghods cultivar. In the both cultivars, PBZ treatment enhanced the K⁺, P and N contents in sixth leaf and roots by increasing salinity. Although PBZ treatment decreased the growth of plants, it improved the weight of seeds against stress damage. PBZ treatment reduced the accumulation of harmful Na⁺ ion in plant tissues while increased the K⁺, P and N contents. These observations suggest that PBZ treatment may increase tolerance by diminishing ionic imbalance caused by salt stress.     

The effects of Cercospora leaf disease on the growth of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) in Nigeria

Three experiments with five alternately-branched and one sequentially-branched cultivar of groundnuts are described. Spraying to control Cercospora leaf spot disease doubled the leaf area duration and increased the total weight of a plant by about 65 %. Spraying increased the weight of kernels per plant but in the alternately-branched cultivars also increased the weight of stem and leaves. The proportion of the total dry weight in the kernels in the alternate cultivars was hardly changed by spraying. The sequentially-branched cultivar gave the same increase in total dry weight when sprayed but spraying resulted in a larger increase in the dry weight of kernels. The sequentially-branched cultivar, with few initials for vegetative growth, did not give the same increase in leaf growth.     

Effects of calcium fertilizer on yield,quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil

AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the calcium (Ca)-like crops. In acidic soil, low soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content, which usually is caused by eluviation, can affect peanut pod development, even causes pod unfilled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium fertilizer on yield, quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil.Methods ‘Huayu22’ was used as materials, and field experiments were conducted in Wendeng, Weihai (2013) and Sanzhuang, Rizhao (2014), respectively. Three treatments were carried out, i.e. No Ca-application (T₀), 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₁) and 28 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₂). Top 3rd leaves of main stems were harvested to determine the activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme every 15 days from anthesis to mature period. Additionally, the pod traits and yield were investigated at harvest time. Uniform dry pods were used to determine the quality of kernel.Important findings Application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased the pod yield of peanut in acid soil. Yield of T₁ treatment increased by 26.92% and T₂ increased by 21.65% on average at two sites. It might be related to higher pod numbers per plant, higher double kernel rate, and higher plumpness of kernel under T₁ and T₂ treatment than under T₀ treatment. Simultaneously, application of calcium fertilizer also significantly increased the protein and fat content of peanut in acidic soil. The protein content increased 2.02% and the fat content increased 3.01% on average in T₁ treatment, respectively. The protein content increased 1.56% and the fat content increased 2.58% in T₂ treatment, respectively. Additionally, Calcium fertilizer not only improved the lysine and total amino acid content but also improved oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of peanut in acidic soil. These might be due to higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the leaves of peanut in acidic soil under T₁ and T₂ treatments than under T₀ treatment. What’s more, the activity of GS of peanut treated with T₁ was higher than that treated with T₂. Application of Calcium fertilizer also improved the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of peanut at early growing period, but the activities at late growth stage were lower than T₀ treatment. Our results demonstrate that the economic performance of 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO was the best one among these three treatments applied.     

氮素水平对花生氮素代谢及相关酶活性的影响

 在大田高产条件下研究了氮素水平对花生(Arachis hypogaea)可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响, 结果表明, 适当提高氮素水平既能增加花生各器官中可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量, 又能提高硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶等氮素同化酶的活性, 使其达到同步增加; 氮素水平过高虽能提高硝酸还原酶和籽仁蛋白质含量, 但谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性下降; N素施肥水平不改变花生植株各器官中可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量以及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的变化趋势, 但适量施N (A2和A3处理)使花生各营养器官中GS、GDH活性提高; 氮素水平对花生各叶片和籽仁中GS、GDH活性的高低影响较大, 但对茎和根中GDH活性大小的影响较小。     

不同抗旱性花生品种结荚期叶片生理特性

以12个花生品种为试验材料,在人工控水条件下,于结荚期设置0~80 cm土层相对含水量为70%和50% 2个处理,研究与花生抗旱性相关的叶片生理生化性状及不同品种抗旱的叶片机制.结果表明： 利用产量抗旱系数可将12个花生品种的抗旱性分为强、中、弱3级,抗旱性强的品种有A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生,中度抗旱品种有花育20、农大818、海花1号、山花9号和79266,抗旱性弱的品种有ICG6848、白沙1016、花17和蓬莱一窝猴.A596、山花11号、如皋西洋生的抗旱机制是具有较强的叶片抗氧化保护能力、较高的PSⅡ活性及光合速率(P_n).海花1号的叶片抗氧化保护能力较强,山花9号的PSⅡ活性有显著优势.相关分析表明,叶片P_n、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与花生品种的抗旱系数有显著的相关性,是花生结荚期的重要抗旱性状.SOD活性的抗旱级别需在干旱胁迫下鉴定,其他性状可在正常灌水条件下鉴定.山花11号和79266可分别作为花生强、弱抗旱性鉴定的标准品种,山花11号可作为花生叶片优异抗旱性状鉴定的标准品种.