AM真菌对蜈蚣草根围土壤砷形态及其砷吸收的影响

为探明AM真菌对蜈蚣草Pteris vittata根围土壤砷形态及其吸收砷的效应,采用盆栽实验,接种摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum(Ce)和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Gv)。实验结果表明:接种Ce处理对蜈蚣草根围p H影响不显著,但提高了根围土壤中非专性吸附态砷、结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态砷比例,分别达35%和13%,同时降低了无定形和弱结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态砷、残渣态砷比例,分别达3%和11%。蜈蚣草生物量及其体内砷浓度分别提高了111%和15%。研究表明接种Fm或Ce处理相比接种Gv处理对提高根围土壤中弱吸附态砷比例或降低较强吸附态砷比例的效果更好。而与接种Fm和Gv处理相比,接种Ce处理对提高蜈蚣草生物量及砷浓度、砷累积量的效果更显著。接种Ce可显著提高蜈蚣草对砷的提取效率,研究结果为蜈蚣草-AM真菌联合修复As污染土壤提供了技术指导。     

EFFECTS OF AM FUNGI AND WATER STRESS ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF ARTEMISIA ORDOSICA IN DIFFERENT SOILS

 利用两种不同土壤研究了水分胁迫和接种AM真菌(摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根际土著AM真菌)对毛乌素沙地重要演替物种油蒿生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明, 两种土壤中水分胁迫没有显著影响油蒿的植株形态和含水量, 但严重抑制了菌根侵染率。水分胁迫促使油蒿提高叶片保水能力, 抑制N、P在地上部的分配。在胁迫前期SOD活性较高, 而POD活性在后期较高。同一水分条件下接种AM真菌显著提高了AM真菌侵染率, 土壤中孢子数显著增多, 提高了植株分枝数并促进侧根发育, 显著提高根冠比和植株保水能力, 加强了根系对全磷、全氮的吸收。接种AM真菌的植株可溶性糖和丙二醛含量较低, 可溶性蛋白含量无显著变化, SOD和POD活性提高, 油蒿抗旱性加强。水分胁迫下在不同土壤中接种不同AM真菌对油蒿的促进效应差异较大, 接种土著AM真菌的效果优于摩西球囊霉单一接种。干旱导致菌根侵染率下降是宿主植物吸水能力下降的原因之一, 在植物生长前期接种AM真菌可以增强植物抵抗生长中后期环境干旱的能力。     

四川遂宁地区石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌

调查了四川遂宁地区磨溪油田石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源和菌根发育状况。结果表明:调查的14种植物中13种能形成AM,占93%,共分离出AM真菌19种,隶属球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和原囊霉属(Archeospora),其中球囊霉属为该地区优势属,缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)为优势种;植物根际土壤孢子密度在39~548个.100g-1土,平均为197个.100g-1土;菌根侵染率为17%~69%,菌根侵染强度为2%~24%,表明石油污染区植物具有较强的菌根依赖性。相关性分析表明,石油污染浓度与孢子密度呈显著负相关,与菌根侵染率及侵染强度无相关性。寄主植物一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和艾蒿(Artemisia argyi)在石油污染浓度为11450和14950mg.kg-1时侵染率仍高达69%和47%,可能是抗石油胁迫的优势植物。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对沙打旺生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种AM真菌对优良牧草和固沙植物沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)生长和抗旱性的影响。在土壤相对含水量为70%、50%和30%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和沙打旺根际土著菌,不接种处理作为对照。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了沙打旺植株(无论接种AM真菌与否)的株高、分枝数、地上部干重和地下部干重,并显著提高了土著AM真菌的侵染率,对摩西球囊霉的侵染率无显著影响。接种AM真菌可以促进沙打旺生长和提高植株抗旱性,但促进效应因土壤含水量和菌种不同而存在差异。不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株菌根侵染率、根系活力、地下部全N含量和叶片CAT活性。土壤相对含水量为30%和50%时,接种株地上部全N、叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和POD活性显著高于未接种株;接种AM真菌显著降低了叶片MDA含量;接种土著AM真菌的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。土壤相对含水量为30%时,接种AM真菌显著增加了地上部全P含量和叶片相对含水量;接种摩西球囊霉的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。水分胁迫40d,接种AM真菌显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量。水分胁迫80d,接种株叶片SOD活性显著增加。菌根依赖性随水分胁迫程度增加而提高。沙打旺根际土著菌接种效果优于摩西球囊霉。水分胁迫和AM真菌的交互作用对分枝数、菌根侵染率、叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部全N和全P、地下部全N和根系活力有极显著影响,对叶片丙二醛和地下部全P有显著影响。AM真菌促进根系对土壤水分和矿质营养的吸收,改善植物生理代谢活动,从而提高沙打旺抗旱性,促进其生长。试验结果为筛选优良抗旱菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进荒漠植物生长和植被恢复提供了依据。     

分根培养系统中AM真菌抑制大豆胞囊线虫病的效应

在分根培养系统中将大豆(Glycine max Merrill)幼苗接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、幼套球囊霉(G.etunicatum)或/和大豆胞囊线虫(SCN,Heterodera glycines)后,定期测定大豆根系中AM真菌及线虫侵染率、病情指数、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,将大豆胞囊线虫与AM真菌接种于分根培养系统同一室或分别接种于不同室,AM真菌均能显著降低大豆病情指数和线虫侵染速率,且将二者接种同一室处理的效果大于不同室处理;与只接种SCN的处理相比,接种摩西球囊霉和幼套球囊霉3周后在同室接种SCN处理的根围土壤中胞囊数、根上胞囊数和根内线虫数分别降低了47.4%、58.9%、46.6%和50.5%、67.0%、57.5%,表明AM真菌能显著抑制线虫的发育;摩西球囊霉和幼套球囊霉在一定时间段内诱导了大豆根系过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶的活性。摩西球囊霉和幼套球囊霉能够诱导大豆植株抵抗大豆胞囊线虫的侵染,既能在同一室的根围局部与SCN竞争侵染位点,又能对不同室的根系诱导产生防御性酶,推测摩西球囊霉和幼套球囊霉拮抗SCN的效应既是局部的,也是系统性的。     

西藏高原天然长芒草地丛枝菌根真菌接种效应

采用草地均匀打孔方法,就草地土壤未消毒条件下接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的侵染效应以及对植物生长、吸磷效率、土壤微生物区系等的影响进行研究.结果表明,1)接种处理、不接种处理的菌根效应存在着明显的差异,多数接种处理根围土壤AM真菌孢子密度、菌根侵染率和侵染强度显著提高,但对丛枝丰度的影响相对较低.2)接种后AM真菌孢子密度对菌根侵染率具有极显著影响(r=0.7679**);随菌根侵染率的增加,植株总干物重和吸磷总量均呈极显著提高,r值分别为0.7556**、0.8018**.3)与植株地上部相比,接种AM真菌对提高根系干物重、根系吸磷量和含磷量的促进作用相对较大.4)多数接种处理根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈一定程度的提高,根际土壤细菌数量显著增加,真菌、放线菌的数量变化则不甚明显.5)各接种处理对寄主植物的综合侵染效应在总体上呈Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Scutellospora calospora＞G. mosseae+G. aggregatum＞Glomus sp.＞G. mosseae＞G. mosseae+ G. etunicatum+G. intraradices+S. erythropa＞G. geosporum的趋势.     

两种AM真菌对冬小麦根系锌吸收的影响

无论在温室还是在大田条件下,菌根(AM)真菌均能够侵染冬小麦,但其对冬小麦锌(Zn)吸收的效应及机制尚不明确。本研究将摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae和根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices分别接种于冬小麦Triticum aestivum(品种:小偃22)根围,10周后分别利用菌根化幼苗进行短期(0–90min)Zn吸收动力学试验和长期(0–210min)Zn吸收积累试验,并研究AM真菌侵染对冬小麦根系形态特征的影响。结果表明,AM真菌通过增加根系长度和根尖数量来扩大冬小麦根系Zn吸收的有效面积、Zn最大吸收速度V_(max)和Zn~(2+)流入根系的速度α,进而促进冬小麦根系对Zn的吸收。接种摩西管柄囊霉降低了K_m值而接种根内根孢囊霉增加了K_m值,这可能与不同AM真菌对冬小麦根系形态影响及对Zn转运蛋白基因表达的影响存在差异有关。     

黄檗根围丛枝菌根（AM）真菌的分离与分子鉴定

从东北林业大学林场采集黄檗Phellodendron amurense根系及根围土壤,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对分离得到的丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌孢子进行了分类鉴定。依据AM真菌孢子形态特征鉴定出黄檗根围土壤中存在4种AM真菌:根内球囊霉Glomus intraradices,摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae,美丽盾孢囊霉Scutellospora calospora和变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme,而应用nested-PCR技术从黄檗根内只检测到了G.intraradices,G.mosseae和Scu.calospora,表明G.versiforme未侵染黄檗根系。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了水分胁迫条件下AM真菌对柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)生长和抗旱性的影响.在土壤相对含水量为80%、60%和40%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和柠条锦鸡儿根际土著菌,结果表明,水分胁迫对AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响.不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了宿主植物根系菌根侵染率.土壤相对含水量为40%～60%时,接种株的株高、茎粗、生物干重和叶片保水力明显高于不接种株;接种AM真菌提高了植株对土壤有效N和有效P的利用率,增加了植株全P、叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量以及SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性.土壤相对含水量为40%时,叶片MDA含量明显下降.水分胁迫条件下,以接种柠条锦鸡儿根际土著菌的效果最佳.AM真菌增强宿主植物的抗旱性可能源于促进宿主植物根系对土壤水分和矿质元素吸收的直接作用和改善植物体内生理代谢活动、提高保护酶活性的间接作用.     

磷有效性对大豆菌根侵染的调控及其与根构型、磷效率的关系

以30个不同根构型的大豆基因型为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了生长介质磷有效性对大豆接种摩西球囊霉属丛枝菌根真菌的影响及其与根构型、磷效率的关系.结果表明：生长介质磷有效性显著地影响大豆菌根真菌的接种效果.低磷条件下接种菌根真菌效果明显,菌根侵染率较高,菌根对大豆磷吸收的贡献率较大;高磷条件下接种菌根真菌效果不显著,菌根侵染率较低,菌根对大豆磷吸收的贡献率较低.磷有效性和大豆根构型对菌根真菌接种的影响具有交互作用.低磷条件下,中间型和深根型大豆的菌根侵染率最高,浅根型最小.高磷条件下,根构型与菌根侵染率间的关系不明显.根构型和菌根侵染状况对大豆磷效率的贡献存在互利互补关系,磷效率高的大豆基因型一般具有较好的根构型或较高的菌根侵染率.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various