水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1：1混合液在SD大鼠麻醉中的效果比较及应用

目的：比较水合氯醛、乌拉坦及其1：1混合液在SD大鼠麻醉中的效果并进一步在大鼠模型制备的麻醉中检验其效果。方法：分别采用不同剂量的水合氯醛和乌拉坦及其1：1混合液进行麻醉实验,比较其麻醉起效时间、维持时间和死亡率,并将相同剂量的1：1混合液应用于SD大鼠模型制作时的麻醉中,比较其与非模型组之间的差异。结果：水合氯醛和乌拉坦混合液麻醉大鼠的起效时间2.5±1.5分钟,与单用水合氯醛无差异（P〉0.05）,比单用乌拉坦起效时间短（P〈0.05）;维持时间107.4±4.1分钟,比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦长（P〈0.01）;麻醉死亡率比单用水合氯醛低,总死亡率比单用水合氯醛、乌拉坦低。模型组大鼠的麻醉起效时间2.9±1.6分钟,维持时间108.9±4.4分钟,零麻醉死亡率,总死亡率为2.5%;与1：1混合液非模型组的麻醉效果没有明显差异。结论：水合氯醛＋乌拉坦1：1混合液麻醉效果好、起效快、死亡率极低,适合用于2小时左右的SD大鼠手术或模型制作。     

水合氯醛和戊巴比妥钠对SD大鼠麻醉效果的比较

目的 探讨水合氯醛和戊巴比妥钠一次性腹腔注射麻醉对SD大鼠麻醉状态的影响.方法 经预试验确定两种药物的使用剂量,可维持相同的麻醉时间.比较两种麻醉药物对大鼠呼吸频率、体温、心室峰压、±dp/dtmaxt、心率和t-dp/dtmax等的影响.结果 戊巴比妥钠对大鼠的呼吸频率、体温抑制较强,并能抑制大鼠的心肌收缩性,表现为 dp/dtmaxt值降低,t-dp/dtmax值增大,心室峰压及心率下降;水合氯醛对大鼠呼吸频率和体温的抑制作用较少,但与前者比较,维持相同麻醉时间,使用剂量对心功能的抑制作用明显.结论 戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉,对大鼠的体温、呼吸频率及心功能均有抑制作用;水合氯醛,一次性腹腔注射,获得较长的麻醉时间须增加剂量,但亦增加其对心功能的抑制.     

四种麻醉药对大鼠颈动脉窦反射的影响

Wistar大鼠25只,随机分成四组,分别经腹腔注射α-氯醛糖(75mg/kg),乌拉坦(1.4g/kg),水合氯醛(350mg/kg)或戊巴比妥钠(50mg/kg)麻醉。孤立颈动脉窦。窦内压(ISP)以5.3kPa为一梯级由0升高到37.3kPa,然后以同样梯级由37.3kPa降到0,同步记录平均动脉压(MAP)。将各级ISP与其对应的MAP值进行Logistic函数拟合,对所获得的四种麻醉药的ISP-MAP关系曲线及其有关参数进行比较。在低ISP区(0～10.6kPa),α-氯醛糖组的反射值明显高于其余三组;在高ISP区(26.6～37.3kPa),四组之间无差异。α—氯醛糖组峰斜率最大,乌拉坦组的闽值和P_3大于其余三组。表明α-氯醛糖可能有易化大鼠窦反射的作用,其余三种麻醉药对窦反射有抑制作用,其中乌拉坦的抑制效应最大。     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂.方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化.结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122± 3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25％乌拉坦(10mmHg左右).②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性.结论:1.35％氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25％乌拉坦( 0.8mL/kg)、5％水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3％戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂.     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂。方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化。结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122±3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25%乌拉坦(10mmHg左右)。②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性。结论:1.35%氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25%乌拉坦(0.8mL/kg)、5%水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3%戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂。     

脑电监测SD大鼠异氟醚全身麻醉模型的建立及脑电分析

目的:建立脑电监测SD大鼠异氟醚全身麻醉模型并分析脑电监测结果。方法:随机选取SD大鼠20只,先行脑电电极置入术,术后使用密闭吸入麻醉动物行为学观察圆筒,观察异氟醚引起的麻醉诱导、维持、觉醒状态并记录诱导、觉醒时间。将记录的行为学结果对照典型脑电图波形改变判断麻醉深度。结果:实验SD大鼠均检测出脑电图,通过对照行为学观察发现动态脑电监测结果同异氟醚麻醉过程进展一致。在麻醉过程中SD大鼠出现典型的全身麻醉脑电循环。结论:动态脑电监测和SD大鼠行为学观察可以准确反应全身麻醉深度。     

Orexin-A介导histamine能神经系统促进氯胺酮麻醉觉醒

目的:探索氯胺酮麻醉下,Orexin神经信号是否激活结节乳头体核(Tuberomammillary Nucleus,TMN)促进大鼠氯胺酮麻醉觉醒。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠(体重230-280 g),在10%水合氯醛麻醉下(1 ml/kg,i.p.)进行以下实验:1TMN核团埋置微注射外套管,回笼单独饲养7天后,大鼠随机分为三组,分别为对照组(NS)、orexin-A组与orexin-B组。TMN核团分别双侧微注射NS(0.3μL)、orexin-A(100 pmol/0.3μL)及orexin-B(100 pmol/0.3μL)观察氯胺酮麻醉下(100 mg/kg,腹腔注射)大鼠诱导时间与觉醒时间;2上述实验7天后,大鼠随机分为三组,分别为溶剂DMSO组、SB334867组与TCS-OX2-29组,TMN核团分别双侧微注射DMSO(0.3μL)、orexin 1型受体(the orexin type 1 receptor,OX1R)的拮抗剂SB334867(20μg/0.3μL)和orexin 2型受体(the orexin type 2 receptor,OX2R)的拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29(20μg/0.3μL)观察氯胺酮麻醉下大鼠诱导时间与觉醒时间。结果:1各组大鼠的诱导时间无统计学差异。2在TMN核团微注射orexin-A与对照组相比明显缩短了大鼠的觉醒时间(43.17±6.31 min vs51.17±4.45 min,P0.05),而微注射orexin-B与对照组相比并没有明显影响大鼠的觉醒时间(50.33±3.50 min vs 51.17±4.45min,P0.05)。3TMN核团微注射OX1R拮抗剂SB334867较溶剂DMSO组延长了麻醉觉醒时间(60.83±8.84 min vs 49.00±5.73 min,P0.05),OX2R拮抗剂TCS-OX2-29与溶剂DMSO组相比并没有明显影响大鼠的觉醒时间(50.83±4.79 min vs 49.00±5.73 min,P0.05)。结论:本研究实验证据证实在氯胺酮麻醉下,orexin神经信号可能通过激活TMN区组胺能神经系统促进麻醉向觉醒的转换。     

刺激中缝背核和蓝斑对下丘脑弓状核区诱发电位的影响

实验在用水合氯醛麻醉的雄性成年大鼠上完成。目的是观察刺激中缝背核和蓝斑对刺激坐骨神经诱发下丘脑弓状核区电位的影响。结果表明:(1)电刺激中缝背核和蓝斑与腹腔注射吗啡一样,可以明显抑制外周伤害性刺激所诱发的弓状核区电位的第三个迟发成分(Sw_3);(2)脑室注射及微电泳作为中缝背核和蓝斑各自所释放的主要神经递质——5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素也能明显地抑制 SW_3成分。     

延髓腹外侧一氧化氮介导电针内关对急性心肌缺血大鼠心功能的作用

实验在以乌拉坦和氯醛糖混合麻醉的雄性SD大鼠上进行。结扎左冠状动脉前降支以建立急性心肌缺血(AMI)动物模型。病理学检查显示该模型具有典型的心肌缺血改变。功能学改变包括心率(HR)减慢、平均动脉压(MAP)降低,以及心功能减弱,如左室舒张末压(LVEDP)增大,左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室压变化最大速率(±dp/dt)、左室收缩成分缩短速度(VCE)、心力环总面积(L0)等均明显减小。电针AMI大鼠的内关穴位20 min,可使其HR、MAP、LVEDP、LVSP、±dp/dt、VCE和L0等均明显改善。若电针前于延髓头端腹外侧区(RVLM)微量注射一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NNA(0.1 mmol/L,0.1 μl),除HR和MAP外,电针改善AMI心功能的其余各项指标均减弱或被取消,而以等量的生理盐水取代L-NNA被注入RVLM时,则不能影响EA对AMI各项心功能指标的改善作用。以上结果提示电针内关改善AMI的作用由RVLM的一氧化氮(NO)所介导。     

三种麻醉药在大鼠脑外科实验中麻醉效果的比较

动物实验中麻醉占有重要地位 ,神经外科动物实验需要维持稳定的颅内压、血压以及呼吸等重要指标 ,对麻醉药物提出更高要求。戊巴比妥钠、复方氯胺酮及乌拉坦是动物实验中常用麻醉剂 ,效果肯定。但目前尚无文献对这 3种药物在脑外科实验中的麻醉效果进行评价。我们在制备帕金森病大鼠模型时应用以上药物 ,对麻醉效果进行了初步比较 ,以期选择合适的麻醉剂 ,保证手术过程顺利 ,提高动物术后成活率。1　材料与方法1 1　实验动物及分组　雄性一级Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠 4 5只 ,由军事医学科学院动物实验中心提供 ,体重 2 4 0～2 70 ｇ ,2 4小时人工…     

On the role of anesthesia on the body/brain temperature differential in rats

Different anesthetics often produce distinctly different effects on blood flow, oxygen consumption and other physiological parameters in animal studies. We investigated the influence of two common anesthetics—alpha-chloralose and chloral hydrate—on the body-core/brain temperature differential in rats. The results indicate a remarkable difference of 4.34±0.64 °C (mean±SD) in the body-core/brain-cortical temperature differential observed under alpha-chloralose anesthesia compared to a relatively smaller differential of 2.73±0.40 °C under chloral hydrate anesthesia in rats. Temperature gradients within the brain are around 0.3 °C/mm in both cases. Thus, the anesthetic utilized has the potential to markedly influence brain temperature and therefore other important physiological parameters in the brain.     

Vitamins E and C prevent the impairment of retention of an inhibitory avoidance task caused by arginine administration

S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is present in all tissues and functions as the sole donor of methyl groups in over 100 different methylation reactions. Recent reports suggest that direct intraventricular injection of SAMe induces Parkinsonian like symptoms in rats including seizures, tremors, hyperkinesia and abnormal posture. In order to assess the influence of SAMe on rat behavior we have undertaken a study to examine the effect of 3 different forms of SAMe. Guide cannulae were sterotaxically implanted into the lateral ventricle of male SD rats ( n = 5 for each group) using either ketamine or chloral hydrate anesthesia. 48 h post surgery the rats received a 5-μL injection containing 1 μmol of either SAMe-toluenedisulfonate, SAMe-butanedisulfonate, SAMe-chloride, or vehicle (butanedisulfonate, toluenedisulfonate or saline). Locomotor activity was monitored using the TruScan monitoring system and by videotape recording for 1 h. The videotape was reviewed by one of the authors (RD-A) who is experienced with animal models of epilepsy. SAMe injected animals had frequent myoclonic and tonic seizures, and occasional generalized clonic seizures. SAMe induced behavioral seizures and tremors occurred only in rats that had previously been anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and not in rats that received ketamine. The number of movements recorded during the 1-h period were significantly increased in SAMe injected animals compared to control groups in both chloral hydrate and ketamine anethetized rats. Our studies indicate that there is an anesthetic dependency for SAMe induced seizures and tremors.     

Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine,midazolam, and butorphanol in rats—strain difference and antagonism by atipamezole

An anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID), and butorphanol (BUT) has been used in laboratory animals. We previously reported that this anesthetic mixture produced closely similar anesthetic effects in BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. We also demonstrated the efficacy of atipamezole (ATI), an antagonist of MED that produced quick recovery from anesthesia in mice. Anesthetics have various anesthetic effects among animal strains. However, the differences in the effects of anesthetic mixtures in rats are unclear. In the present study, we first examined effects of the abovementioned anesthetic mixture using three different rat strains: Wistar (WST), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344). Second, we examined how different dosages and optimum injection timing of ATI affected recovery from anesthesia in rats. We used the anesthetic score to measure anesthetic duration and a pulse oximeter to monitor vital signs. We found no significant differences in anesthetic duration among the three different strains. However, recovery from anesthesia in the SD strain took significantly longer than in the other strains. The antagonistic effects of ATI (0.15 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg) were equivalent when administered at 30 min after anesthetic mixture administration. The antagonistic effects of ATI 0.75 mg/kg were stronger than those of ATI 0.15 mg/kg at 10 min after anesthetic mixture administration. This anesthetic mixture is a useful drug that can induce similar anesthetic effects in three different strains and has an antagonist, ATI, that makes rats quickly recover from anesthesia. These results may contribute to the welfare of laboratory animals.     

Poster Sessions AP10: Learning,Memory and Behavior. S‐adenosylmethionine induced seizures are anesthetic dependant

S‐adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is present in all tissues and functions as the sole donor of methyl groups in over 100 different methylation reactions. Recent reports suggest that direct intraventricular injection of SAMe induces Parkinsonian like symptoms in rats including seizures, tremors, hyperkinesia and abnormal posture. In order to assess the influence of SAMe on rat behavior we have undertaken a study to examine the effect of 3 different forms of SAMe. Guide cannulae were sterotaxically implanted into the lateral ventricle of male SD rats (n = 5 for each group) using either ketamine or chloral hydrate anesthesia. 48 h post surgery the rats received a 5‐μL injection containing 1 μmol of either SAMe‐toluenedisulfonate, SAMe‐butanedisulfonate, SAMe‐chloride, or vehicle (butanedisulfonate, toluenedisulfonate or saline). Locomotor activity was monitored using the TruScan monitoring system and by videotape recording for 1 h. The videotape was reviewed by one of the authors (RD‐A) who is experienced with animal models of epilepsy. SAMe injected animals had frequent myoclonic and tonic seizures, and occasional generalized clonic seizures. SAMe induced behavioral seizures and tremors occurred only in rats that had previously been anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and not in rats that received ketamine. The number of movements recorded during the 1‐h period were significantly increased in SAMe injected animals compared to control groups in both chloral hydrate and ketamine anethetized rats. Our studies indicate that there is an anesthetic dependency for SAMe induced seizures and tremors.     

The Effects of Apomorphine upon Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Conscious Rats and in Rats Anesthetized with Chloral Hydrate

The effects of the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (1 mg . kg-1 i.v.) upon local cerebral glucose utilization in 43 anatomically discrete regions of the CNS were examined in conscious, lightly restrained rats and in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate by means of the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique. In animals anesthetized with chloral hydrate, glucose utilization was reduced throughout all regions of the CNS from the levels observed in conscious animals, although the magnitude of the reductions in glucose use displayed considerable regional heterogeneity. With chloral hydrate anesthesia, the proportionately most marked reductions in glucose use (by 40-60% from conscious levels) were noted in primary auditory nuclei, thalmaic relay nuclei, and neocortex, and the least pronounced reductions in glucose use (by 15-25% from conscious levels) were observed in limbic areas, some motor relay nuclei, and white matter. In conscious, lightly restrained rats, the administration of apomorphine (1 mg . kg-1) effected significant increased in glucose utilization in 15 regions of the CNS (e.g., subthalamic nucleus, ventral thalamic nucleus, rostral neocortex, substantia nigra, pars reticulata), and significant reductions in glucose utilization in two regions of the CNS (lateral habenular nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex). In rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate, the effects of apomorphine upon local glucose utilization were less widespread and less marked than in conscious animals. In only two of the regions (the globus pallidus and septal nucleus), which displayed increased glucose use following apomorphine in conscious rats, were significant increases in local glucose utilization observed with this agent in chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats. In the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, in which apomorphine increased glucose utilization in conscious animals, significant reductions in glucose utilization were observed following apomorphine in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The profound effects of chloral hydrate anesthesia upon local cerebral glucose use, and the modification by this anesthetic regime of the local metabolic responses to apomorphine, emphasize the difficulties which exists in the extrapolation of data from anesthetized animals to the conditions which prevail in the conscious animal.     

Chloral hydrate anesthesia alters cerebral enzymes in the rat. A histochemical study

Cerebral forebrain arterioles and neuropil were analyzed histochemically to determine the effects of chloral hydrate anesthesia on key enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, as well as the hexose monophosphate shunt in rats. Significant decreases were observed in cytochrome oxidase, and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in arterioles, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase showed a significant increase and lactate dehydrogenase showed no significant change. In the neuropil, cytochrome oxidase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed significant increases following chloral hydrate administration, while beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase showed no significant changes. These data suggest that surgical anesthetic levels of chloral hydrate can impair forebrain metabolism which may lead to altered electrophysiological responses.     

Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen

We examined the effect of five anaesthetic drugs commonly used in laboratory animal research (tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine, chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and urethane) on the expression of four pro-inflammatory cytokines. The anaesthetic agents were applied at dosages normally used for deep surgical anaesthesia. Semiquantitative image analysis of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) mRNA expression in the spleen of male Wistar rats 4 h after application of the anaesthetic drugs showed that these had moderate immunomodulatory effects. Ketamine/xylazine, chloral hydrate, and pentobarbital enhanced the basal expression of IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in rat spleen, while urethane reduced splenic IL-1beta mRNA expression. Tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine, and urethane reduced the basal TNFalpha mRNA levels, whereas TNFalpha mRNA expression was unaffected by chloral hydrate and by pentobarbital. The data demonstrate that these anaesthetics have slight, but significant, effects on the basal immune status of rats.     

The development of the slow potentiation of the population spike of a long-term nonstimulating input in rats in a state of anesthetic sleep]

Changes in synaptic efficacy of the medial perforant pathway were studied after the long-term deprivation of the afferent inputs in hippocampus of rats under chloral hydrate or urethane anesthesia. Evoked field potential population spikes and population excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in the dentate gyrus. The long-term deprivation obtained by cessation of stimulation of the tested input for up to 4 hours resulted in an enhancement (up to 190%, p < 0.01) of the population spike amplitude.     

Differential effects of chloral hydrate- and ketamine/xylazine-induced anesthesia by the s.c. route

The proper use of anesthetics in animal experimentation has been intensively studied. In this study we compared the use of chloral hydrate (500 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (167 mg kg(-1)) combined with xylazine (33 mg kg(-1)) by the s.c. route in male Wistar rats. Chloral hydrate and ketamine/xylazine produced a depth of anesthesia and analgesia sufficient for surgical procedures. The decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was of a higher magnitude in rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate than with ketamine/xylazine. The initial microvascular diameter and blood flow velocity did not differ between both agents. On the other hand, ketamine/xylazine reduced the heart rate more intensively than chloral hydrate. Both anesthetics promoted an increase in arterial pCO(2) and a decrease in pH levels compared to unanesthetized animals. The blood glucose levels were of a higher magnitude in rats after ketamine/xylazine anesthesia than after chloral hydrate. In mesenteric arterioles studied in vivo, ketamine/xylazine anesthesia reduced the constrictive effect of noradrenaline and the dilator effect of bradykinin. However, both anesthetics did not modify the vasodilator effect promoted by acetylcholine. Based on our data, we concluded that both anesthetics alter metabolic and hemodynamic parameters, however the use of chloral hydrate in studies of microvascular reactivity in vivo is more appropriate since ketamine/xylazine reduces the responses to vasoactive agents and increases blood glucose levels.