火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的影响研究进展

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气碳交换的主要方式,主要分为自养呼吸和异养呼吸。土壤呼吸不仅是森林生态系统碳循环过程的关键环节,也是森林生态系统能量流动和物质循环的重要生态过程。火作为森林生态系统中一个重要的生态因子,可以在短时间内对土壤呼吸组分造成巨大的影响。火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的影响与火烧强度、火烧频率、火烧持续时间以及火后恢复等因子有关,通过影响植被的根系与组成、微生物群落数量与结构,凋落物的数量以及生态系统的环境和小气候等,进而对土壤呼吸产生影响。火干扰对土壤呼吸影响整体表现为火烧后土壤呼吸速率下降,在几个月至几年内恢复到火烧前水平,之后火继续对土壤呼吸产生影响长达数年至数十年。通过描述火烧强度、火烧频率以及火后恢复时间,阐述火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的直接影响,以及通过火后环境对土壤呼吸组分产生的间接影响,来揭示火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的影响。同时针对火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的影响进行以下3个方面的研究展望：（1）火后产生的黑碳对土壤呼吸组分的影响;（2）火后植被恢复对土壤呼吸组分产生的影响;（3）火后土壤呼吸组分的长期变化规律。     

林火干扰对土壤性质及温室气体通量的影响

林火干扰是森林生态系统重要的干扰因子。林火的发生烧毁大量的森林资源,释放温室气体到大气当中,同时林火对土壤物理、化学性质以及土壤微生物都会产生一定的影响,进而影响到地-气主要温室气体的释放。本文综述了不同强度的森林火灾对土壤物理、化学性质以及土壤微生物的影响;森林火灾发生后的不同时间序列上地-气主要温室气体CO2、CH4、N2O通量的变异;尤其是在全球气候变暖背景下,冻土区森林火灾发生后,随冻土的融化,温室气体排放;林火发生时高温缺氧环境下往往会形成燃烧程度不同的木炭;本文还综述了火烧迹地木炭的不同管理方式如火场清理或就地掩埋,及其对火烧迹地土壤性质以及温室气体通量的影响。最后,提出今后应该注意的几个问题,并指出未来可能的研究拓展方向。     

模拟不同森林可燃物处理对大兴安岭潜在林火状况的影响

大兴安岭林区50年来实施的森林防火政策导致森林火烧轮回期延长,可燃物累积,所以需要将森林可燃物的管理纳入到森林防火政策中。本研究构建10种可燃物处理预案,5种为计划火烧预案（PB02, PB04, PB06, PB08, PB10）,另5种为机械清除+计划火烧预案（PR02, PR04, PRP6, PR08, PR10, 用无处理预案(notreat)作对照。采用空间直观森林景观模型LANDIS,从火烧面积、不同强度火烧面积和林火强度动态特征来说明不同可燃物处理预案的长期效果（300年）。结果表明,计划火烧虽然可以减少总火烧面积,但随着处理面积的增加,减少幅度不大,对于降低高强度火烧面积效果不显著;机械清除+计划火烧可以有效地减少火烧面积,降低火烧强度 ［将高强度火(4、5级)降低为低强度火(1、2级)］。建议森林可燃物处理必须长期进行,以达到降低林火强度、减少灾难性火灾发生的机率的目的。     

森林火灾对土壤及水体重金属浓度水平的潜在影响研究进展

森林火灾(林火)指在林地上自由蔓延的火,是一种自然界中的常见干扰。林火通过消耗凋落物层、燃烧植被、分解土壤有机质和改变粘土矿物等方式,释放出存在于植被与土壤中的金属成分,从而对土壤及水体重金属水平产生一定影响。多数研究结果表明,林火过后土壤中Mn、Cr、Ni、Pb等金属元素浓度短期内存在上升趋势,但不同案例中元素上升程度不同。随着时间的推移,土壤中大多数金属元素浓度可恢复至火灾前的背景值水平。但不同金属元素类型随时间变化的情况也有所不同。形态方面,林火过后多数元素主要以氧化态和有机结合态存在于土壤中。土壤pH和电导率作为土壤火烧严重度的潜在指标,它们的变化与土壤重金属浓度变化是否具有相关性在不同研究中存在较大差异。林火过后,径流水体中大多数重金属浓度水平上升,表明林火增加水体中重金属的潜在生态风险。今后还应开展更多室内与野外控制实验,进一步揭示林火对土壤及水体重金属变化的影响机制,为林业管理和灾害应急管理方面提供更多数据支持。     

基于CENTURY模型模拟火烧对大兴安岭兴安落叶松林碳动态的影响

火作为森林生态系统重要的自然干扰因子之一,对森林的碳动态有着不可忽视的影响.本研究使用CENTURY模型模拟了大兴安岭呼中林区兴安落叶松林的碳收支对不同强度火烧的响应.结果表明:在不同强度火烧后,土壤总碳库呈先升后降再逐渐恢复的变化趋势,而林分生物碳库则先降后升,其中,林分细小组分碳库的恢复速度明显快于大组分,各碳库的波动程度随火烧强度的增大而增大.森林植被的净初级生产力(NPP)和土壤异养呼吸在火后均先降后升,但NPP的恢复快于土壤异养呼吸,二者的动态变化改变了林分的碳源/汇作用.轻微火烧后,兴安落叶松林仍表现为弱碳汇,并很快恢复到火前水平;其他强度的火烧使兴安落叶松林在短期内(9～12年)表现为碳源,随后逐渐转为碳汇.较低强度的林火不仅可以促进落叶松林的更新、减少死可燃物,也不会对林分的碳汇功能造成太大影响;高强度的严重林火对土壤和林木碳库造成严重损失,延缓森林的恢复,并可使林分表现为较长时间的碳源.     

林火对大兴安岭落叶松林土壤性质的短期与长期影响

林火是北方针叶林的一种重要组分,是促进森林生态系统养分循环的重要方式。为探讨林火对土壤的影响,以大兴安岭呼中自然保护区2010和2000年火烧迹地为研究对象,并选择附近未过火区作为对照样地,测定分析了受林火影响的土壤理化及微生物指标。结果表明:与对照区相比,火后1年,兴安落叶松林土壤性质发生了显著变化,即土壤水分、有机层厚度、C/N均显著减小,而土壤pH值、铵氮和硝氮含量则显著增加;同时土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量显著减少;火后11年,土壤理化性质基本与对照间无显著差异,但土壤微生物量仍显著低于对照区。这表明火后土壤的理化性质恢复较快,而火对微生物的影响较为持久。本研究将为火后森林土壤养分的管理提供重要科学依据。     

火控制政策对大兴安岭森林景观、可燃物动态及火险的长期影响

大兴安岭50年来严格的火控制政策已经极大地改变了自然火格局,同时也改变了森林的物种组成和年龄结构。理解大兴安岭森林对长期火控制的响应是制定森林可持续发展的依据之一。本文应用LANDIS模型模拟了大兴安岭森林景观对自然火(1950年以前)和灭火(1950年以后)的长期响应(300年)。结果表明：灭火显著增加了落叶松面积,增加其过熟林面积,减少其幼龄林面积;同时也显著减少白桦面积,减少其幼龄林面积;灭火延长火烧轮回期,火烧次数减少,灾难性火灾发生的机率增加,火险在模拟的50年内迅速上升到高火险等级。在自然火格局下,火险在整个模拟过程中保持较低的等级。所以如果现行的高强度灭火政策继续实施的话,必须要制定大范围的可燃物管理措施(计划火烧、粗可燃物处理等),以降低灾难性火灾发生的机率。计划火烧加粗可燃物去除将成为可燃物管理和森林可持续经营的首选措施。如何评价大兴安岭地区可燃物处理措施的效果,在保持木材生产和生态作用稳定的条件下,最大程度地降低火险也是亟待解决的问题。     

重度林火对大兴安岭土壤生境因子的影响

为探究重度林火对森林土壤生境因子的影响,以大兴安岭林区火烧迹地为研究对象,监测了火烧迹地和对照样地12个土壤生境因子在3年内的变化。结果表明:1年时间范围内重度林火减小了枯落物层厚度,降低土壤含水率、土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、有机质含量和微生物量碳,但提高了地表午间均温和土壤p H值,增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、代换性盐基的含量;而3年时间范围内重度林火导致有的土壤生境因子与对照样地差异越来越大,如枯落物层厚度、土壤有机质含量、土壤容重、水稳性团聚体和硝态氮含量,而有的土壤生境因子则表现出恢复的趋势,如土壤含水率、地表午间均温、土壤p H值、铵态氮含量、有效磷含量、代换性盐基含量和土壤微生物量碳。研究重度林火对各土壤生境因子的影响可为土壤生境质量的评价工作提供基础数据。     

大兴安岭不同火烧年限森林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

测定大兴安岭林区不同火烧年限(火后4、14、40、70和120年内未火烧)、不同坡度(坡地、平地)凋落物和土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,分析火烧对凋落物和土壤养分的长期影响及两者之间的关系.结果表明: 不同火烧年限凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征差异显著,凋落物C含量变化不大.凋落物N、P含量随火烧年限的增加而增加,在火后4和14年较低,在火后40年恢复到对照(未火烧)水平.凋落物C∶N和C∶P值随火烧年限增加而下降,N∶P值则呈上升趋势.土壤C、N、P含量及其比值随土层深度增加而降低.坡地土壤C含量随火烧年限增加而增加,在火后70年显著高于对照,在平地差异不显著.火烧年限和坡度的交互作用影响土壤P含量和C∶P值.坡地土壤P含量在火后4年高于对照,而平地在火后40年高于对照;坡地C∶P值在火后14年达到对照水平,而平地与对照差异不显著.冗余分析表明,有机质层土壤的坡度效应大于年限效应,矿质层土壤主要受年限效应影响.火后4和14年凋落物及土壤养分含量低于对照,随着火烧年限的增加,植被生长迅速同时凋落物分解加快,凋落物质量及土壤养分质量不断提高,在火后40年恢复到未火烧水平,趋于稳定状态.     

大兴安岭火后不同恢复时期土壤微生物生物量动态变化

林火作为我国北方森林生态系统的重要干扰因子,随着全球气候变暖,其影响将更为严重。本文对大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林重度火烧迹地3块不同恢复阶段1个生长季土壤微生物生物量氮、碳的动态变化进行了调查。结果表明:在整个生长季,土壤微生物生物量氮、碳都呈现先增加后减少的趋势,而且土壤上层微生物生物量氮、碳都高于土壤下层。火后3年和火后28年土壤上、下层微生物生物量氮高于对照样地,火干扰后9年土壤上、下层微生物生物量氮低于对照样地;火后3年土壤上、下层微生物生物量碳低于对照样地;火后9年和28年微生物生物量碳高于对照样地。火后不同恢复阶段土壤微生物生物量氮、碳在6月份达到峰值,然后在生长季中呈下降趋势。火后9年土壤上层微生物生物量碳与磷(P)含量呈显著负相关关系,火后9年土壤下层和火后28年土壤上层微生物生物量氮与土壤含水量呈正相关。本研究结果将为研究中国北方森林系统火后土壤微生物生物量氮、碳的动态变化及其火后的主要影响因子提供数据基础。     

Oligotrophic bacteria from rendzina forest soil

Oligotrophic bacteria were shown to exist abundantly in all layers of a rendzina forest soil throughout the year. Two-hundred-three oligotrophic bacteria were isolated from forest soil (Aoba, Sendai) at different layers (L, F, H and A layers) throughout the year, and their morphological and physiological characteristics were examined. A high proportion (95%) of the isolated oligotrophs were Gram-negative, non-spore forming bacteria. Based on the cell shape, the isolates were divided into four groups: regular rods, curved/spiral bacteria, irregular rods, and buddin and/or prosthecate bacteria. Each group of bacteria is discussed in relation to the physiological characteristics. Notably oligotrophic bacteria of different cell types showed a marked zonal distribution in respect to profile depth.     

Long‐term changes in forest carbon under temperature and nitrogen amendments in a temperate northern hardwood forest

Currently, forests in the northeastern United States are net sinks of atmospheric carbon. Under future climate change scenarios, the combined effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on soil decomposition, aboveground processes, and the forest carbon balance remain unclear. We applied carbon stock, flux, and isotope data from field studies at the Harvard forest, Massachusetts, to the ForCent model, which integrates above‐ and belowground processes. The model was able to represent decadal‐scale measurements in soil C stocks, mean residence times, fluxes, and responses to a warming and N addition experiment. The calibrated model then simulated the longer term impacts of warming and N deposition on the distribution of forest carbon stocks. For simulation to 2030, soil warming resulted in a loss of soil organic matter (SOM), decreased allocation to belowground biomass, and gain of aboveground carbon, primarily in large wood, with an overall small gain in total system carbon. Simulated nitrogen addition resulted in a small increase in belowground carbon pools, but a large increase in aboveground large wood pools, resulting in a substantial increase in total system carbon. Combined warming and nitrogen addition simulations showed a net gain in total system carbon, predominately in the aboveground carbon pools, but offset somewhat by losses in SOM. Hence, the impact of continuation of anthropogenic N deposition on the hardwood forests of the northeastern United States may exceed the impact of warming in terms of total ecosystem carbon stocks. However, it should be cautioned that these simulations do not include some climate‐related processes, different responses from changing tree species composition. Despite uncertainties, this effort is among the first to use decadal‐scale observations of soil carbon dynamics and results of multifactor manipulations to calibrate a model that can project integrated aboveground and belowground responses to nitrogen and climate changes for subsequent decades.     

Global distribution of forest soil dictyostelids

Aim The goal of this project was to compile, organize, and present the known distributional data on the dictyostelid cellular slime moulds (CSMs) found in forest soils worldwide. The question of what factors influence CSM distribution patterns was also addressed. Location CSMs have been recovered from soils of temperate deciduous forest, tropical deciduous and seasonal evergreen rainforest, boreal coniferous forest, and tundra by various investigators around the world. Methods Within each of these four biomes, various locations around the world have been sampled by a number of investigators. The current study attempts to synthesize the known dictyostelid distributional data and present specific patterns of distribution. Results Worldwide, sixty-five species of CSM were found to occupy various forest soils. These species’ distributions fell into one of four categories: cosmopolitan, disjunct, restricted, and pantropical. Main conclusions Global CSM distribution patterns are influenced by a variety of factors other than the biota (including but not restricted to climate, latitude, altitude, soil pH, and soil-forming parent materials). The current study supports the thesis that organic inputs from specific plant associations and animal vectors have an important role as well.     

长白山典型林区森林资源景观格局变化分析

利用研究区1985年及1999年遥感影像作为数据源,在GIS支持下并结合地面资料对森林资源景观格局及其变化进行研究．从两期地物斑块面积标准偏差来看,成熟针叶林(1985年为279．3,1999年为98．64)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为162．94,1999年为68．54)、中龄阔叶林(1985年为113．14)、中龄针叶林(1999年为160．71)斑块面积分布均匀程度均较同期其它地物类型小,这也说明这些地物组成中景观类型多样性及物种多样性．从景观相似性指数分析来看,中龄阔叶林(1985年为0．118,1999年为0．116)、中龄针叶林(1985年为0．07,1999年为0．336)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为0．312,1999年为0．228)、成熟针叶林(1985年为0．237,1999年为0．174)4类植被在15年间较同期其它地物类型稳定,是研究区景观的主要组成部分．湿地在两期的孔隙度都较大,湿地的均质化程度很小,形成了更多的斑块镶嵌体,湿地破碎化程度较高．     

不同类型城市森林对土壤肥力的影响

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地中9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林、针阔混交林)及附近的农耕地和撂荒地土壤为研究对象,通过对林地土壤不同层次pH值、有机质及主要养分含量的测定分析,研究了不同林型对土壤肥力的影响.结果表明：阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)的土壤趋于中性,针阔混交林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和黑皮油松林的土壤呈微酸性,蒙古栎林的土壤呈酸性;随土壤深度增加,土壤有机质、水解氮、速效钾、有效磷、全氮、全磷含量均呈下降趋势.不同林地土壤同一层次化学指标整体差异显著(P＜0.05).土壤肥力优劣为：水曲柳林>黄波罗林>针阔混交林>胡桃楸林>白桦林>撂荒地>农耕地>樟子松林>兴安落叶松林>蒙古栎林>黑皮油松林,说明阔叶林(除蒙古栎林)和针阔混交林中的土壤肥力增加,而针叶林的土壤肥力趋于下降.     

Recovery of soil productivity with forest succession on abandoned agricultural land

Much of the primary forest in the eastern United States that was converted to farmland between 1600 and 1900 has reverted back to second growth forest as a result of agriculture abandonment. This reversion back to forest gives soil productivity a chance to recover, though the rates of recovery are not well understood. Understanding the legacy effects of past disturbances like agriculture can provide important insights to support ecological restoration efforts on disturbed soils. Our goal with this study was to further understand the effects of forest development on soil productivity after agriculture abandonment. We used a chronosequence approach to examine soil properties over a 60‐year temporal scale of forest development on abandoned agricultural lands in Saratoga and Rensselaer Counties in New York, U.S.A. We measured soil properties within this chronosequence to test the hypothesis that there would be measurable recoveries of soil physical properties and fertility over time. We observed rapid recovery of physical properties (lower bulk density and higher macroporosity) of surface soils within 5–10 years after agricultural abandonment. However, we found a legacy effect of agricultural compaction still evident in subsoils, with soil strength measurements indicating that past agricultural practices still limited root growth 55–60 years after abandonment. Soil percent organic matter and mineralizable nitrogen (N) both increased with forest development, but biomass accumulation may be slowed by limited root growth in the subsoil due to high strength. We recommend assessing subsoil physical properties when developing ecological restoration plans for agricultural lands.     

Effects of forest clear-cutting and soil disturbance on the biology of small forest brooks

As a part of the larger Nurmes research project, we studied the effects of clear-cutting and soil disturbance (ditching, ploughing, mounding) on the biology of small forest brooks. After these forestry activities, incoming light, temperature, and nutrient content of the water increased significantly. Mean algal biomass peaked during the first summer after clear-cutting. During the first year following soil disturbance, algal biomass initially decreased because of turbidity, but began to rise again as suspended solids in the water decreased in the summer months. Species composition changed, too; after clear-cutting, Cryptomonas and Chlamydomonas species increased their densities (48% of the algal biomass) and following soil disturbance, the species numbers and densities of Conjugatophyceae (52% of the algal biomass) were higher than before. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that increased nutrient levels and acidity were the main factors behind the changes in the flora following clear-cutting. The most important effect of soil disturbance was the increased water temperature. Effects of forest clear-cutting on algal productivity in the brooks remain evident at least for three years and those of soil disturbance for an even longer period. Restricted clear-cutting, with a protective zone left uncut around the brooks, appears to reduce the effects.     

东北东部森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的分离量化

对森林生态系统的土壤呼吸组分进行分离和量化,确定不同组分CO2释放速率的控制因子,是估测局域和区域森林生态系统碳平衡研究中必不可少的内容。采用挖壕法和红外气体分析法测定无根和有根样地的土壤表面CO2通量(RS),确定东北东部6种典型森林生态系统RS中异养呼吸(RH)和根系自养呼吸(RA)的贡献量及其影响因子。具体研究目标包括:(1)量化各种生态系统的RH及其与主要环境影响因子的关系;(2)量化各种生态系统RS中根系呼吸贡献率(RC)的季节动态;(3)比较6种森林生态系统RH和RA的年通量。土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用显著地影响森林生态系统的RH(R2=0.465~0.788),但其影响程度因森林生态系统类型而异。硬阔叶林和落叶松人工林的RH主要受土壤温度控制,其他生态系统RH受土壤温度和含水量的联合影响。各个森林生态系统类型的RC变化范围依次为:硬阔叶林32.40%~51.44%;杨桦林39.72%~46.65%;杂木林17.94%~47.74%;蒙古栎林34.31%~37.36%;红松人工林33.78%~37.02%;落叶松人工林14.39%~35.75%。每个生态系统类型RH年通量都显著高于RA年通量,其变化范围分别为337~540 gC.m-2.a-1和88~331 gC.m-2.a-1。不同生态系统间的RH和RA也存在着显著性差异。