小蓬草地上部分精油的活性组分

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对水蒸气蒸馏提取小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)地上部分精油的挥发性组分进行了分析,匹配度74以上的活性组分有柠檬烯、α-佛手柑油烯、顺式-β-麝子油烯等萜类化合物,反式-对-薄荷-2,8-二烯醇、顺式-对-薄荷-2,8-二烯-1-醇、香芹醇、反式香芹醇等醇类化合物,s-香芹酮等酮类化合物。通过纸上种子发芽的生物测定试验,结果表明小蓬草地上部分精油对受体植物油菜种子萌发具有抑制作用,且具有50%抑制作用的丙酮溶液的适宜浓度IC50为0.6 mg/mL。     

中国特有植物银杉叶精油成分的研究

本文用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用仪,分离了银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)叶精油主要成分26个,鉴定了19个化合物,并测定了含量。其中主要成分有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-龙脑烯醛、反式-松香芹醇、桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烯酮和石竹烯氧化物等。     

资源冷杉与元宝山冷杉针叶精油成分的比较

为比较极小种群野生植物资源冷杉(Abies ziyuanensis)和元宝山冷杉(A. yuanbaoshanensis)针叶精油化学组成成分,该文利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油,采用GC-MS分析确定其精油化学物质成分,并基于峰面积归一化法计算各组分相对含量。结果表明:分别从资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中鉴定出化学物质21种和22种,其中15种为两种冷杉共有成分;烯烃类物质是资源冷杉和元宝山冷杉针叶精油中含量最高的组分,占比分别为95.94%和95.02%。两种冷杉共有成分中β-蒎烯、1-石竹烯、莰烯、α-石竹烯和异松油烯具有较大开发利用价值;非共有成分方面,资源冷杉中α-松油醇和α-蒎烯以及元宝山冷杉中α-依兰油烯和叶醇均具有较大开发利用价值。以上结果为开发利用两种冷杉针叶精油提供了理论依据。     

不同品种荔枝对荔枝蒂蛀虫引诱活性成分的研究

首次采用顶空单滴液相微萃取(HS-SDME)结合气质联用(GC-MS)法,对比分析对荔枝蒂蛀虫具有不同引诱力的4个品种荔枝(妃子笑＞黑叶＞糯米糍＞桂味)成熟果实的果皮、幼果的挥发性物质.结果表明:挥发物组成和含量在不同荔枝品种间、同一品种荔枝不同组织间差异显著.2-乙基-1-己醇、α-姜黄烯、姜烯、β-甜没药烯、β-倍半水芹烯及β-杜松烯等6个物质主要存在于易感虫荔枝品种中,(E)-β-金合欢烯与(Z)-β-金合欢烯只存在于妃子笑成熟果实的果皮中,故初步推测这8个化合物按照一定比例复配组合后的混合物,可能是荔枝吸引荔枝蒂蛀虫的活性物质.     

三花枪刀药中萜类和甾体成分研究

采用正相硅胶和Sephadex LH-20等柱层析及半制备HPLC色谱法,从三花枪刀药的95%乙醇提取物中分离到15个化合物,运用现代波谱技术分别鉴定为6-羟基-9,13环大柱烷-4,9(13)-二烯-3-酮(1)、3β-羟基-β-紫罗酮(2)、3α-羟基-大柱烷-4,7E二烯-9-酮(3)、3α-羟基-5α,6α-环氧-7E-大柱烷-7-烯-9-酮(4)、黑麦草内酯(5)、pisiferadinol(6)、24-methylenecycloartanol(7)、α-香树脂醇(8)、3β-羟基-乌苏烷-11-烯-28,13β-内酯(9)、羽扇豆醇(10)、achilleol A(11)、6β-甲氧基麦角甾烷-7,22E-二烯-3β,5α-二醇(12)、6β-乙氧基麦角甾烷-7,22E-二烯-3β,5α-二醇(13)、豆甾烷-4-烯-3,6-二酮(14)、豆甾烷-4,22E-二烯-3,6-二酮(15)。化合物1为新天然产物,化合物2~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。化合物6、12、15对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-468、人胃癌AGS、人结肠癌HCT116、人宫颈癌Hela和人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231肿瘤细胞株具有显著的细胞毒活性。     

不同采收期栽培宽叶羌活挥发性成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同采收时间(5、6、7、8和9月)栽培宽叶羌活药材中的挥发油,测定其含量;通过GC-MS对挥发油成分进行了分析鉴定,并采用面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。实验结果表明,不同采收时间,栽培宽叶羌活挥发油含量存在差异,以8月份采收的药材挥发油含量最高;挥发油经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出39个化合物,有31种共有成分;对共有组分进行主成分分析显示,香桧烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯、乙酸龙脑酯、α-红没药醇等15种成分可作为挥发油季节变化的特征组分。不同季节采集的羌活生药材,其挥发油含量和成分具有一定的差别,在一定程度上反映了其药用价值的微妙差异,可为羌活药材药理药用价值的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

构棘根木心化学成分研究

为研究传统中药构棘(穿破石)木心化学成分,采用柱色谱从中药材构棘木心中分离出10个化合物,分别鉴定为:4-(乙氧基甲基)苯酚(1)、(13α,14β,17α,20R)-7,24-二烯-3-乙酰酯羊毛甾烷(2)、(13α,14β,17α,20R)-7,24-二烯-3-羟基羊毛甾烷(3)、谷甾醇(4)、山萘酚(5)、香橙素(6)、桑色素(7)、槲皮素(8)、山萘酚-7-O-葡萄糖苷(9),槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(10)。其中化合物1为首次从桑科发现,化合物2～4首次从该植物中分离得到。     

细毛樟精油的化学成分研究

本文用气相色谱、气相色谱/质谱/计算机、红外光谱等方法研究细毛樟叶油的化学成分。在已分析的16个成分中鉴定了其中的12个化合物,占总含量的99.94%。它们是:3-已烯醇-1,罗勒烯,L-芳樟醇,香叶醇,α-胡椒烯,β-丁香烯,t-β-金合欢烯,α-葎草烯,δ-杜松烯,(Z)-α-金合欢烯,二苯胺,金合欢醇。其中芳樟醇的含量高达97.51%。     

树兰花精油化学成分的研究

用气相色谱、薄层色谱、红外光谱、紫外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱等,结合系统分离对国产漳州树兰花精油、福州树兰花精油和重庆树兰花精油成分进行了研究,分离并鉴定了正十一烷、芳樟醇、癸醛、胡椒烯、β-丁香烯、α-蛇麻烯、β-榄香烯、β-芹子烯、蛇麻二烯酮、蛇麻烯环氧物 I.十三酸甲酯、β-蛇麻烯-7-醇、蛇麻醇乙酸酯、杜松脑、正十七烷、深谷醇乙酸酯、正十八烷、正十九烷、正二十烷、正二十一烷、正二十二烷等21种成分,其中β-蛇麻烯-7-醇代表优美树兰花香。另外,还测定了漳州、福州和重庆等不同地区树兰花精油各化学成分的含量。     

白兰花精油化学成分初步研究

白兰花经水汽蒸馏得一淡黄色油状液体(出油率为0.24%)。我们应用色谱/质谱/计算机联用的分析方法,共鉴定出白兰花精油的24个化学成分,即2—甲基丁酸甲酯(methyl 2-methyl-butyrate),樟脑烯(camphene),β-蒎烯(β-pinene),α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene),β-香叶烯(β-myrcene),柠檬烯(limonene),1,8-桉叶油素(1,8-cineole),罗勒烯(ocimene),蒈烯-3(△~3-carene),邻—聚伞花素(o-cymene),α-毕拔烯(α-cubebene),顺式—氧化芳樟醇(cis-linalool oxide),α-依兰烯(α-ylangene),反式—氧化芳樟醇(trans-linalool oxide),β-毕拔烯(β-cubebene),芳樟醇(linalool),顺式—丁香烯(cis-caryophyllene),β-芹子烯(β-selinene),δ-杜松烯(δ-cadinene),反式—葛缕醇(trans-carveol),丁香酚甲醚(methyl eagenol),β-甜没药烯(β-bisabolene),异丁香酚甲醚(methyl isoeugenol),异土清木香烯(isoaristolene)。     

不同光质对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

光质可影响植物光合特性、形态以及生理过程。本试验研究了不同光质(白光W、红光R、红蓝混合光RB、蓝光B)对桑树植株生长、形态和光合作用的影响。结果表明:与白光对照相比,红光、蓝光和红蓝混合光处理下植株的生长、干物质积累受到抑制;红光处理下植株的株高、叶面积显著高于白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理;而白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的LMA、叶绿素a/b比值、可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖、淀粉含量和叶片总N含量显著高于红光处理;红蓝混合光处理下植株的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ与白光处理相近,红光、蓝光处理下植株的Pn、ΦPSⅡ低于白光、红蓝混合光处理,同时红光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的抗氧化酶活性高于白光处理,而MDA含量低于白光处理;红光处理下植株的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度显著小于白光处理。因此,一定比例的红蓝混合光可以使桑树植株的生长、光合特性、生理特征和叶片解剖结构与白光下生长植株相近,并减少单质红光、单质蓝光对植株生长发育的不利影响。     

Developmental expression of stress response genes in Theobroma cacao leaves and their response to Nep1 treatment and a compatible infection by Phytophthora megakarya.

Developmental expression of stress response genes in Theobroma cacao leaves and their response to Nep1 and a compatible infection by Phytophthora megakarya were studied. Ten genes were selected to represent genes involved in defense (TcCaf-1, TcGlu1,3, TcChiB, TcCou-1, and TcPer-1), gene regulation (TcWRKY-1 and TcORFX-1), cell wall development (TcCou-1, TcPer-1, and TcGlu-1), or energy production (TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS). Leaf development was separated into unexpanded (UE), young red (YR), immature green (IG), and mature green (MG). Our data indicates that the constitutive defense mechanisms used by cacao leaves differ between different developmental stages. TcWRKY-1 and TcChiB were highly expressed in MG leaves, and TcPer-1, TcGlu-1, and TcCou-1 were highly expressed in YR leaves. TcGlu1,3 was highly expressed in UE and YR leaves, TcCaf-1 was highly expressed in UE leaves, and TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS were highly expressed in IG and MG leaves. NEP1 encodes the necrosis inducing protein Nep1 produced by Fusarium oxysporum and has orthologs in Phytophthora species. Nep1 caused cellular necrosis on MG leaves and young pods within 24 h of application. Necrosis was observed on YR leaves 10 days after treatment. Expression of TcWRKY-1, TcORFX-1, TcPer-1, and TcGlu-1 was enhanced and TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS were repressed in MG leaves after Nep1 treatment. Expression of TcWRKY-1 and TcORFX-1 was enhanced in YR leaves after Nep1 treatment. Infection of MG leaf disks by P. megakarya zoospores enhanced expression of TcGlu-1, TcWRKY-1, and TcPer-1 and repressed expression of TcChiB, TcLhca-1 and TcrbcS. Five of the six genes that were responsive to Nep1 were responsive to infection by P. megakarya. Susceptibility of T. cacao to P. megakarya includes altered plant gene expression and phytotoxic molecules like Nep1 may contribute to susceptibility.     

小麦条锈病罹病植株对水分胁迫的响应

水分胁迫时,小麦条锈病病叶的叶片扩散阻力(LDR)明显增大,蒸腾速率(Tp)、相对含水量(RWC)、水势(ψw)、渗透势(ψπ)和压力势(ψp)明显降低。亲和与不亲和性反应寄主病叶对水分胁迫的反应明显不同。亲和性反应寄主叶片在水分胁迫时表现出较低的反应型,产孢期推迟;Tp、LDR、RWC、ψw、ψp和ψπ在产孢前轻微下降或升高;在开始产孢后病叶Tp急剧升高,LDR、Tp、RWC、ψw、ψπ和ψp大幅降低,在健叶尚可有效控制水分蒸腾散失时病叶已丧失了这种能力。不亲和性反应寄主病叶的蒸腾作用在显症期亦有轻微变化,但之后病叶Tp、LDR、RWC和ψw渐趋健叶水平,并保持了较健叶更低的ψπ和更高的ψw,具备了更强的水分调控能力。病株健叶与病叶具有相似的气孔行为。     

辽西北风沙地区不同无性系桑树抗旱性

为选育适合辽西北风沙地区生长的优良桑树品种,以沈阳农业大学选育的"沈桑1号"(SS)、辽宁省阜新市彰武县优株(ZW)、吉林省通化市集安县桑树优株(JS)3种优质桑树无性系以及东北主栽品种"龙桑1号"(LS)为试验材料,通过测定不同无性系桑树在干旱胁迫下的叶片光合色素含量、光响应曲线、不同光强对气体交换参数的影响以及光系...     

Lipid Compositions of Photomixotrophic Green Calluses and Chlorophyll Deficient Leaves of Tobacco

Among photomixotrophic green calluses tested (N. rustica. N. tobacum L. cv. BY-4 and Samsun), the callus of Samsun had the highest contents of chlorophyll and chloroplast lipids, such as monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDG), digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldigly-ceride (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). However, the chlorophyll and chloroplast lipids in the green callus of Samsun were still 1/6 and 1/3 of that in the parent leaves, respectively. The relative content of a-linolenate in MGDG, DGDG and SQDG of the green calluses were higher than that of the white calluses. The ratios of hexadecatrienoate in MGDG and hexadeceno-ate (Δ³-trans) in PG in the green calluses were trace or less compared with that of the parent leaves. The crude lipids and total fatty acid contents of the chlorophyll deficient leaves (N. taba-cum L. cv. Consolation 402 and Dominant Aurea Su/su) were almost the same as those of the normal leaves (cv. BY-4 and Samsun), although the chlorophyll contents of the chlorophyll deficient leaves were 1/3 ~ 1/4 of that of the normal leaves. The ratios of chloroplast lipids in the total polar lipids in the chlorophyll deficient leaves were a little lower than that in the normal green leaves, but the former had a slightly higher ratio of phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine than the latter. There were few differences in the fatty acid compositions of each individual lipid betweeen both types of leaves.     

南亚热带人工林16种木本植物重要叶特征参数的相互关系

以南亚热带退化丘陵生态恢复进程中16种3 a生木本植物为对象,研究叶片重要特征参数间的相互关系.结果表明,植物叶片的N、P含量平均值低于全国平均值,N:P平均值则高于全国的平均水平;成熟叶片的N和P含量之间有极显著正相关关系(P<0.00001),N:P与N有弱的正相关关系(r=0.322,P<0.01),与P显著负相关,推断植物叶N:P主要由P决定(r=0/639,P<0.00001).含N量高的植物具有高的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光合N利用效率(PNOE)和低的比叶重(LMA),反之,含N量低植物具有低的Pmax、PNUE和高的LMA;Pmax与PNUE极显著正相关,LMA与PNUE极显著负相关.     

管氏肿腿蜂雌性抚育中幼虫转移行为的启动和节律

为深入理解肿腿蜂雌性抚育的行为学特征, 在室内连续观察了雌性管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani对子代幼虫的转移行为, 旨在明确雌蜂在子代蜂幼虫发育到哪一阶段时启动转移行为, 以及幼虫转移行为是否有节律。以黄粉虫Tenebrio militor蛹期在24 h内的蛹体为寄主, 根据子代蜂幼虫发育进程将其划分为低龄幼虫（1-2龄）、 高龄幼虫（3-4龄）、 老熟幼虫(自然脱落)和吐丝幼虫（开始吐丝结茧）等4个时期, 采取人工剥离（早期幼虫）或自然脱离（晚期幼虫）的方法处理子代蜂幼虫, 观察雌蜂对所表现出的行为反应; 然后以子代蜂高龄幼虫为对象, 连续观察雌蜂的30次幼虫转移行为过程。结果表明： 雌蜂对所有发育时期子代蜂幼虫均用触角拍打进行探测; 但不转移低龄幼虫, 只转移其他阶段幼虫, 转移老熟幼虫和吐丝幼虫的瞬间概率分别是转移高龄幼虫的4.09倍和7.69倍。雌蜂转移高龄、 老熟和吐丝幼虫的比例分别为96%, 100%和100%, 没有显著差异（P≥0.05）; 对高龄幼虫、 老熟幼虫和吐丝幼虫转移耗时平均分别为27.96, 34.04和32.49 s, 没有显著差异（P≥0.05）; 平均转移距离依次为4.19, 7.18和 9.43 mm, 对吐丝幼虫的转移距离显著大于高龄幼虫（P<0.05）, 但在高龄和老熟幼虫之间没有显著差异（P≥0.05）。对雌蜂连续30次幼虫转移行为的趋势和节律分析表明： 幼虫转移前探测的幼虫数总体上随幼虫转移次序增加而减少, 在间隔1次和2次之间存在显著自相关, 幼虫转移耗时在间隔1次之间存在显著自相关, 但幼虫转移距离未表现出明显的节律。本研究结果说明, 管氏肿腿蜂雌性抚育中的幼虫转移行为只在子代蜂幼虫发育到较高龄期时启动, 且幼虫转移中的某些行为特征具有节律性。     

Effect of paclobutrazol on water stress-induced ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine accumulation in apple seedling leaves

Ethylene biosynthesis and polyamine content were determined in [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol] (paclobutrazol) pre-treated and non-treated water-stressed apple seedling leaves. Paclobutrazol reduced water loss, and decreased endogenous putrescine spermidine content. Gibberellic acid (GA) counteracted the inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on polyamine content. Paclobutrazol also prevented accumulation of water stress-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), ethylene production and polyamines in apple leaves. α-Difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), but not α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), inhibited the rise of putrescine and spermidine in stressed leaves. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) was maintained at a steady state level even when ethylene and the polyamines were actively synthesized in stressed apple seedling leaves. The conversion of ACC to ethylene did not appear to be affected by paclobutrazol treatment.     

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in Anzali wetland,Iran, using a submerged aquatic plant,Ceratophyllum demersum

The objective of this study in 2009 was to examine whether levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) were higher in the leaves than in the stems of a submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum in Anzali wetland. Cadmium, Pb and Cr concentrations were highest in the leaves. The mean concentrations of Cd and Cr in the leaves at all the sampling sites ranged between 0.94–1.26 μg g^?1 and 1.03–2.71 μg g^?1, respectively. Lead also had its highest concentrations in the leaves. The mean concentration of Pb in the leaves at all sampling sites ranged between 7.49–11.88 μg g^?1. Copper and Zn concentrations were highest in the stems. The mean concentrations of Cu and Zn in the stems at all sampling sites ranged between 10.79–17.91 μg g^?1 and 19.89–40.01 μg g^?1, respectively. Cadmium and Pb concentrations were higher in the leaves than in the stems, while Zn concentration was higher in the stems than in the leaves. Accumulation of Cu and Cr in the organs of C. demersum was in descending order of leaf ～ stem, since there was no significant difference between their mean concentrations in the leaves and stems.     

扁桃叶挥发油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),首次对扁桃叶挥发油的化学成分进行分析,并用气相色谱面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量.共鉴定出其中的38种化合物,占挥发油总量的94.52%,其主要成分为:大根香叶烯(18.33%),喇叭醇(9.46%),石竹烯(9.04%),δ-杜松烯(5.73%),...