缙云山自然保护区蜘蛛物种多样性初步研究

总结了自2007年10月以来对缙云山蜘蛛物种多样性研究的初步成果。到目前为止,共采集成熟蜘蛛标本超过1万头,鉴定出27科112属219种蜘蛛,其中包括73种中国特有物种。填补了重庆市蜘蛛多样性研究的空白。     

湖北九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛群落的初步调查

1999年7－8月对湖北省九宫山自然保护区蜘蛛资源进行了调查,共采集到蜘蛛15科14属68种。结果表明：群落优势种为肩斑银鳞蛛、斜纹猫蛛和银锥腹蛛。群落多样性指数（H‘）为3．2367,均匀性指数（E）为0．7671,优势集中性指数（C）为0．0720。4种蜘蛛为湖北省分布新记录。     

广西红树林蜘蛛群落研究

广西红树林区及其近邻非红树林生境共采集到蜘蛛８２种,隶属于１３科４９属,其中红树林区有１３科３２属５５种。红树林区以园蛛科、非红树林区以猫蛛科和狼蛛科种类所占比例较高。角腹艾蛛是红树林区的优势种。物种多样性和丰富度红树林区比非红树林区高。     

大茂山国家森林公园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

2007年5月对河北唐县大茂山国家森林公园蜘蛛的物种多样性和群落结构进行了调查,采用样方与随机扫网相结合的方法,共采集标本728头,隶属25科63种(属)。运用群落多样性指数对其进行分析,研究结果显示:大茂山地区蜘蛛物种多样性丰富,不同生境中蜘蛛群落的种类和结构差别较大。落叶层的蜘蛛种类最多,个体密度最高,群落结构稳定;灌木丛的蜘蛛均匀度最高,结构比较稳定;而草丛中的蜘蛛种类少,个体密度较低,优势种明显。     

河北嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构及多样性

2007年7月对河北赞皇嶂石岩国家级风景区蜘蛛群落结构进行了调查,采用局地取样与随机扫网相结合的方法,共采集蜘蛛标本1 226头,隶属于24科61属81种.嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛物种多样性丰富,漏斗蛛、蟹蛛、皿蛛和狼蛛是该地区的优势类群.不同生境中的蜘蛛种类和个体密度均有差别,其中,灌木丛生境中蜘蛛种类(54)、个体密度(20.9头·m-2)和Shannon多样性指数(3.264)均明显高于森林落叶层和滩涂生境;森林落叶层生境中蜘蛛分布的优势集中性指数最高(0.116),导致其种类分布均匀性指数(0.749)最低;滩涂生境中种类分布均匀性指数最高(0.853),这与其种类多为游猎型有关.对该地区蜘蛛物种和多度关系分析表明,嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构与Fisher对数级数分布模型能够较好地拟合.     

贵州省稻田蜘蛛多样性调查及优势种分析

【目的】调查贵州稻田蜘蛛的多样性及优势种,为利用稻田蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的绿色防控技术奠定基础。【方法】采用五点取样法对贵州省水稻种植区内的黔东南州丙妹镇(A)、黔东南州凤城镇(B)、遵义市官仓镇(C)、黔南州毛尖镇(D)、贵阳市禾丰乡(E)、安顺市双堡镇(F)、盘州市新民镇(G)的水稻分蘖盛期和灌浆期的蜘蛛多样性进行调查、鉴定,并对其多样性、优势度、均匀性、相似度进行比较分析。【结果】共采集到蜘蛛标本6 856头,隶属13科51属111种,其中优势科为狼蛛科Lycosidae、肖蛸科Tetragnathidae,优势种为拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus、长螯肖蛸Tetragnatha mandibulata、前齿肖蛸Tetragnatha praedonia、华丽肖蛸Tetragnatha nitens、锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa、拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata、唇形狼蛛Lycosalabialis、横纹金蛛Argiopebruennichia、栓栅蛛Hahniacorticicola、卡氏蒙蛛Mendozacanestrinii、钳形猫蛛Oxyopesforcipiformis。不同地点蜘蛛群落多样性分析表明:Shannon wiener多样性指数的大小依次为C> B> G> D> A> F> E,Margalef丰富度指数的大小依次为C> B> E> D> F> A> G> F,Pielou均匀性指数的大小依次为C> B> F> G> D=A> E,Simpson优势集中性指数的大小依次为E> D=F=A> G> B> C。不同地点蜘蛛群落相似性和聚类分析表明:稻田的蜘蛛群落两两之间的相似度都是中等不相似,其中凤城镇(B)与官仓镇(C)相似度最高。【结论】贵州稻田蜘蛛群落物种丰富,不同地区、不同时期的稻田蜘蛛优势种有一定程度的差异。     

张家口土壤蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

1996年8月中旬,在张家口地区4种生境中共捕获土壤蜘蛛461头,隶属于12科54种(属)。研究表明:4种生境中的土壤蜘蛛群落相似性很小,群落结构组成不同,丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度也不同。植被类型、疏密程度是影响群落结构的主要生态因子,农事活动是另一个重要影响因素。     

四川省长宁竹海自然保护区蜘蛛群落多样性研究

2008年4～9月分3次对四川长宁竹海自然保护区蜘蛛群落进行了随机采样调查,共采集到蜘蛛标本1509头,隶属于25科92属168种,其中以跳蛛科(23属36种)、园蛛科(14属37种)、肖蛸科(5属16种)和球蛛科(16属27种)的种类最多,占到了种数的69%.而对同一时间不同地点调查表明,海拔落差较大、植被类型多样、生境相对复杂的地点(高简村),其蜘蛛多样性明显多于其他地点;另外,对高简村进行的3次采集结果显示,5月底该地蜘蛛群落组成最为丰富,群落稳定性较高.     

人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响——以沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛为例

为了解人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响,2010年9月至10月,采用陷阱法对沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛多样性进行了调查.共采集蜘蛛标本737头,经鉴定隶属于9科15属23种.调查发现,沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛物种多样性较低,狼蛛和密蛛是该地区的优势类群,其中类奇异獾蛛Trochosa ruricoloides和拟吉小密蛛Mysmenella pseudojobi为优势种.从公园的边缘到内部,蜘蛛群落组成及多样性相似,各多样性指数间均无统计学差异.研究结果表明,由于北陵公园开放程度较高,公园内锻炼、游憩的人数众多,频繁的人为干扰对地表蜘蛛造成较大影响,地表蜘蛛物种组成单一、群落结构简单以及物种多样性从边缘到内部无明显差异,这说明人为活动是影响市区开放式公园内节肢动物多样性的重要因素.     

黔西北地区不同杜鹃灌丛群落特征和物种多样性

为探明黔西北地区不同杜鹃灌丛群落特征和物种多样性变化，本研究以5个不同的杜鹃群落为研究对象，分析了物种组成、重要值和多样性指数。结果表明，5个群落共有33种植物，属16科23属，灌木层和草本层分别有27种和6种；优势种和共优势种植物分别为小果珍珠花、小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃、小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃、露珠杜鹃、露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃。5个杜鹃灌丛群落灌木层的α多样性指数差异明显，灌木层的Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数均表现为露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃灌丛群落(V)最大，小果珍珠花灌丛群落(I)最小；Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为小果珍珠花+露珠杜鹃灌丛群落(II)最大，小果珍珠花灌丛群落(I)最小。露珠杜鹃+黄山杜鹃灌丛群落(V)有进一步演替为亚热带常绿阔叶林的趋势。杜鹃属植物覆盖度大的临近群落的Whittaker指数、Jaccard指数和Sorenson指数值均较覆盖度小的临近群落大。     

Comparing Species Assemblages Via Species Accumulation Curves

Summary Comparing species assemblages given incidence‐based data is of importance in ecological studies, often done by a visual inspection of estimated species accumulation curves or by an ad hoc use of 95% pointwise confidence bands of these curves. It is shown that comparing species assemblages is a challenging problem. A χ² test is proposed. An adjustment using an eigenvalue decomposition is proposed to overcome computational difficulties. The bootstrap method is also suggested to approximate the distribution of the proposed test statistic. The eigenvalue adjusted (Eva) χ² test and the Eva‐bootstrap test are assessed by a simulation study. Both the Eva‐χ² and the Eva‐bootstrap tests are applied to a study that involves two woody seedling species assemblages.     

Species of hypocrella

Summary Additional information is given from studies of types and authentic specimens for 25 species of Hypocrella.Stereocrea aurantiaca is transferred to Hypocrella asH. aurantiaca (Petch) comb. nov.,H. caulium is considered an invalid name andH. brasiliana (P. Henn.) comb. nov. is proposed. It is concluded thatH. sloaneae, H. nectroides, H. citrina, H. melaena, H. disjuncta andH. amazonica all are valid species.H. verruculosa is considered conspecific withH. phyllogena. H. fluminensis is a synonym ofH. epiphylla andH. guaranitica, H. spegazzini, H. orbicularis andH. cornuta are synonyms ofH. palmae. Similarities between several species of the eastern and western hemispheres are noted.Paper from the Herbarium and the Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.     

蜘蛛与蜘蛛、蜘蛛与猎物之间的信息联系机制

作为农林生态系统中首要的捕食性节肢动物的蜘蛛,只有单眼和听毛,并没有复眼和听器。因而在一定的距离之外,蜘蛛要高效、成功寻觅其理想的猎物,仅仅凭视觉、触觉、听觉均无法实现和完成这一功能。因此,蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学通信于蜘蛛种间和种内的信息联系中扮演着举足轻重的角色,现已有大量的研究用行为学的方法证明蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间能够通过信息化学物质进行信息联系,但蜘蛛的嗅觉即化学信息素的释放与接收机制以及信息素的结构成份等方面的研究甚少,有待进一步深人。对蜘蛛与猎物之间,蜘蛛与蜘蛛之间的信息化学联系机制的研究进展做一综述。     

黑腹果蝇种组五种核型的报道

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法, 本文首次对果蝇属黑腹果蝇种组的5种果蝇 （D. constricta、D. ohnishii、D. ogumai、D. pseudobaimaii、D. tani）染色体的数目和形态进行了分析报道。分析发现：这5个种具有相同的染色体数目（2n=8）和不同的形态。D. pseudobaimaii和D. tani 为2V,1R,1D型;D. constricta染色为2V,1R,1D型且其点状染色体难以辨认;D. ohnishii和D. ogumai 具有相同形态为2V,2R。另外,还发现核型与亲缘关系之间有一定的对应性。     

Species monophyly

In biological systematics, as well as in the philosophy of biology, species and higher taxa are individuated through their unique evolutionary origin. This is taken by some authors to mean that monophyly is a (relational) property not only of higher taxa, but also of species. A species is said to originate through speciation, and to go extinct when it splits into two daughter species (or through terminal extinction). Its unique evolutionary origin is said to bestow identity on a species through time and change, and to render species names rigid designators. Species names are thus believed to function just like names of supraspecific taxa. However, large parts of the Web of Life are composed of species that do not have a unique evolutionary origin from a single population, lineage or stem-species. Further, monophyly is an ambiguous concept if it is defined simply in terms of 'unique evolutionary origin'. Disambiguating the concept by defining a monophyletic taxon as 'a taxon that includes the ancestor and all, and only, its descendant' renders monophyly inapplicable to species. At the heart of the problem lies a fundamental distinction between species and monophyletic taxa, where species form mutually exclusive reticulated systems, while higher taxa form inclusive hierarchical systems. Examples are given both at the species level and below to illustrate the problems that result from the application of the monophyly criterion to species. The conclusion is that the concepts of exclusivity and monophyly should be treated as non-overlapping: exclusivity marks out a species synchronistically, i.e. in the present time. Monophyly marks out clades (groups of species) diachronistically, i.e. within an historical dimension.     

Species orthogonalization

We discuss the general formation of complementary behaviors, functions and forms in biological species competing for resources. We call orthogonalization the related processes on macro and micro-level of a self-organized formation of correlations in the species properties. Orthogonalization processes could be, for example, easily observed in sympatric speciation, as we show in numerical studies carried out with a new population equation. As a practical result, we find that the number of species is proportional to the effective richness of resources and depends on their history.