基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征

中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d^-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d^-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。     

Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods

中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d^-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d^-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。     

底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔碳、氮、磷收支

为从生源要素角度评价底播增殖滤食性贝类在近岸海域生态系统物质循环中所扮演的角色,本文依据在庄河海域现场研究得到的底播菲律宾蛤仔的生理生态学参数建立了其C、N、P收支方程.结果表明： 菲律宾蛤仔对碳、氮、磷的生长余力(SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P)均呈现明显的季节变化,即均在春季达到最高值,而SFG_C在夏季时最低,且为负值,SFG_N及SFG_P全年均为正值,变化范围分别为-3.94～49.82 mg C·ind^-1·d^-1、0.72～9.49 mg N·ind^-1·d^-1和0.15～3.06 mg P·ind^-1·d^-1.菲律宾蛤仔对碳、氮、磷的生长效率季节变化显著,其对C、N、P的净生长效率基本表现为K_P2> K_N2> K_C2.C、N、P收支方程显示,菲律宾蛤仔更趋向于对N、P的富集,即与碳元素相比,摄取的氮源及磷源大部分用于蛤仔自身的生长和繁殖.高密度、大规模底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔是庄河海域生态系统碳、氮、磷循环的重要组分,其对近岸海域生态系统生源要素循环的贡献不容忽视.
     

长白山阔叶红松林冬季雪面蒸发特征

利用2002-2005年冬季积雪期涡度相关水汽通量和微气象观测资料,对长白山阔叶红松林雪面蒸发动态及其与气象因子的关系进行分析.结果表明： 该涡度相关观测系统积雪期能量平衡闭合度为79.9%,潜热通量占净辐射的21.4%.研究期间,该区蒸发日变化呈单峰曲线形式,蒸发速率在融雪期大于稳定积雪期.30 min平均蒸发速率与净辐射呈线性关系,与气温呈二次曲线关系;蒸发日总量与净辐射呈二次曲线关系,与气温呈指数关系.积雪期蒸发日总量呈下降-稳定-上升的动态变化趋势,且上升期>下降期>稳定期,蒸发日总量最大值为0.73 mm·d^-1,最小值为0.004 mm·d^-1.2002-2003、2003-2004和2004-2005年积雪期蒸发总量分别为27.6、25.5和22.9 mm,占同期降水量的37.9%、19.5%和30.0%,平均蒸发日总量分别为0.17、0.19和0.17 mm·d^-1.     

黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散与作物系数特征

蒸散是地表能量平衡和水分平衡的重要组分,与水循环过程密切相关.采用涡度相关技术,对黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统2010年生长季(4-9月)蒸散特征进行观测,分析了农田作物系数与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 在观测期间,研究区各月潜热通量(LE)日变化呈近似“单峰型”曲线特征,最大峰值出现在8月(151.4 W·m^-2);日间能量分配方式存在明显季节差异,4-6月的日间能量分配表现为LE/R_n＜H/R_n(R_n为净辐射,H为感热通量),7-9月的日间能量分配方式(LE/R_n＞H/R_n)与4-6月相反.黄土高原半干旱区农田日蒸散率存在显著季节变化特征,最大日蒸散率为4.69 mm·d^-1.风速(W_s)、空气相对湿度(RH)、土壤含水量(θ)和饱和水汽压差(D)是作物系数(K_c)的主要影响因子.K_c随W_s增加呈指数降低趋势,随RH、θ增加呈指数增长趋势,随D增加呈线性降低趋势.     

膜下滴灌条件下滴水量和滴水频率对棉田土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响

通过两年的田间试验,研究了滴水量和滴水频率对膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分分布及棉花水分利用效率的影响.结果表明： 从整个生育期来看,当滴水量(375 mm)相同时,高频滴灌(每3天1次)处理0～20 cm土层含水率较高而深层土壤湿润不够;低频滴灌(每10天1次)处理有利于水分的下渗和侧渗,深层土壤含水率较高,但水分补给不及时,表层土壤偏低;总体上中频滴灌(每7天1次)处理有利于水分在土壤剖面中的均匀分配.当滴水频率相同时,滴水量越大,土壤含水率越高,40 cm以下土层含水率也越高.不同处理的棉田耗水规律基本一致,苗期较低,平均不高于1.7 mm·d^-1,蕾期开始上升至花铃期达到最高,日均耗水量可达8.7 mm·d^-1,吐絮期回落到1.0 mm·d^-1左右.总耗水量与降水和滴水量密切相关,而与滴水频率无关;滴水频率对棉花水分利用效率无显著影响,但水分利用效率随滴水量的增大而显著降低.少量滴灌(300 mm)虽然可以获得较高的水分利用效率,但减产严重,过量滴灌(450 mm)无显著增产效应,水分浪费严重.在当地棉田自然条件下,采用中量(375 mm)+中低频(每7天或10天1次)的滴灌模式为宜.     

环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响

利用涡度相关系统、土壤水分TDR传感器,于2014年7月—2015年6月连续测定了民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带退化梭梭人工林蒸散量,研究不同天气条件下梭梭人工林的蒸散对外界环境因子的响应.结果表明: 梭梭人工林晴天蒸散量日变化具有明显的季节变化规律.梭梭人工林蒸散量日变化幅度在生长季初期逐渐增大,在生长旺盛期达到最大峰值(0.07 mm·h^-1), 而后逐渐减小,至12月达到最低峰值(0.01 mm·h^-1).不同天气条件下梭梭人工林蒸散日变化波动幅度差异较大,阴天蒸散日变化波动幅度最小,降水后蒸散波动明显增高,强降水(>9 mm·d^-1)后日蒸散量显著增加至雨前的28倍,然后逐渐减少,并持续4个晴朗日后恢复至雨前蒸散量.在整个观测年,梭梭人工林蒸散总量为108 mm,占降水总量的98%,土壤水是梭梭人工林蒸散的水源,为主导因子.净辐射、光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压饱和差是决定植被用水和大气边界层水传输的气象动力,为显著影响梭梭人工林蒸散的主要因子.利用日蒸散量与环境因子数据建立了蒸散与土壤含水量和小气候因子的多元回归方程,拟合度(R²)高达0.80.     

开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

近年来, 由于对湿地的不合理利用, 自然湿地被大面积地垦殖为农田, 导致湿地生态系统碳循环的模式发生改变, 从而影响了湿地生态系统碳汇功能。该研究通过涡度相关法, 对山东省东营市黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地和开垦多年的棉花(Gossypium spp.)农田的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了对比观测, 以探讨该地区典型生态系统NEE的变化规律及其影响因子, 揭示开垦对芦苇湿地NEE和碳汇功能的影响。结果表明: 在生长季, 湿地和农田生态系统NEE的日平均值各月均呈明显的“U”型变化曲线, 非生长季NEE的变幅很小。生长季湿地生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为16.04 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月17日)和14.95 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月9日); 农田生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为18.99 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (8月22日)和12.23 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (7月29日)。生长季白天两个生态系统NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系; 非生长季NEE主要受土壤温度(T_s)的影响; 生态系统生长季夜间NEE受T_s和土壤含水量(SWC)的共同影响; 湿地和农田的生态系统呼吸熵(Q₁₀)分别为2.30和3.78。2011年生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的汇, 总净固碳量分别为780.95和647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, 开垦降低了湿地的碳吸收能力; 而在2011年非生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的源, CO₂总释放量分别为181.90和111.55 g CO₂·m^-2。全年湿地和农田生态系统总净固碳量分别为599.05和535.80 g CO₂·m^-2。     

六盘山辽东栎、少脉椴天然次生林夏季蒸散研究

2004年8～9月份,利用热扩散技术,结合微型蒸渗仪和水文学方法,研究了辽东栎、少脉椴次生林蒸散组成及其与林分结构的关系.结果表明,辽东栎和少脉椴树干的液流密度在"相对静止期"内比较稳定和微弱,其值在0.05μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;在"活跃期"内树干液流密度上升较快,并呈单峰、双峰或多峰曲线,其值在0.25μl·cm^-2·min^-1以下;两树种单株蒸腾量有明显的种间差异,前者晴天和阴雨天单株蒸腾量分别为5.31和2.48 L·d^-1,为后者的2.3倍和3.75倍.林下灰_栒子和黄刺玫蒸腾速率日均值接近,分别为0.331和0.321 g·g^-1·h^-1.次生林日均蒸散量1.4 mm·d^-1,其中蒸腾量0.72 mm·d^-1、土壤蒸发量0.19 mm·d^-1、林冠截留量0.4 mm·d^-1,各占总量的49.6%、13.3%和37.1%.乔、灌木树种组成对次生林蒸腾量影响的表现不同,前者表现为个体蒸腾量的种间差异,而后者取决于单位林地面积上各树种的叶量.乔木层、灌木层和草本层(含土壤层)日均蒸散量分别为0.96、0.30和0.19 mm·d^-1,各占总量的65.8%、20.9%和13.3%,说明乔木层对林分日蒸散量大小起主要作用,灌木层次之,草本和土壤蒸发量的贡献最小.     

2004—2008年落叶松人工林细根生产和死亡的季节动态

2004—2008年,采用微根管(minirhizotron)技术,对落叶松人工林细根生产和死亡进行连续动态观测,同时测定了温度(大气温度和土壤10 cm温度)和水分(降雨量和土壤10 cm深处含水量)的变化,研究细根生产、死亡的动态及其与温度和水分的关系.结果表明：落叶松细根年根长生产量在0.20～0.78 mm·cm^-2,死亡量在0.26～0.72 mm·cm^-2;2004—2006年细根年根长平均生产量(0.67 mm·cm^-2)和死亡量(0.59 mm·cm^-2)均高于2007—2008年细根年根长平均生产量和死亡量(0.37和0.39 mm·cm^-2);在生长季内（5—10月）,落叶松春末至夏季(6—7月) 的细根生产量占全年产量的51%～68%,秋末(10月)仅占全年的1%～4%;而夏末(8月)和秋季(9—10月)细根死亡量占全年的59%～70%,早春(5月)占全年的1%～5%.相关分析表明,大气温度变化可以解释细根生产量66%的变异,而土壤10 cm深处温度解释24%,降雨量解释27%.细根的死亡量与土壤10 cm深处温度呈指数正相关.     

SIMULATING SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF ECOSYSTEM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND ITS COMPONENTS IN INNER MONGOLIA STEPPE WITH VIP MODEL

 利用内蒙古羊草草原(Leymus chinensis)生态系统通量观测站的气象数据、野外实测和MODIS叶面积指数(Leaf area index, LAI), 应用基于生态系统过程的VIP(Vegetation interface process)模型, 以半小时为步长, 模拟分析了羊草草原生态系统2003～2005年(分别为平水年、平水年和干旱年)蒸散及其分量的变化过程。通过与通量数据对比, VIP模型能够很好地模拟羊草草原生态系统的蒸散过程(R² = 0.80), 在峰值大小和变化趋势上, 模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性。模拟结果显示: 3年蒸散量分别为337、338和223 mm; 在降水相对充沛的2003和2004年, 蒸腾量为192和171 mm, 而降水相对较少的2005年, 蒸腾量仅为96 mm; 年平均蒸腾和蒸发对蒸散的贡献基本持平; 生长季蒸散占全年的83%, 6月开始, 蒸腾大于蒸发, 蒸散和蒸腾的月总值均在7、8月达到最大值,两月蒸散占全年的43%。LAI是影响蒸散的主要因素, 其次是降水, 而净辐射对蒸散的影响较小。在生长季, 蒸发的季节变化平缓, 蒸散的差异主要体现在蒸腾的差异。     

Modelling Seasonal and Inter-annual Variations in Carbon and Water Fluxes in an Arid-Zone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> Savanna Woodland, 1981–2012

Changes in climatic characteristics such as seasonal and inter-annual variability may affect ecosystem structure and function, hence alter carbon and water budgets of ecosystems. Studies of modelling combined with field experiments can provide essential information to investigate interactions between carbon and water cycles and climate. Here we present a first attempt to investigate the long-term climate controls on seasonal patterns and inter-annual variations in water and carbon exchanges in an arid-zone savanna-woodland ecosystem using a detailed mechanistic soil–plant–atmosphere model (SPA), driven by leaf area index (LAI) simulated by an ecohydrological model (WAVES) and observed climate data during 1981–2012. The SPA was tested against almost 3 years of eddy covariance flux measurements in terms of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). The model was able to explain 80 and 71% of the variability of observed daily GPP and ET, respectively. Long-term simulations showed that carbon accumulation rates and ET ranged from 20.6 g C m^?2 mon^?1 in the late dry season to 45.8 g C m^?2 mon^?1 in the late wet season, respectively, primarily driven by seasonal variations in LAI and soil moisture. Large climate variations resulted in large seasonal variation in ecosystem water-use efficiency (eWUE). Simulated annual GPP varied between 146.4 and 604.7 g C m^?2 y^?1. Variations in annual ET coincided with that of GPP, ranging from 110.2 to 625.8 mm y^?1. Annual variations in GPP and ET were driven by the annual variations in precipitation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) but not temperature. The linear coupling of simulated annual GPP and ET resulted in eWUE having relatively small year-to-year variation.     

Afforestation of Tropical Pasture Only Marginally Affects Ecosystem-Scale Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration (ET) from tropical ecosystems is a major constituent of the global land–atmosphere water flux and strongly influences the global hydrological cycle. Most previous studies of ecosystem ET have been conducted predominantly in tropical forests, and only few observations cover other tropical land-use types such as pastures, croplands, savannas or plantations. The objectives of our study were: (1) to estimate daily, monthly, and annual ET budgets in a tropical pasture and an adjacent afforestation site, (2) to assess diurnal and seasonal patterns of ET, (3) to investigate environmental controls of ET, and (4) to evaluate the soil infiltration potential. We performed eddy covariance measurements of ecosystem ET in Sardinilla (Panama) from 2007 to 2009. Daily ET (2.6 ± 1.0 mm day⁻¹) was significantly lower in the pasture compared to the afforestation site (3.0 ± 0.9 mm day⁻¹). The highest ET was observed during the wet–dry transition period in both ecosystems. However, differences in daily ET between sites were relatively small, particularly during the wet season. Radiation was the main environmental control of ET at both sites, however, we observed considerable seasonal variation in the strength of this control, which was stronger during the wet compared to the dry season. In 2008, total annual ET was only slightly higher for the afforestation (1114 mm y⁻¹) than the pasture site (1034 mm y⁻¹). Our results suggest that afforestation of pasture only marginally increases ecosystem-scale ET 6–8 years after establishment. Differences in soil infiltration potentials between our sites seem to explain this pattern.     

北京八达岭林场人工林净碳交换及其环境影响因子

2011年11月-2012年10月,采用涡度相关法对北京市八达岭林场4年生针阔混交人工林的碳交换特征进行了连续观测.结果表明： 观测期间,该森林生态系统在7、8月为碳汇,其余月份均为碳源,净碳释放量与吸收量分别在4月和7月达到最大.生态系统净生产力为(-256±21) g C·m^-2·a^-1,其中生态系统呼吸为(950±36) g C·m^-2·a^-1,总初级生产力为(694±17) g C·m^-2·a^-1.生态系统呼吸与10 cm深度土壤温度呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)为2.2.在5-9月,白天生态系统净碳交换对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线方程,表观量子效率呈明显的季节变化(0.0219～0.0506 μmol CO₂·μmol^-1),生态系统最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度与光合有效辐射和温度的季节变化趋势相似.此外,7、8月饱和水汽压差与土壤含水量对白天生态系统净碳交换有显著的影响.
     

Carbon dioxide exchange over multiple temporal scales in an arid shrub ecosystem near La Paz,Baja California Sur,Mexico

Arid environments represent 30% of the global terrestrial surface, but are largely under‐represented in studies of ecosystem carbon flux. Less than 2% of all FLUXNET eddy covariance sites exist in a hot desert climate. Long‐term datasets of these regions are vital for capturing the seasonal and interannual variability that occur due to episodic precipitation events and climate change, which drive fluctuations in soil moisture and temperature patterns. The objectives of this study were to determine the meteorological variables that drive carbon flux on diel, seasonal, and annual scales and to determine how precipitation events control annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Patterns of NEE from 2002 to 2008 were investigated, providing a record with multiple replicates of seasons and conditions. Precipitation was extremely variable (55–339 mm) during the study period, and reduced precipitation in later years (2004–2008) appears to have resulted in annual moderate to large carbon sources (62–258 g C m^?2 yr^?1) in contrast to the previously reported sink (2002–2003). Variations in photosynthetically active radiation were found to principally drive variations in carbon uptake during the wet growing season while increased soil temperatures at a 5 cm depth stimulated carbon loss during the dry dormant season. Monthly NEE was primarily driven by soil moisture at a 5 cm depth, and years with a higher magnitude of precipitation events showed a longer growing season with annual net carbon uptake, whereas years with lower magnitude had drier soils and displayed short growing seasons with annual net carbon loss. Increased precipitation frequency was associated with increased annual NEE, which may be a function of increased microbial respiration to more small precipitation events. Annual precipitation frequency and magnitude were found to have effects on the interannual variability of NEE for up to 2 years.     

千烟洲马尾松人工林生态系统的碳循环模拟及模型参数的敏感性分析

应用改进后的碳水循环过程模型——景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型(ecosystem productivity process model for landscape,EPPML)模拟了2003和2004年千烟洲马尾松人工林生态系统的碳循环过程,并对模型参数的敏感性进行了分析.结果表明:EPPML可用于模拟千烟洲马尾松人工林的碳循环过程,不仅总初级生产力(GPP)、生态系统净生产力(NEP)和生态系统总呼吸(Re)的年总值和季节变化与实测值十分吻合,而且也能反映极端天气对碳流的重要影响;千烟洲马尾松人工林生态系统具有较强的净碳吸收能力,但2003年生长最旺季的高温和重旱天气的耦合作用使其碳吸收能力明显低于2004年,2003和2004年平均NEP分别为481.8和516.6gC.m-2.a-1;马尾松生长初期的光照、生长旺期的干旱、生长末期的降水量是改变碳循环季节变化的关键气象条件;自养呼吸(Ra)与净初级生产力(NPP)的季节进程一致;异养呼吸(Rh)在年尺度上受土壤温度控制,而在月尺度上则受土壤含水量波动的影响;在生长季的丰水期,土壤含水量越大,Rh越小;而在生长季的枯水期,前两个月的降雨量越大,Rh也越大.EPPML参数中,25℃时的最大RuBP羧化速率(Vm25)、比叶面积(SLA)、最大叶N含量(LNm)、平均叶含N量(LN)、生物量与碳的转换率(C/B)对年NEP的影响最大;不同碳循环过程变量对敏感参数变化的响应也不尽相同,其中,Vm25和LN的增加能有效促进植物的碳吸收和呼吸;LN/LNm越小,对碳吸收和呼吸的抑制作用越强;C/B和SLA的增大会促进碳吸收,抑制呼吸.将全年区分为生长季与非生长季时得到的最敏感参数的结论与全年不尽相同.     

Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America

Global modeling efforts indicate semiarid regions dominate the increasing trend and interannual variation of net CO₂ exchange with the atmosphere, mainly driven by water availability. Many semiarid regions are expected to undergo climatic drying, but the impacts on net CO₂ exchange are poorly understood due to limited semiarid flux observations. Here we evaluated 121 site‐years of annual eddy covariance measurements of net and gross CO₂ exchange (photosynthesis and respiration), precipitation, and evapotranspiration (ET) in 21 semiarid North American ecosystems with an observed range of 100 – 1000 mm in annual precipitation and records of 4–9 years each. In addition to evaluating spatial relationships among CO₂ and water fluxes across sites, we separately quantified site‐level temporal relationships, representing sensitivity to interannual variation. Across the climatic and ecological gradient, photosynthesis showed a saturating spatial relationship to precipitation, whereas the photosynthesis–ET relationship was linear, suggesting ET was a better proxy for water available to drive CO₂ exchanges after hydrologic losses. Both photosynthesis and respiration showed similar site‐level sensitivity to interannual changes in ET among the 21 ecosystems. Furthermore, these temporal relationships were not different from the spatial relationships of long‐term mean CO₂ exchanges with climatic ET. Consequently, a hypothetical 100‐mm change in ET, whether short term or long term, was predicted to alter net ecosystem production (NEP) by 64 gCm^?2 yr^?1. Most of the unexplained NEP variability was related to persistent, site‐specific function, suggesting prioritization of research on slow‐changing controls. Common temporal and spatial sensitivity to water availability increases our confidence that site‐level responses to interannual weather can be extrapolated for prediction of CO₂ exchanges over decadal and longer timescales relevant to societal response to climate change.     

羊草群落水分状况的初步研究

本文采用笔者自行设计和组装的人工气候箱装置,对天然羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落的水分状况进行了研究,结果表明,在生长季各时期的晴天条件下,羊草群落蒸腾、蒸散速率的日进程曲线均为双峰型。群落的蒸腾、蒸散速率与太阳总辐射强度和气温呈正相关,与空气相对湿度呈负相关。群落的无效水分散失比率与蒸腾速率呈负相关。群落中植物的蒸腾强度,以开花期最高,为1.156g／cm2(叶面积)／d;整个群落的蒸腾速率在种子蜡熟期达到最高值,为4861.07g／m2(地面)／d。群落的蒸散速率在6月份最高,达6454.36 g／m2／d。群落月蒸散、蒸腾耗水量的最大值分别出现在6月份和8月份,各为125.9mm和83.9mm。在生长季中,群落的总耗水量与总降水量基本相等,但二者的季节消长不同步。在植物生长发育早期的6月份,水分亏缺严重,使群落对后期充沛的降水不能有效利用,群落生产力低下。     

1961-2010年中国东部林区降水的完整日值序列建立与变化特征

高精度地对各气象站缺测降水资料进行插补,从而获得完整序列的降水资料,对于提高气候变化影响分析的时空精度具有十分重要的意义.本文利用空间相关和逐步回归法,对东部林区月内有单日缺测或不多于7 d缺测的降水资料进行插补,最终建立了853个站自1961-2010年完整序列的降水资料.在此基础上,应用趋势分析法,分析了1961-2010年降水量、降水日数和极端降水事件的变化特性.结果表明： 1961-2010年,研究区年降水量略呈不显著增加趋势,倾向率为5.58 mm·(10 a)^-1,年代际变化明显;年降水日数呈显著减少趋势.极端降水日数和极端降水量呈显著上升趋势,倾向率分别为0.12 d·(10 a)^-1、10.22 mm·(10 a)^-1.尤其是20世纪90年代以后,该区极端降水事件明显偏多偏强,极端降水量对总降水量的比率也呈显著增加趋势.极端降水日数和极端降水量均在1993年发生突变.     

Daily, seasonal and annual patterns of transpiration from a stand of remnant vegetation dominated by a coniferous Callitris species and a broad-leaved Eucalyptus species

Quantifying water use of native vegetation is an important contribution to understanding landscape ecohydrology. Few studies provide long-term (more than one growing season) estimates of water use and even fewer quantify interseasonal and interannual variation in transpiration. Globally, changes in land use are significantly altering landscape ecohydrology, resulting in problems such as dryland salinity and excessive groundwater recharge. Estimating stand water use is complex in multispecies forests, due to the differences in relationships among sapwood area, basal area and tree size for co-occurring species. In this article, we examine seasonal and interannual variation in transpiration rate of the tree canopy of two co-occurring species (a conifer Callitris glaucophylla J. Thompson & L.A.S. Johnson and a broad-leaved Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell.) in an open woodland in eastern Australia. Evapotranspiration of understorey species was measured using an open-top chamber, and tree water use was measured using heat-pulse sap flow sensors. Annual stand transpiration was 309 mm in 2003, a year of below average rainfall, and 629 mm in 2004, a year with higher-than-average rainfall. Despite an almost doubling (522 vs. 1062 mm) of annual rainfall between 2003 and 2004, annual tree water use remained a constant fraction (59%) of rainfall, indicative of compensatory mechanisms linking annual rainfall, leaf area index and tree water use. Deep drainage was estimated to be 4% of rainfall (20.8 mm) in 2003 and 2% (21.2 mm) in 2004, indicating that this native woodland was able to minimize deep drainage despite large interannual variability in rainfall.