森林植被与大气颗粒物的关系

近年来,大气颗粒物成为我国城市大气的主要污染物,其中细颗粒物（PM_2.5）粒径小、沉降困难,对环境的危害已成为亟待解决的问题。森林植被可显著消减空气颗粒物,有效改善空气环境质量。本文概述了植被对颗粒物的移除过程和方法,探讨了大气颗粒物与森林植被的相互关系。从单叶、单木及群落3个尺度,结合气象因素讨论了植被对移除大气颗粒物的影响,分析了颗粒物的后续再悬浮过程及对植被的危害。最后,从植被吸附颗粒物的能力测定和评价、本土高吸附PM_2.5能力植被的筛选及综合研究不同植被配置结构的吸附效应等方面提出了植被吸附颗粒污染物,尤其是细颗粒物的研究重点与趋势。     

北京常见阔叶绿化植物滞留PM2.5能力与叶面微结构的关系

叶片是植物滞留大气颗粒物的主要载体,对城市环境质量的改善发挥着巨大作用。该文用洗脱法测定了北京市20种常见阔叶绿化植物单位叶面积滞留总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)及PM2.5(颗粒直径≤2.5μm)的质量,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了叶表面的微结构,分析比较了20种道路绿化植物叶片去除TSP与PM2.5的能力,以探讨典型植物叶表面微结构特征对大气颗粒物拦截效果的影响机理。结果显示:(1)不同植物单位叶面积滞留TSP和PM2.5的量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为0.40~3.44g/m2和0.04~0.39g/m2。(2)叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是不同植物滞留TSP和PM2.5差异的主要原因,沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大。(3)气孔密度较大的叶片表面颗粒物滞留量较大。研究表明,灌木与藤本植物单位叶面积对TSP和PM2.5的平均滞留量均大于乔木;叶表面沟槽宽度为5μm左右时对PM2.5滞留量较大;悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)和大叶黄杨(Buxus sinica)单位叶面积滞留TSP与PM2.5量与其他供试植物相比均较大。     

园林植物吸附细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))效应研究进展

园林植物具有显著消减空气颗粒物(PM)污染的作用,能有效地改善城市环境质量。但迄今为止,国内外的大量研究都集中在园林植物对总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)或者粗颗粒物(PM10)的阻滞效应上,植物吸附空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的研究尚处于探索阶段。本文概述了植物叶片吸附空气PM的方式,叶片PM2.5化学物质的转移过程以及植物吸附PM2.5的周期性,探讨了植物叶片对空气不同粒径颗粒物的吸附特征,园林植物吸附空气PM2.5的能力与机制,并从植物吸附PM2.5的测定方法、园林植物吸附PM2.5能力的测定和评价、高吸附PM2.5能力的园林植物筛选、园林植物吸附PM2.5的机制与影响因素等方面提出了园林植物吸附PM2.5的研究重点与趋势,以期为深化植物吸附PM2.5的机制研究及高吸附PM2.5能力的园林植物筛选提供依据。     

北京市11种园林植物滞留大气颗粒物能力研究

测定了北京市11种园林植物叶面颗粒物附着密度,利用环境扫描电镜观察比较了各测试树种叶表面微形态,测量统计了滞留颗粒物的粒径分布.结果表明,植物主要通过叶片上表面滞留大气颗粒物,上表面滞留的大气颗粒物数量约为下表面的5倍;叶片上表面滞留大气颗粒物能力由高到低的微形态结构依次是沟槽>叶脉＋小室 >小室>条状突起,并且结构越密集、深浅差别越大,越有利于滞留大气颗粒物;测试树种叶片上、下表面PM_2.5和PM₁₀平均百分含量分别为66.7％和98.3％与 43.4％和92.9％.     

植物叶表附属物对大气颗粒物滞留及再悬浮的影响研究:以空气凤梨为例

植物叶表附属物是与大气颗粒物最先接触的结构,但现在少有研究表明这些特殊结构是如何影响大气颗粒物的滞留的。因此,本研究以具有典型叶表面附属物-鳞片的植物-空气凤梨维路提拉为实验对象,通过人工去除鳞片,比较鳞片的有无对其叶片滞尘量的影响,并比较了不同时间、不同风力强度条件下其叶片表面所滞留的大气颗粒物再悬浮的比例。结果表明,未去除叶表鳞片的维路提拉的最大滞尘量（23.24±0.11 g·m^-2）和自然滞尘量（10.22±0.92 g·m^-2）均显著高于去除鳞片的植株（P<0.05）。大气颗粒物沉降到叶片表面后,在风力作用下,去除鳞片的空气凤梨植株上超过99.0%的粉尘会被吹起,而未去除鳞片的空气凤梨植株上这一比例仅有28.1%。而且,鳞片去除的越多,大气颗粒物的再悬浮比例越大。以上结果表明维路提拉叶表鳞片对大气颗粒物的作用不仅体现在总滞尘量上,而且体现在大气颗粒物的再悬浮过程中,它会有效降低沉降于叶表面颗粒物的再悬浮,起着促进颗粒物滞留的作用。     

植物叶片吸滞PM_(2.5)等大气颗粒物定量研究方法初探——以毛白杨为例

以毛白杨为例,提出一种利用激光粒度仪和天平定量评估植物叶片吸滞细颗粒物(PM2.5,直径d≤2.5μm)等大气颗粒物能力的方法——洗脱称量粒度分析法(EWPA),实现了对植物叶片吸滞大气颗粒物质量和粒径分布的直接、准确测定,可操作性强.首先,进行预试验对试验方法的稳定性进行检验;其次,通过对叶片进行清洗、离心洗液、烘干等步骤收集其吸滞的颗粒物,然后对颗粒物称量,并采用激光粒度仪测定颗粒物的粒径分布;最后,利用叶面积和林分叶面积指数数据换算得到单位面积叶片和林分的各径级颗粒物吸滞量.在北京市奥林匹克森林公园内一片毛白杨林分(27 d未经历降雨)中应用该法,测得毛白杨叶片吸滞大气颗粒物的粒径均值为17.8μm,吸滞PM2.5、可吸入颗粒物(PM10,d≤10μm)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP,d≤100μm)的体积百分比分别为13.7%、47.2%和99.9%;叶片的PM2.5、PM10、TSP和总颗粒物吸滞量分别为8.88×10-6、30.6×10-6、64.7×10-6和64.8×10-6g·cm-2;林分的PM2.5、PM10、TSP和总颗粒物吸滞量分别为0.963、3.32、7.01和7.02 kg·hm-2.     

植物吸附大气颗粒物的时空变化规律及其影响因素的研究进展

植物可以吸附大气颗粒物,对降低大气颗粒物污染具有重要作用,能有效改善空气质量,植被对颗粒物的吸附功能研究已成为当前城市生态学和环境科学研究的热点。本文从植物叶片吸附大气颗粒物的方式和途径出发,概述了植物叶片对颗粒物的吸附特征及其时空变化规律。以此为基础,从植物叶表面属性、植物种类及其物理属性、植物群落特征等植物内部因素,颗粒物的粒径组成和污染程度等外界环境因素,大风、降水、温湿度等气象因素这些方面来阐述植物对不同粒径颗粒物吸附能力的影响因素。最后,文章指出今后应在植物吸附大气颗粒物的机制、定量化分析以及更加科学系统的测定方法等方面加强研究,以期为能高效吸附颗粒物的植物种类和植物配置方式的选择提供参考依据。     

两种常见绿化树种对大气颗粒物的滞留与再悬浮

植物叶片对大气颗粒物的作用机制可分为吸附、再悬浮、雨水淋洗、吸收等过程,但却少有研究探讨大气颗粒物沉降于叶片表面后的再悬浮过程,并对叶片表面吸附的颗粒物含量与叶片内部元素含量之间的相关性进行探讨.本研究选择二球悬铃木和广玉兰两种常见绿化树种,分析其叶表大气颗粒物和叶内元素成分与含量及再悬浮比例.结果表明: 二球悬铃木叶片的单位面积滞尘量(4.98 g·m^-2)明显高于广玉兰(2.65 g·m^-2),这可能与二球悬铃木叶片上下表面均粗糙、有绒毛有关.电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)分析表明,15种不同的元素均可在二球悬铃木和广玉兰叶表和叶内监测出来,在整体上两树种叶表与叶内元素含量间存在明显的相关性.但仅有Cr、Fe、V等 3种元素在二球悬铃木叶表与叶内间存在显著的相关性,而广玉兰中仅有K、Mn、Si、Ti和Zn 等5种元素没有显著的相关性,说明两树种叶片对不同元素的吸收具有较强的选择性.再悬浮分析表明,无论是随着风速的增加还是随着风力作用时间的延长,大气颗粒物的再悬浮比例均随之显著增加.在研究植物对大气颗粒物滞留效果时,必须考虑到颗粒物的再悬浮,才能准确评估植被与大气颗粒物的沉降关系.     

京津冀地区植物对灰霾空气中PM2.5等细颗粒物吸附能力分析

本研究分析了京津冀地区种植的部分植物对灰霾空气中PM2.5等细颗粒物的吸附能力,结果表明,雾霾严重的冬季冬绿植物凤尾兰吸附细颗粒物质能力最强,单位面积附尘量比大叶黄杨高4.4倍,鲜重比大叶黄杨多吸附近2倍,干重多吸附2.8倍,但是,从叶片数目观察,大叶黄杨的叶片数明显占有优势.进一步探索了植物吸收同化灰霾空气中PM2.5等细颗粒物的分子机制,研究了玉米吸收空气中的氮氧化合物经同化作用合成自身所需物质的相关代谢途径及基因表达情况,发现玉米杂种后代F1与亲本相比有6个基因在吸收NOx后的相关代谢途径中上调,杂种优势育种符合这一定向选择,可以提高植物叶片表面积、提高氮代谢能力,是提高植物对灰霾空气中PM2.5等细颗粒物吸附的有效方法,对降低灰霾空气中对人体毒害大的NOx具有非常重要意义.     

亚热带常绿树种对不同粒径颗粒物的滞留能力

可吸入颗粒物和细颗粒物是大部分城市的首要污染物,对人体健康和环境都有重要影响;而城市植物能吸附大气颗粒物,进而有效降低大气颗粒物浓度。为了深入探究不同树种叶表面特征与自身滞尘效益之间的关系,该研究以浙江省三种常见城市绿化树种(青冈、冬青、红花檵木)为对象,采用重量法提取各样本在3个粒径上(8~100,2.5~8,0.45~2.5μm)的单位叶面积滞尘量(μg·cm~(-2)),并结合叶面积指数估测全株滞尘量。结果表明:三种供试植物叶片对颗粒物平均单位叶面积滞留量在30.4~63.7μg·cm~(-2)之间,而平均单木滞尘量每株在1.36-9.36 g之间。红花檵木因其叶表粗糙、具有绒毛等特征,对颗粒物(0.45~100μm)有最大的吸附能力(63.74±12.0μg·cm~(-2));对于大颗粒物(8~100μm)和细颗粒物(0.45~2.5μm),三种植物叶片均对其分别具有最大(40.9%~57.5%)、最小(15.6%~20.6%)的吸附能力;对于单木滞尘量,青冈因其具有较大叶面积指数等特征,对颗粒物总吸附效果更佳(每株9.36g)。该研究结果表明城市绿化树种对减缓大气颗粒物污染起到重要作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.