蒲河水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应

河流水质空间变化特征是流域生态系统健康评价的关键指标,是地形、地貌、气候、水文等自然环境因素及综合反映人类活动强度的土地利用方式对流域生态环境的复合作用,研究河流水质空间异质性特征及其对流域土地利用方式的响应关系对流域生态管理具有十分重要的指导意义,然而水质空间异质性特征及其对土地利用方式的响应机制研究仍不清楚。本文以辽河流域支流蒲河子流域为研究对象,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析蒲河流域水质指标TN、TP、NH4+-N、CODcr、pH、DO和TDS空间变异特征,探讨流域不同土地利用方式对水质空间变化的影响。结果表明:蒲河流域水质指标NH4+-N、DO和TDS受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强空间变异性;TP、CODcr和pH的空间异质性较弱,主要由随机性因素引起;TN受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱空间变异特征;TN和NH4+-N含量与林地所占比例呈显著负相关,与耕地和建设用地所占比例呈显著正相关;pH和DO与水域面积和未利用地所占比例呈负相关;表明蒲河流域TN和NH4+-N空间异质性的主导因素为林地、耕地和建设用地等土地利用类型,pH和DO空间异质性的主导因素为水域和未利用地土地利用类型,该研究可为流域水环境管理提供数据支持。     

基于GIS的秦岭山区聚落用地适宜性评价

利用自然地理、生态和社会经济方面共14个因子构建秦岭山区聚落建设用地适宜性评价指标体系,采用AHP法确定各评价因子的权重,在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)技术支持下,利用适宜性评价模型定量评价聚落建设用地适宜性,将聚落建设用地适宜性分为五个等级,并结合已建设区进行空缺分析。结果表明:(1)秦岭山区最适宜聚落用地面积为3378.1 km2,占研究区总面积的5.87%,说明秦岭山区适宜聚落开发的土地相对较少。(2)最适宜聚落用地集中在秦岭北、南坡山麓和东部的山间河谷地带,山地型特征明显。(3)有9.15%已建成区分布在限制建设区内,存在生态安全风险。(4)可用适宜聚落建设用地为3192.27 km2,空间分布不平衡。研究结果可为该区域城镇体系布局与用地规模的核算提供科学依据。     

小流域土地利用景观格局对水质的影响

运用GIS技术及SPSS统计分析的方法, 探讨了芦山县清源河流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响, 并分析了丰水期、平水期和枯水期土地景观格局与河流水质的关系。结果表明: (1)林地、湿地和草地与河流水质呈显著负相关; 耕地和建设用地以及LC与河流水质呈显著正相关; (2)景观格局指数PD、FN和SHDI与河流水质呈显著正相关; LPI和CONTAG与河流水质呈显著负相关; (3)总体分析看出枯水期土地景观格局对河流水质的影响较丰水期更为显著, 丰水期下游区域(4#、5#和6#区域)土地景观格局对河流水质影响比上游区域(1#、2#和3#区域)大。     

城市湿地小流域尺度景观空间分异及其对水体质量的影响——以南京市紫金山东郊典型湿地为例

综合利用遥感、GIS技术、景观生态和实验分析方法,选择南京市紫金山东郊17个典型湿地,在2008年3月至2009年3月期间进行野外湿地水体水质监测。以每个湿地所在的小流域为景观单元,通过SPSS系统聚类分析将17个小流域划分3类,揭示城市化影响区域小流域土地利用特征及其对湿地水体质量影响,结果表明:(1)城市土地利用对湿地水质影响显著。以林地斑块为主要景观类型的小流域水质比以草地斑块为主的小流域水质好,林地面积越大,湿地水质越好;(2)通过引入增强斑块指数ZQI、削减斑块指数XJI、及增强-削减斑块对比指数R_ZXI,进一步揭示小流域内景观格局与水质之间的相关关系。研究表明,当R_ZXI小于-1时,随着R_ZXI的增加,一些易流失营养型污染物质TN、CODMn呈下降趋势,而当其大于-1呈上升趋势;一些易沉积营养物质如TP则表现出相反变化趋势;(3)小流域内各景观斑块空间上分布越均匀,湿地水体中的易流失营养型污染物质表现出下降趋势,而易沉积型营养物质则表现出上升的趋势。     

基于空间扩张互侵过程的土地生态安全动态评价——以(中国)苏锡常地区为例

从景观单元水平过程出发,通过采用生态用地和建设用地两种不同源空间扩张互侵过程的方法,提出了以分区形式的土地生态安全动态评价方法。以快速城市化苏锡常地区为研究区域,分别以生态系统服务价值高的水域和林地及建设用地现状为扩张源,生态系统服务价值和生态风险值为阻力赋值依据,在模拟不同生态安全格局水平和城市发展模式的基础上测算互侵结果并进行区划。结果表明:1)不同城市发展模式下建设用地空间扩张随生态用地从底线到满意到理想水平变化呈空间集聚收敛趋势;生态用地呈似圈层状空间集聚趋势。2)城市发展模式对土地生态安全水平具有显著影响;高等级源优先发展模式下土地资源利用更集约。3)将研究区划分为生态核心区(面积占比35.27%)、生态安全区(29.07%)、缓冲区(7.76%)及建设区(27.90%),提出相应土地用途管制措施。探讨了新方法不足和未来研究方向。     

苏锡常地区聚落粒级结构特征及其演化

利用1987、1993、1999、2005和2010年的Landsat遥感影像,提取江苏苏锡常地区3个地级市及9个县级市行政单元的聚落用地,并将聚落斑块按＜5、5 ～ 20、20～80、80～320、320 ～1280、1280 ～5120、5120 ～ 20480和≥20480 hm2分为8个粒级,对各行政单元聚落粒级结构特征及其演化过程进行了比较.结果表明:1987-2010年,研究区聚落总体规模增长了约5倍,但不同区域聚落规模的变化过程存在一定的节律性差异;期间各单元聚落粒级数增长了1～2级,最低粒级聚落斑块的面积占比大幅减小,最高粒级聚落的面积占比逐渐增大;在地级市单元及部分县级市单元中,出现次高粒级面积占比较小甚至缺失现象;地级市单元聚落粒级结构的均衡度持续下降,而多数县级市单元聚落粒级结构的均衡度上升.比较均衡分布型与非均衡分布型行政单元的区位条件及单元内景观资源格局特征发现,域内资源分布格局应是影响聚落粒级结构特征及其演化趋势的重要原因.     

土地利用方式和社会经济对大伙房水库上游河流水质空间异质性的影响

根据2012 年8-9 月大伙房水库上游河流水体采样数据, 利用GIS 技术和地统计学方法, 分析了水质指标TN、TP、NH4⁺-N、COD_cr、BOD₅、pH、DO 和硅酸盐的空间变异特征, 并运用冗余分析的方法识别不同土地利用方式和社会经济状况对河流水质的影响。研究结果表明, 大伙房上游河流水质指标在空间分布上存在较大差异, 浑河(清原段)水质状况优于社河和苏子河, 靠近库区及库区周边小支流水质状况变差。TN、TP、NH4⁺-N、BOD₅ 和DO 的结构比大于75%, 说明其空间变化主要由随机性因素引起的, 硅酸盐结构比较小, 说明其受结构性因素影响显著。土地利用和社会经济的影响在大伙房上游水质空间分布占有重要份额, 其中土地利用能解释流域水质变异的16.2%, 具体表现为TN 和NH4⁺-N 含量与草地所占比例呈显著负相关, 与耕地所占比例呈显著正相关。TP、COD_cr、BOD₅、pH和硅酸盐含量与林地所占比例呈显著负相关, 与水域面积、建设用地和未利用地所占比例呈显著正相关。社会经济能解释大伙房上游水质变异的12.1%, 主要表现为水体TN、TP 含量与人均GDP 呈正相关, COD_cr 和BOD₅ 含量与工业比重呈正相关。因此, 合理配置土地类型、调控工业、农业和服务业等产业结构将在流域水生态管理中起到重要作用。     

山东省安丘市生态用地动态变化

利用山东省安丘市4期土地利用数据,通过动态度、转移矩阵及不稳定斑块空间分析等方法,研究了该县域生态用地动态变化特征,以期对该地区新农村建设的可持续发展和生态环境保护提供决策参考。结果表明:1995—2010年安丘市生态用地占市域面积比例由14.04%降低至13.31%,草地、水域减少,林地、未利用地增加,而非生态用地中建设用地持续增加、耕地持续减少。3个时段,不稳定斑块占研究区总面积比重较小,分别为1.39%、2.21%和3.13%;不稳定斑块中生态用地面积及斑块数量所占比例分别为31.09%、43.21%、20.52%和28.24%、34.06%、11.28%。生态用地空间稳定性相对较低,且有下降趋势。Moran指数表明,转入的生态用地呈聚集分布,转入的非生态用地呈离散或随机分布。生态用地与非生态用地的空间动态度持续增加,整体上生态用地朝着规模减小的方向发展,非生态用地朝着规模增大的方向发展。     

太子河流域生境质量及其与社会经济的关系

采用主成分分析(PCA)与熵权相结合的方法,对太子河流域生境质量进行评价,并运用相关分析和冗余分析的方法识别社会经济发展和土地利用方式对生境质量的影响。结果表明:太子河流域生境质量等级为好的河段占4.35%,较好和一般的河段占91.30%,差的河段占2.17%;生境质量等级较好的河段主要位于上游地区,中游地区生境质量一般,下游鞍山段的生境质量较差;流域社会经济发展和土地利用方式是影响生境质量的主要因素,相关分析和冗余分析均显示生境质量与人口密度、人均地区生产总值、第一产业、第二产业,以及与耕地、建设用地面积比例呈显著负相关关系,而与林地面积比例呈显著正相关;社会经济状况和土地利用方式能分别解释流域生境质量特征的45.7%和39.5%;合理配置产业结构、优化土地利用方式可有效地逐步改善太子河流域生境质量。     

佛山市顺德区土地利用变化及社会经济发展对生态系统服务的影响

基于顺德区 1995-2011 年的土地利用详查数据和社会经济统计数据, 分析了全区土地利用变化和社会经济发展对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明 : (1)顺德区的土地利用变化较快, 耕地、水域面积减少, 建设用地、园地面积增加, 林地、草地以及未利用地面积相对稳定; (2)研究期间 , 顺德区的生态服务价值急剧减少, 由 1995 年的 7.68×108 元减少到2011 年的 5.48×108 元, 16 年间减少 2.2×108 元; (3)基于 2000 年不变价分析, 发现人均生态服务价值与人均 GDP 和人口密度间均存在显著的负相关关系 , 相关系数分别为 –0.817 和–0.932; (4)生态服务价值与耕地和水域面积呈显著的正相关关系 , 相关系数分别为 0.667 和 0.881; 与园地、建设用地面积则呈明显的负相关关系 , 相关系数分别为 –0.841 和–0.906。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.