草原土壤N2O释放及全球变暖影响下土壤养分变化的反馈效应

对草原土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放及其受全球变暖土壤养分变化的影响研究表明,以沼泽泥炭土Ｎ２Ｏ释放量最大,生长季节为１３～１２．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,其次灰壤土,为１．５～２．４ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,酸性棕壤最小,为０～３．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;Ｎ２Ｏ的释放层灰壤土在０～５ｃｍ,其它２种土壤为０～１０ｃｍ;施肥试验表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥在生长季节对土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放量影响不显著,但在生长季末期,Ｎ肥对酸性棕壤及灰壤土Ｎ２Ｏ影响显著,施肥后第３天酸性棕壤由对照的１．３提高到４４．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,灰壤土则由对照的１．９提高到３１．１ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,说明全球变暖对土壤有机质分解的影响不会诱发Ｎ２Ｏ释放量的大幅度增加．     

农田生态系统N、P营养平衡及其肥料效应

９年的农田生态系统Ｎ、Ｐ营养平衡定位试验研究表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥配合施用,实行秸秆还田,可提高土壤有机质和全Ｎ含量,使土壤速效和迟效Ｐ库容量得到补充．最后几年的Ｐ肥利用率达２１．１—６５．１％,Ｎ肥为４９—７５％．储备性施Ｐ第１年的利用率只有６．５－７．３％,而前３年之和达到２４—２８．５％,９年３个时段平均利用率２７．９—４２．８％,补偿性施Ｐ的１９．５—４２．９％．施Ｐ６５．５ｋｇ·ｈａ－１·ｙｒ－１时,既能满足作物对Ｐ的需求又能补充土壤速效Ｐ库容量．     

人工污水中的磷在模拟秋茄湿地系统中的分配与循环

在温室中建立模拟秋茄湿地系统,含底泥、潮汐海水和１年生秋茄苗。对照组用１５‰的人工海水,污水处理组分别用正常、５倍和１０倍浓度的人工污水每时、定量对模拟系统污２次,持续１ａ,用以研究Ｐ在系统中的分配和循环。结果表明：加入系统的污 Ｐ主要存留在土壤中,留存于植物体物凋落叶中的很少;植物吸收土壤或污水中的Ｐ在污水处理组中,以叶中含量最大,对对照组以根含量最高有明显的区别;对照组及３个污水处理组Ｐ元素的     

加压素(4 -8)对大鼠脑内Ca2+/CaM依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化的影响

大鼠皮下注射加压素（ＡＶＰ）（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ依赖的蛋白激酶Ⅱ自身磷酸化程度与对照组比较增高１９２％,Ｐ〈０．００１;海马中增高４０％,Ｐ〈０．０５。ＣａＭＫⅡ的自身磷酸化程度依赖于Ｃａ＾２＋及ＣａＭ浓度。在用抗 ＣａＭＫⅡα单克隆抗体对给药１ｈ组样品和对照组样品进行免疫印迹检测时,发现皮下注射ＡＶＰ（４－８）１ｈ后,大脑皮层中ＣａＭＫⅡα亚基的蛋白量没有明显差异。ＡＶ     

糖皮质激素抑制加压素释放的细胞膜机制

利用离休孵育脑薄片和放射免疫测定其释放的精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）方法,探讨糖皮质激素（ＧＣ）在不能进入细胞内的情况下,对去肾上腺大鼠的下丘脑薄片释放ＡＶＰ的快速影响及其可能的细胞膜机制。结果如下：（１）下丘脑薄片能够稳定地释放ＡＶＰ（２ｈ）,其释放量为１５．４２±１．２８ｐｇ／ｍｉｎ;（２）牛血清白蛋白耦联皮质酮（Ｂ－ＢＳＡ）对ＡＶＰ的释放具有快速的（２０ｍｉｎ）抑制性效应,在１０￣（－７）─１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内呈剂量一效应关系;（３）ＧＣ细胞内受体拮抗剂ＲＵ４８６（１０￣（－４）─１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能部分地阻断Ｂ─ＢＳＡ的快速抑制效应;（４）孵育液中Ｃａ￣（２＋）程度升高,Ｂ─ＢＳＡ的快速抑制效应明显增强;反之,孵育液中无Ｃａ￣（２＋）则Ｂ－ＢＳＡ的快速抑制效应有所减弱。表明ＧＣ在未进入细胞内的情况下也可快速地抑制大鼠下丘脑薄片释放ＡＶＰ,因此没有通过传统的基因组机制,而是由非基因组机制介导的,其作用部位在细胞膜水平上,可能是影响Ｃａ￣（２＋）的跨细胞膜内流通量或／和影响有Ｃａ￣（２＋）参与的ＡＶＰ释放过程的结果。     

杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N,P的影响

盆栽条件下研究了施用杀线剂（克线磷,６７ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１干土）和干热（１０５℃,２ｈ）两种杀线措施对小麦生长和Ｎ、Ｐ养分吸收的影响．杀线剂对土壤中线虫的平均杀灭率约为８０％,干热处理的杀灭率为１００％．在杀线剂处理中,苗期至抽穗期小麦生物量、拔节期至成熟期植株含Ｎ量、全生育期植株吸Ｎ量以及抽穗和成熟期吸Ｐ量均显著低于对照．土壤干热处理后抽穗和成熟期小麦的生物量、含Ｎ量及Ｎ、Ｐ吸收量也比对照显著降低．两种杀线处理植株地上部生物量和Ｎ、Ｐ吸收量与相应处理全株变化趋势基本一致．但杀灭线虫对植株含Ｐ量影响较小．分析杀线虫后小麦生长和养分吸收受抑主要与土壤有机氮的矿化作用减弱、微生物活动产生的植物生长促进物质降低有关     

杨树刺槐混交林及纯林枯落叶分解

研究了杨树（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、刺槐（Ｒｏｂｉｎｉａｐｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａ）纯林及混交林枯落叶一年中的分解及养分动态变化规律．结果表明,杨树枯落叶分解速度较慢,刺槐较快,而混交林则较杨树有较大提高．在分解过程中,杨树枯落叶Ｎ、Ｐ释放困难,需经过长达１０个月的养分富积过程;刺槐枯落叶Ｎ、Ｐ元素释放较为容易;混交林枯落叶养分富积时间缩短、幅度下降,分解速度加快,说明杨树和刺槐混交有利于枯落叶分解和Ｎ、Ｐ循环．     

云南松林与常绿阔叶林中枯落叶分解研究

采用分解袋的方法,研究了云南松、滇青冈和元江栲枯叶在针、阔叶林两种生境下的分解及养分动态变化规律。结果表明,滇青冈和元栲枯叶分解速率高于云南松针叶。在阔叶林下这些枯叶的分解系数（０．５５－０．６１ａ＾－１）要比在云南松林下的（０．５０－０．５３ａ＾－１）高。在分解过程中３种枯叶的Ｎ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ元素含量表现出分解前期富积,后期释放的特征,Ｐ、Ｃａ元素在阔叶林地的分解中也有富积过程。而Ｍｇ、Ｋ元     

北京山区辽东栎林土壤释放CO_2的模拟实验研究

模拟北京山区辽东栎林群落,对该类型土壤释放ＣＯ２过程进行了连续３ａ的实验研究,结果表明：辽东栎林土壤呼吸强度平均为５．９２±１．３２μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１,在不同月份中,以８月份最高,１０月最低,依次为８月＞７月＞６月＞９月＞１０月（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１３：００为土壤日呼吸的最高峰。温度为影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,二者存在极显著相关关系（ｒ＝０．５６６８,ｐ＜０．００１,ｎ＝９４）。据３ａ观测的土壤呼吸日平均值计算得出,模拟辽东栎林土壤释放ＣＯ２的通量估计范围为１７１．５～２７５．１ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１,平均为２２３．３ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１。     

成年龙眼园平衡施肥示范试验

示范试验结果表明,成年龙眼的平衡施肥对提高土壤肥力,保护树体适宜营养水平以及增加果实产量有明显作用,从而证实平衡施肥方案的可行性。作者推荐,闽南丘陵地成年龙眼园的年施肥方案：Ｎ２０￣２５ｋｇ;Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ：ＣａＯ：ＭｇＯ＝１．０：０．５：￣０．６：１．０￣１．１：０．８：０．４。     

锌在红树植物白骨壤－土壤系统中的分布与迁移

河口海湾沉积物中锌的污染已对水生生物构成了潜在的威胁.本研究在温室中建立红树植物白骨壤的模拟湿地系统,分别用不同浓度的人工配置污水和人工海水(对照)每周定时、定量地对模拟湿地系统进行为期1年的污灌试验,研究污水中的重金属锌在红树植物白骨壤-土壤系统中的分布、累积与迁移规律.结果表明,由人工污水加入模拟系统中的锌主要存留在土壤中(大于67%),只有一小部分(1.24%～10.4%)迁移到植物体和凋落物中,即白骨壤-土壤系统对生活污水中的锌具有较强的净化作用.根据物质平衡模型进行的计算表明,土壤子系统中锌的环境容量较大.     

圆红冬孢酵母利用生物乙醇废水-木薯粉水解液发酵产油

【目的】获得能够高效降解生物乙醇废水化学需氧量(COD)的圆红冬孢酵母菌株,评估废水初始COD浓度对驯化菌株生长的影响,将木薯粉生产微生物油脂和高浓度有机废水降解过程整合,以生物乙醇废水为水源制备生物乙醇废水-木薯粉水解液培养基,明确产油效率高、生物乙醇废水COD降解率高的初始还原糖浓度。【方法】采用在高浓度的生物乙醇废水中进行多次驯化的方法,获得能够适应废水环境的圆红冬孢酵母菌株;采用双酶水解法对加入乙醇废水中的木薯粉进行水解;采用重量法监测生物量浓度变化,采用酸热法提取油脂,重铬酸钾法监测COD,DNS法测定废水还原糖浓度,凯氏定氮法测定总氮,钼酸铵比色法测定总磷。【结果】通过驯化筛选得到一株能耐受高浓度生物乙醇废水的优势菌株Rhodosporidium toruloides D5。以未稀释的废水为培养基,驯化菌株的最终生物量浓度和COD降解率分别为3.8 g/L和75.0%。采用生物乙醇废水-木薯粉水解液发酵时,控制初始还原糖浓度低于30 g/L时,生物量浓度和油脂浓度随初始还原糖浓度的升高而升高,均在120 h时达到最高COD降解率,初始还原糖浓度对达到的最大COD降解率无明显影响,废水N、P去除率分别达到99%和92%以上。【结论】在未经稀释的高浓度生物乙醇废水中可获得较高的生物量浓度;采用高浓度生物乙醇废水-木薯粉水解液培养基发酵产油,初始还原糖浓度为30 g/L,可在保证高油脂产量的同时,实现废水COD的高效降解,有效回收利用废水中残余的N、P源,从而降低微生物油脂生产和废水处理成本,研究结果可为开发廉价微生物油脂生产技术提供有用的参考。     

Characteristics,and carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil irrigated with wastewater for different lengths of time

Irrigation of agricultural land with wastewater will increase crop production, but also heavy metal concentrations and the rate of infection of farmers with pathogens. The risks associated with the use of wastewater are reduced by treating the wastewater, but treatment also reduces organic material, phosphorus and inorganic N for crops. We investigated characteristics, e.g. heavy metal concentrations, of soils of the valley of the Mezquital (Mexico) irrigated with waste from Mexico City water since 1912, 1925, 1965, 1976, 1996 or 1997, or not irrigated at all, and dynamics of C and N when soil was amended with wastewater or drainage water. Concentrations of total Mg, Hg, Mo, Ca, Cu and Cr, available concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cu increased significantly with length of irrigation (P < 0.05), but were not at hazardous concentrations. Although organic C, total N, microbial biomass C and N, and microbial activity, as witnessed by CO2 production, increased with length of irrigation, N mineralization did not. Oxidation of NO2- was inhibited and could be due to increases in salinity, toxic compounds or heavy metals. We found that N mineralization was low or absent so it will not compensate for the loss of N when the wastewater is treated and application of N fertilizer will be required to maintain the same level of crop production. The characteristics of the soils appear not to have deteriorated after years of application of wastewater, but further irrigation even with treated wastewater might increase sodicity and salinity and pose a threat to future crop production.     

Multicompartment ecosystem mass balances as a tool for understanding and managing the biogeochemical cycles of human ecosystems

Nitrogen remains a ubiquitous pollutant in surface and groundwater throughout the United States, despite 30 years of pollution control efforts. A detailed multicompartment N balance for the Central Arizona-Phoenix ecosystem is used to illustrate how an ecosystem-level approach can be used to develop improved N management strategies. The N balance is used to demonstrate how nitrate in pumped groundwater used for crop irrigation could be used to reduce inputs of commercial fertilizer and decrease N leaching to aquifers. Effectively managing N pollution also will require an understanding of the complex factors that control the N balance, including targeted regulations, individual human behavior, land-use conversion, and other ecosystem management practices that affect the N balance. These sometimes countervailing factors are illustrated with several scenarios of wastewater treatment technology and population growth in the Phoenix area. Management of N eventually must be coupled to management of other elements, notably carbon, phosphorus, and salts. We postulate that an ecosystem framework for pollution management will result in strategies that are more effective, fairer, and less expensive than current approaches.     

Integrated System of Phytodepuration for Agroindustrial Wastewater: Three Different Case Studies

The effluents deriving from agricultural industries are sources of wastewater sensibly different from common civil wastewater treatment plants effluents, because they are characterized by significant amounts of nutrients and organic load. Agricultural industries require considerable water volumes for processing the farm products, in doing so generating huge volumes of wastewater, with high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Advanced and low cost techniques for water depuration are required in such circumstances, as the use of Integrated System of Phytodepuration (ISP). In the present work, three different case studies (a dairy, a pig feedlot and a vinegar industry) are investigated: the performances of the ISPs were evaluated analyzing raw wastewaters and final effluents over a period ranging from 2 to 4 years. The results obtained show that the designed ISPs are characterized by a mean efficiency value higher than 85% for COD removal, 73% for N and 85% for P. Moreover, for the pig feedlot the ISP final effluent is characterized by a quality level not only suited for the release into surface waters but also for irrigation, while for the other two case studies is possible to release the final effluent in surface water.     

Isolation of Pseudomonas stutzeri in wastewater of catfish fish-ponds in the Mekong Delta and its application for wastewater treatment

The aim of this study was to explore the potential for reducing soluble N load in fishpond wastewater using naturally occurring denitrifying bacteria. Twenty-seven isolates were selected from in wastewater (liquid/solid) of catfish-ponds located along the Tien river, in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam in SW-LB medium (artificial seawater Luria-Britani medium) supplemented with 10 mM NH₄ and NO₃ and twenty-five isolates were identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri based on similarity of PCR-16S rRNA using universal primers and specific primers. Four isolates were effective in lowering soluble N (NH₄, NO₂ and NO₃) levels in fishpond water from 10 mg/L to negligible amounts after four days. Further experiments are underway to determine the fate of N lost from solution and the relative activity of ammonia oxidation, and nitrite and nitrate reduction by P. stutzeri isolates.     

A study of nutrient removal efficiency of Phragmites mauritianus in experimental reactors in Uganda

Artificial wetlands have not yet been used in Ugandafor wastewater purification. The feasibility of usingartificial wetlands to improve presettled wastewaterquality was tested using 40 l experimental buckets(mesocosms) at Kirinya sewage works, Jinja, Uganda.These mesocosms were operated in an intermittent,vertical flow mode. They were synoptic experiments toa pilot constructed wetland project in which theutility of Phragmites mauritianus to treatpresettled wastewater for P and N was examined. Results showed that the laterite-gravel rootedPhragmites reactors improved the wastewater qualitysignificantly, possibly to advanced secondary ortertiary water quality levels. These reactors achievedreduction efficiency of over 90% for P and over 60%for N after a 5-day water retention time. The massbalances of N and P over the reactors, indicated ahigher uptake rate for P by the plant than for N.Laterite-gravel rooted Phragmites mesocosms weremore efficient than the floating Phragmitesmesocosms for the wastewater treatment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Salvinia auriculata in post-treatment of dairy industry wastewater

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the aquatic macrophyte Savinia auriculata in post-treatment of wastewater from a dairy industry. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between February and March 2015. A batch system was used, each reactor was composed of polyethylene and had capacity of 250 liters of post-treated effluent. Every seven days, pH, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand and series of solids (total, fixed and volatile) were determined in the wastewater. Besides that, the concentration of macro and micronutrients (P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) were determined in the wastewater and in plant tissue before and after the experiment. The results showed efficiency in the decrease of N, P, turbidity, pH, solids (ST, SF) and inefficiency in the reduction of volatile solids in the wastewater. The concentration of COD, Ca, Mn, Mg, and Fe increased at the end of the experiment. Due to the absorption of some nutrients such as N and P it is possible to conclude that Salvinia auriculata is a good option for the post-treatment of the wastewater from dairy industry. However, plant senescence promotes the elevation of some elements in the effluent because in this process, nutrients that were previously retained in the plant tissue are inserted into the wastewater again. Because of this it is necessary to remove plants of the reactor in the beginning of the process of senescence.     

Nitrogen removal reactor using packed gel envelopes containing Nitrosomonas europaea and Paracoccus denitrificans

Packed gel envelopes were constructed as simple, compact reactors for removing nitrogen from wastewater. Each packed gel envelope consisted of two plate gels with a spacer in between. Nitrosomonas europaea and Paracoccus denitrificans were co-immobilized in the plate gels, and ethanol, serving as an electron donor for denitrification, was injected into the internal spaces of the envelopes. The external surfaces of the envelopes were in contact with ammonia-containing wastewater; the N. europaea present in the gels oxidized the ammonia to nitrite aerobically. On the other hand, the internal surfaces of the envelopes were in contact with the ethanol solution, which P. denitrificans used to reduce the nitrite to nitrogen gas anaerobically. In this way, the reactor using the packed gel envelopes removed ammonia from wastewater in a single step. When artificial wastewater containing 200 mg-N/L was treated using the reactor using eight envelopes, the ammonia was removed by the reactor without accumulating nitrite or ethanol. This simple system exhibited high rates of nitrification (ammonia to nitrite; 1.9 kg-N/day for 1m(3) of reactor volume) and nitrogen removal (ammonia to nitrogen gas; 1.6 kg-N/day). It is presumed that these high rates were achieved as a consequence of cooperation between the N. europaea and P. denitrificans present in the gels and the efficient uptake and exhaust of gases leading to the smooth conversion of ammonia to nitrogen gas.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工植被及土壤CNP的化学计量特征

生态化学计量学是研究生态过程和生态作用中化学元素平衡的科学。极端环境中进行植物叶片与土壤中营养元素含量及变化研究,对于揭示植物对营养元素的需要和当地土壤的养分供给能力,以及植物对环境的适应与反馈能力具有十分重要的意义。以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中植物园生长良好的25种人工植被及其生境为研究对象,运用方差分析、相关分析综合研究植物叶片及土壤的化学计量特征及其相互关系。结果显示:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地25种人工植被叶片C、N、P的平均含量分别为(386.7±46.6)、(24.7±8.1)和(1.8±0.78) mg/g;叶片C:N、C:P及 N:P分别为(17.5±6.7)、(249.2±102.8)、(15.0±5.6)。其中豆科植物N含量极显著高于非豆科植物(P<0.001)。不同生活型植物的C、N、P含量均存在显著差异,C、N、P含量在3种生活型的大小顺序为草本>灌木>乔木。C:N和N:P在不同生活型植物间不存在显著差异(P>0.05),而乔木和灌木的C:P显著高于草本植物(P< 0.05)。相关分析表明植物的叶片C:N、C:P都与相应的N、P含量呈现极显著负相关性(P<0.001),而叶片N含量与P含量的变化并不相关(P> 0.05)。土壤C、N、P养分元素含量远低于全国的平均水平,尤其是N含量(<0.2 mg/g);土壤C与N存在着极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),而C与P、N与P间的相关性并不显著(P>0.05)。以上研究结果表明,受极端环境的限制,塔克拉玛干沙漠人工植被植物对养分元素的利用效率显著低于全国陆地植物的平均水平,不同科和不同生活型功能群植物对环境的适应能力显著不同,表现出显著的养分适应策略差异性。