济南春季常见的几种隐藻

春暖花开,大地复苏.随着气温的回升,济南各水体中就开始出现浮游藻类.在有鞭毛的藻类中,隐藻体形较小,但区分特征明显,易于辨认.有关文献记载,啮蚀隐藻为较好的污水指示种,主要分布于污染比较严重或者中等严重的水体中,所以对此类藻类的确认有一定的环境生物学意义. 隐藻类植物虽然较常见于一般水体,但由于其在系统分类的教科书上极少被提及,所以常不被理科教学所重视.该类植物隶属于甲藻门的隐藻纲,也有另立为隐藻门的.常见种类多是该纲的隐鞭藻目的隐藻属和色胞藻属.隐     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻（ChroomonascaudataGeitler）的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A．N．Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为５９０ｎｍ放６４０ｎｍ,按Ａ．Ｎ．Ｇｌａｚｅｒ等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见具尾蓝隐菏的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型ＰＣ－６４５。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A.N.Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

虾池常见微藻的光照强度、温度和盐度适应性

通过Smith生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数分析了虾池常见微藻种群(啮蚀隐藻、新月菱形藻、微绿球藻和蛋白核小球藻)在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征.结果表明:新月菱形藻和蛋白核小球藻具有较大的生态位宽度值,啮蚀隐藻和微绿球藻的生态位宽度值则相对较小.蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值均为最大,啮蚀隐藻在各资源与其他微藻的重叠值最小.新月菱形藻与蛋白核小球藻适应光照强度的范围较广.当水温达16.9℃,可定向培育新月菱形藻;当水温达25℃,可定向培育新月菱形藻和啮蚀隐藻;当水温达30℃时,可定向培育新月菱形藻、蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻.养殖水体盐度处于9～26,可引入蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻;处于9～17.5,应引入啮蚀隐藻;高盐水体,应引入新月菱形藻.蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻在光照强度、温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值均为最大,因此微藻定向培育,不可同时引入蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻.     

虾池常见微藻种群温度、盐度和氮、磷含量生态位

就温度、盐度、氮磷含量设计试验,对4种虾池常见微藻种群新月菱形藻、啮蚀隐藻、微绿球藻、蛋白核小球藻的生态位进行研究.结果显示：啮蚀隐藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位宽度值最大,分别达0.980和0.988,新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位宽度值最大,达0.990,蛋白核小球藻在各资源的生态位宽度值均最小,平均只有0.926;啮蚀隐藻与蛋白核小球藻在温度和盐度资源上的生态位重叠值最小,分别为0.809和0.702,啮蚀隐藻与新月菱形藻在氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值最小,只有0.829,蛋白核小球藻与微绿球藻在温度、盐度和氮、磷含量资源上的生态位重叠值均最大,分别为0.986、0.974和0.989.表明在养殖水环境调控过程中,啮蚀隐藻适宜与新月菱形藻、微绿球藻或蛋白核小球藻共同培育,而蛋白核小球藻和微绿球藻对资源的竞争性明显,不适合同时引入同一池塘进行培育.     

具尾蓝隐藻(CHROOMONASCAUDATAGEITLER)的研究 Ⅰ形态特征──光镜及扫描电镜观察

对具尾蓝隐藻（Chrcomonascaudata）进行了光学显微镜及扫描电镜的观察。扫描电镜观察证明具尾蓝隐藻具有明显的纵沟,细胞顶端具圆形四口,表明该种有"口沟"存在。从而澄清了文献上对该种有无"口沟"相互矛盾或模糊不清的描述。     

具尾蓝隐藻(CHROOMONAS CAUDATA GEITLER)的研究 Ⅰ形态特征──光镜及扫描电镜观察

对具尾蓝隐藻(Chrcomonas caudata)进行了光学显微镜及扫描电镜的观察。扫描电镜观察证明具尾蓝隐藻具有明显的纵沟,细胞顶端具圆形四口,表明该种有"口沟"存在。从而澄清了文献上对该种有无"口沟"相互矛盾或模糊不清的描述。     

人工滩涂湖泊滴水湖浮游藻类群落特征

于2009年3月—2010年2月逐月对中国最大人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖的浮游藻类群落特征进行研究。利用CANOCO4.5软件对浮游藻类数据和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析(CCA),以揭示浮游藻类对生态环境的响应。结果表明:全年共检测到浮游藻类186种及变种,隶属于8门92属,其中绿藻门种类最多,其次是蓝藻门和硅藻门;主要优势种为小席藻、微小平裂藻、银灰平裂藻、不定微囊藻、弱细颤藻、啮蚀隐藻、四尾栅藻、扁圆卵形藻;藻类的年均丰度和年均生物量分别为(4552.29±4591.33)×104cells·L-1和8.15±6.63mg·L-1,藻类现存量各月份间差异极显著(P<0.01),但站点间差异不显著;多样性分析显示,藻类物种多样性较好;典范对应分析表明,水温、总氮等是影响滴水湖藻类群落结构的主要因素。     

具尾蓝隐藻(CHROOMONAS CAUDATA GEITLER)的研究 Ⅰ形态特征──光镜及扫描电镜观察

对具尾蓝隐藻进行了光学显微镜及扫描电镜的观察。扫描电镜观察证明具尾蓝隐藻具有明显的纵沟,细胞顶端具圆形凹口,表明该种有“口沟”存在。从而澄清了文献上对该种有无“口沟”相互矛盾或模糊不清的描述。     

LIGHT-DEPENDENT GROWTH, DARK SURVIVAL, AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY CRYPTOPHYTES ISOLATED FROM A FRESHWATER CHEMOCLINE

Clones of Cryptomonas phaseolus Skuja , Cryptomonas rostratiformis ( Skuja ) Skuja in Huber-Pestalozi, and Cryptomonas undulata Gervais were isolated from the deep chlorophyll maximum near the oxic/anoxic boundary layer of the mesoeutrophic lake Schlachtensee, Germany. Different autecological features of these species were studied in batch culture experiments . Cryptomonas cf . ovata Ehrenberg and Chroomonas sp. that never dominated in the deep chlorophyll layer were also isolated from Schlachtensee to study their light-dependent growth in comparison to the deep-living species . Cryptomonas undulata, C. cf . ovata, and C. phaseolus had a very low light compensation point ( 5–7 μmol.m^-2.s^-1 ), whereas the growth rate of Chroomonas sp. and C. rostratiformis was positive above 16 and 24 μmol.m^-2.s^-1 . Cryptomonas phaseclus and Chroomonas sp. became photoinhibited above photon flux densities of 92 and 116 μmol.m^-2.s^-1 . Cryptomonas rostratiformis, C. cf . ovata, and C. undulata reached a maximum growth rate at a considerably higher photon flux density (198–250 μmol.m^-2.s^-1 ). Cryptomonas phaseolus grew fastest under light-limiting conditions . Chyptomonas phaseolus and C. undulata were best able to suruive prolonged periods of darkness . Cryptomonas phaseolus, C. rostratiformis, and C. undulata did not show any uptake of fluorescent latex beads. When labeled glucose was provided in naturally occurring concentrations, carbon uptake by C. phaseolus, C. rostratiformis, and C. undulata was negligibly small in comparison to cellular carbon content. I suggest that the adaptation to a low-light environment is an important preadaptation for the dominance of C. phaseolus and C. undulata near the freshwater chemocline .     

How diverse are planktonic cryptomonads in Brazil? Advantages and difficulties of a taxonomic-biogeographical approach

We compare ‘temperate data’ with information contained in 49 surveys of cryptomonads from Brazilian tropical regions. These surveys contain a total of 351 records relative to a total of 38 taxa at the species level or below. All taxa were identified using traditional morphological characters visible with the light microscope. Two taxa appear to be new species, and amongst the known species Cryptomonas erosa Ehrenberg is the most frequently recorded one. To date two species of Pseudocryptomonas Bicudo & Tell (all containing multiple photosynthetic endosymbionts/chloroplasts) and the species Cryptomonas brasiliensis Castro, C. Bicudo & D. Bicudo have not been found outside Brazil. With respect to their geographical distribution in Brazilian tropical regions, cryptomonads are better represented in reservoirs and coastal lagoons located in the south-eastern part of the country. Some species appear to be restricted to brackish coastal ecosystems (oligo- to mesohaline and meso- to eutrophic waters). There are only four records of marine cryptomonads. A comparative study of three different kinds of shallow aquatic environments in Brazil – north-eastern reservoirs, a flood-plain Amazonian lake, and brackish lagoons on the south-eastern coast – shows that cryptomonads are to be found constantly, and their species number density, and biomass are generally low (usually <10%) in relation to the other phytoplankton. The case of Plagioselmis Butcher emend. Novarino, Lucas & Morrall, amongst others, exemplifies the great difficulties encountered while attempting to interpret biogeographical information based on light microscopy within the context of a modern systematic and taxonomic framework based on electron microscopy.     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL SURVEY OF CRYPTOMONAD PERIPLASTS USING QUICK-FREEZING FREEZE FRACTURE TECHNIQUES1

A quick-freezing technique for freeze fracturing was used to determine periplast plate types in 20 cryptomonads. With this technique cells are frozen so rapidly that major artifacts are eliminated. We propose that periplast plates are attached to the cell membrane by intramembrane particles (IMP's), consequently plate shapes are outlined by IMP distribution in fractured membranes. Round to oval, sometimes slightly angular, plates occur in Cryptomonas ovata, Cryptomonas tetrapyrenoidosa, Cryptomonas parapyrenoidifera, Cryptomonas obovata, Cryptomonas erosa and two unidentified species of Cryptomonas; large rectangular plates occur in Chroomonas pochmannii, Chroomonas coerulea and Hemiselmis sp.; small rectangular plates were found in Cryptomonas sp. (Strain SDB); square to slightly rounded plates occur in Cryptomonas chrysoidea and a single continuous plate or sheet, perforated by ejectisome pores, was observed in Cryptomonas caudata, Cryptomonas rostratiformis, Cryptomonas marssonii, Cryptomonas platyuris, Cryptomonas curvata, Cryptomonas ozolini, Chilomonas paramecium and Rhodomonas sp. Oval and square plates are described for the first time in Cryptomonas. Plate IMP's may be morphologically modified in size and shape, depending upon their location in relation to the plate, the plate ridges, and ejectisome chambers. Conformational changes in plate shapes, to form hexagons or polygons, may be induced when cells are subjected to fixation, desiccation, cryoprotectants or centrifugation.     

巨桉凋落叶分解对菊苣生长及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了巨桉凋落叶分解初期对菊苣幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响.试验设置A₁(30 g·pot^-1)、A₂(60 g·pot^-1)、A₃(90 g·pot^-1)和对照（CK）4个凋落叶水平,将各处理的凋落叶分别与12 kg土壤混合后装盆,播种菊苣.待A₃处理植株的第3片真叶完全展开后测定菊苣光合生理指标及相关生长指标.结果表明：巨桉凋落叶分解初期明显抑制了菊苣生物量积累、叶面积的增加及光合色素的合成,且随着凋落叶施入量的增加抑制作用加大;菊苣叶片胞间CO₂浓度增加,而净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照;随土壤中凋落叶含量的增加,除CO₂补偿点呈增加趋势外,其他光响应和CO₂响应的特征参数都呈明显下降趋势,并与对照差异显著.巨桉凋落叶分解过程中,其化感物质逐步释放并作用于受体植物,抑制其光合色素合成和光合作用,降低其环境适应能力,从而抑制菊苣的生长.     

贝克水蚤对水华鱼腥藻的同化速率及其对藻丝数量的影响

在实验室条件下对贝克水蚤同化利用丝状蓝藻和控制藻丝数量的能力进行了测定。当喂以水华鱼腥藻和对照食物沼泽卵形隐藻的单种培养时,三节贝克水蚤和钩状贝克水蚤的雌性成体均可同化利用水华鱼腥藻,但与隐藻相比同化速率较低。三节贝克水蚤的雌性成体能够明显地减少鱼腥藻藻丝密度,即使在有相同生物量的隐藻存在的情况下也一样。这些结果与我们关于贝克水蚤利用丝状蓝藻的能力的其他研究的结果相一致。     

Diversification of unicellular eukaryotes: cryptomonad colonizations of marine and fresh waters inferred from revised 18S rRNA phylogeny

The cryptomonads is a well-defined lineage of unicellular eukaryotes, composed of several marine and freshwater groups. However, the evolutionary relationships among these groups are unclear due to conflicting inferences between morphological and molecular phylogenies. Here, we have inferred the evolutionary relationships among marine and freshwater species in order to better understand the importance of the marine-freshwater boundary on the historical diversification patterns of cryptomonads. We have constructed improved molecular phylogenies by taking into account rate variation both across sites and across sequences (covarion substitutions), and by analysing the vast majority of publicly available cryptomonad 18S rRNA sequences and related environmental phylotypes. The resulting phylogenies included 55 sequences, and revealed two novel freshwater cryptomonad clades (CRY1 and CRY2) and a large hidden diversity of cryptomonads. CRY1 was placed deeply within the cryptomonad phylogeny together with all the major freshwater lineages (i.e. Goniomonas and Cryptomonas), while CRY2 was placed within a lineage of marine species identified as Plagioselmis-like with the aid of a new sequence generated from a cultured species. The inferred phylogenies suggest only few successful marine-freshwater transitions over the history of cryptomonads. Most of the transitions seem to have occurred from marine to fresh waters, but re-colonizations of marine habitats have also taken place. This implies that the differences in the biogeophysical conditions between marine and fresh waters constitute a substantial barrier for the cross-colonization of these environments by cryptomonads.     

内陆湖泊主要藻种散射特性

通过室内培养4种主要淡水藻种--铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)以及卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata), 测定其散射和后向散射特征参数、用单位叶绿素a浓度的散射值和后向散射值来表征4种藻的散射和后向散射能力。结果表明, 铜绿微囊藻散射和后向散射能力最强, 其次为梅尼小环藻, 普通小球藻的能力最弱。通过计算后向散射概率, 显示铜绿微囊藻和梅尼小环藻的后向散射概率值较高, 普通小球藻和卵形隐藻的后向散射概率值较低。后向散射特性影响因子分析显示, 影响后向散射值的主要因素有叶绿素a浓度及藻蓝蛋白色素比例。当叶绿素a浓度不断增加时, 其后向散射值不断增大; 当藻类所含叶绿素a比重不断上升时, 其后向散射值也不断增大。而细胞粒径与后向散射值之间未表现出很好的相关性。因此, 通过单位叶绿素a散射和后向散射概率特征可以辨别出藻细胞形态较为接近的铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻。     

STRUCTURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRYPTOMONAD FLAGELLAR APPARATUS. I. CRYPTOMONAS OVATA (CRYPTOPHYTA)1

The absolute configuration of the flagellar apparatus in Cryptomonas ovata has been elucidated and found to be similar to that reported for Chilomonas paramecium. Variations apparent in the flagellar apparatus of Cryptomonas ovata include the presence of striations in the mitochondrion associated lamella, a rhizostyle which does not bear wing-like extensions from the microtubules and does not lie close to the nucleus, and a striated fibrous anchoring structure associated with one basal body which has not hitherto been described. The flagellar apparatus also includes a four stranded microtubular root which traverses into the anterior dorsal lobe of the cell, a striated fibrous root which is associated with a five stranded microtubular root, and a two stranded Cr root. The homologous nature of these roots to those in the larger cryptomonads is discussed in relation to the apparent reduction in flagellar apparatus size and complexity among the smaller cryptomonads. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the flagellar apparatus of Cryptomonas ovata is also presented.     

Cytokinesis inCryptomonas ovata (Cryptophyceae)

Summary We describe the pattern of cytokinesis inCryptomonas ovata. Cell division begins at the posterior of an enlarged cell and proceeds through the gullet and between four active flagella. This pattern of cytokinesis inCryptomonas ovata differs from that previously described for other cryptomonads and might be of importance in establishing taxonomic affinities for the group.     

Taxonomic notes on some freshwater planktonic Cryptophyceae based on light microscopy

The cryptomonads sampled frequently from pelagial of large freshwater bodies, lakes and ponds, but also found in littoral regions and in small water bodies covered with vegetation, are often characterized by the sigmoid (S-shaped) form of their cells. According to the quoted findings of electron microscopy it seems that these species should be incorporated into the new genus Campylomonas Hill. Because the EM characteristics have not been proved so far for all species, and the following nomenclatural combinations accomplished, the traditional classification into the genus Cryptomonas is kept here. The correct name for the largest of sigmoid cryptomonads is Cryptomonas curvataEhr. em. Penard. Contrarily, C. rostrata Troitz. em. Kisel. is to be held for later synonyms. The existence of the species C. rostratiformis Skuja remains uncertain. The smaller species of sigmoid shape, i.e. C. reflexa (Marss.) Skuja and C. marssonii Skuja, may also easily be discerned under the light microscope. From the small puddles with H₂S in water, shortened forms of both these species are documented, one of them under the published name C. anas Javorn. The pelagic assemblage of the above sigmoid cryptomonads frequently is completed by Plagioselmis nannoplanctica (Skuja) Novar., Lucas et Morr. and by P. lacustris (Pasch. et Ruttn.) Javorn. These flagellates so far are currently determined as the species of the genus RhodomonasKarsten. In addition to the EM characteristic, they differ from Rhodomonas by the absence of a true gullet (pseudopharynx) having only the ventral furrow with rows of superficial ejectosomes (similar to the genus Cryptochrysis Pascher). The ellipsoidal or ovoid cryptomonads are sampled more frequently from peat pools and small water bodies covered with vegetation than from open pelagial of lakes. An erroneous determination of them causes confusion. Because some strains are wrongly labeled, electron-microscopic characteristics are vaguely determined species. For example, some EM features of Cryptomonas ovata in fact belong to C. pyrenoidifera Geitl. or to C. phaseolus Skuja. Cryptomonas ovata Ehr. em. Stein is not a collective species with a wide dimensional range of ellipsoid cells. It is a large species the typical morphology which is described here in detail. C. splendida Czosn. differs from C. ovata only by the transversal orientation of the cell. Similar to C. ovata but smaller species is C. tatrica Czosn. These species are further compared with the well-defined species C. obovata Skuja and the particularly small C. phaseolus Skuja.