播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响

研究了不同播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响。结果表明 ,随播栽期推迟 ,水稻产量有所降低。每穗成粒数减少是推迟播栽期引起水稻减产的主要原因 ,其次是千粒重的下降和成穗数的降低。针对目前的生产实际 ,提出了一些应对播栽期推迟的技术措施。     

湖南稻螟的发生与水稻品种关系的初步探讨

<正> 影响我省水稻螟虫种群数量消长的因子很多,诸如耕作制度、栽培技术、水稻品种、气候因素、天敌因子以及人为防治等条件不同,常引起年度间和地区性螟虫种群数量上的不同变化。其中作为螟虫食料的水稻,与螟虫种群数量变     

水稻钻蛀性螟虫田间调查及测报技术

长期以来,水稻钻蛀性螟虫都是我国水稻上的重要害虫。近年来,随着水稻栽培制度的变更及全球性气候的变化,种群数量逐渐回升,为害日趋严重。因此,科学的调查方法和准确的预测预报,对该类害虫的综合治理具有重要意义。本文根据大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)、二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)的生物学特性,总结了这3种水稻钻蛀性螟虫的田间调查方法;阐述了它们的发生期预测方法;探讨了在调查取样过程中的注意事项,以期为我国水稻钻蛀性螟虫的综合防治提供可靠的数据支撑。     

湖北水稻蛀秆螟虫越冬情况调查

水稻蛀秆螟虫是生产上的一类重要害虫。为了明确湖北省水稻蛀秆螟虫的种群发生现状和幼虫越冬情况,为害虫防治提供科学依据,本文从2013年至2016年连续调查研究了武穴、崇阳、广水、曾都、公安和远安等地螟虫的越冬生物学。对蛀秆螟虫越冬生物学的研究与分析结果表明,目前湖北省田间蛀秆螟虫发生种类为二化螟、三化螟和大螟,未见有褐边螟和台湾稻螟等。其中,二化螟为田间发生优势种群;三化螟仅在部分地区零星发生;大螟亦有一定程度地发生,并有加重趋势,应当引起重视和关注。这几种螟虫均以高龄老熟幼虫在稻茬中越冬,且在虫龄分布、越冬部位和头部朝向等方面存在明显的趋性,可能与其耐寒性、地区气候和栽培制度等有关。并对螟虫发生现状与栽培制度的关系进行了深入的探讨。     

三化螟发生预测的转盘推算法

现行三化螟发生期的预测方法,主要根据田间幼虫发育进度的检查结果,加上不同世代、不同温度条件下所需继续发育的虫态历期,或以前后两代间的期距对照日历推算,从而得出所欲预测的虫态出现期。另外,在划分防治对象田和确定防治次数与适期时,一般根据螟虫发生期与水稻苗情的配合关系进行分类排     

西南农业科学研究所虫害研究工作近况

西南农业科学研究所植物保护系分两个专业组,即病害专业组和虫害专业组。虫害专业组共有工作同志十二人,由孙振洋同志负责,分成水稻螟虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、小地老虎、桔大实蝇及西南地区主要果虫的调查等专题的调查研究 水稻螟虫专题共有工作同志三人,由田长湋同志主持,重点研究川东地区改种双季稻后螟虫的发生规律及螟虫的防治试验,以所内为主并结合川东地区定期调查进行研究,现已初步明确大面积改种双季稻后促使三化螟发生数量及代数的增加,发生时期也相应     

六六六治螟试验

一.前言 三化螟虫是水稻生产过程中最大的害虫。我国水稻各主要栽培区域都在设法研究,以期早日找出经济有效的办法,达到水稻增产的目的。根据近年来研究结果,认为水稻生长期与螟虫生存率有密切关系。在水稻生长发育过程中,有的时期适於螟虫生存,有的时期不适於螟虫生存。依照水稻生长与各化螟虫生存的关系来分,全部水稻生长     

农业生态与螟虫发生的关系

水稻螟虫是稻区主要害虫,历年来单一或混合种群数量消长、为害程度等,起伏不定,波动较大,突变的原因也比较复杂。过去虽然有过不少报道,但很少见到对其混合种群突变规律的系统研究报道。作者在前人研究的基础上,收集整理和研究了江西数十年有关螟虫发生为害规律。螟虫单一或混合种群突变原因,主要与耕作、栽培、营养和气候等生态因子关系密切,在某一阶段时间序列内,对螟虫发生起主导作用的生态因子一般只有一个,其他生     

对水稻螟虫发生发展趋势及中长期预测的认识

根据井冈山地区的资料,我们分析了气候与水稻螟虫发生发展趋势的关系,并作了中长期预测的探讨。 一、气候对螟虫发生发展的影响 (一)气候与螟虫繁殖系数、发生轻重的关系 1964、1971、1974年为三化螟大发生年,各县蛾量达3—8万头。这几年雨量都少于历年平均值(1455.7毫米),由此初步认为大发生年的雨量均偏少(1,107—1,251毫米之间);特大干旱年则例外,如1963年是解     

螟虫空间分布型及药治对其影响的分析——兼与金翠霞等同志商榷

<正> 水稻螟虫(包括二、三化螟和大螟)幼虫的单一种群或混合种群和螟害株的空间分布型,及其影响因素分析的研究有:三化螟(尹汝湛等,1954),大螟(李火苟,1983),大螟、二化螟(金翠霞等,1985),二、三化螟(陈东等,1985)。笔者本着“百家争鸣”的精神,将螟虫空间分布型及其影响因素分析,以及杀虫药剂的应用对     

Host status of wheat and corn for Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Host plant specificity depends on recognition of the host and the ability to discriminate it from nonhost plants. Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important insect pest of rice, is considered to be polyphagous, although few papers have ever reported infestation of C. suppressalis on most of the recorded hosts. The present investigation was designed to test whether two important gramineous crops, wheat and corn, are host plants of C. suppressalis based on the host-plant finding process in cage and Y-tube olfactometer tests, oviposition and egg hatching, and larval feeding and survival. In the cage tests, gravid C. suppressalis females did not differentiate rice plants from wheat or corn plants when only visual cues were involved, but were more attracted to rice plants when only olfactory cues or both vision and olfaction were present. The Y-tube olfactometer tests further confirmed that the females did not prefer wheat or corn plants, and revealed that they responded equally to clean air and odors from wheat or corn plants. Under no-choice and choice condition alike, the females laid eggs on a lower proportion of wheat and corn plants and egg number and hatching rate were significantly reduced on wheat and/or corn plants than on rice plants. Larval feeding was not observed in wheat and lower in corn than in rice plants, and no pupae or surviving larvae were collected from wheat and corn plants. The results suggest that wheat and corn are not host plants of C. suppressalis. These findings are discussed in context of host-finding process in C. suppressalis and management of resistance to transgenic Bt rice.     

Field evaluation of resistance of transgenic rice containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to two stem borers

Two transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines, KMD1 and KMD2 at the R4 generation, transformed with a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, were first evaluated for stem borer resistance in the field during the rice growing season of 1998 in two areas of Zhejiang Province, China. Both KMD1 and KMD2 were highly resistant to the stem borers Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), and were completely undamaged during the whole rice growing season. In contrast, damage to the plants of the untransformed parental control (Xiushui 11) was in the form of deadhearts or whiteheads. Under natural infestation by the C. suppressalis, the damage to control plants reached a peak of 88.7% of plants and 20.1% of tillers encountered with deadhearts. Under artificial and natural infestation of neonate striped stem borers at the vegetative stage and booting stage, 100% of plants and 25.6% of tillers, 78.9% of plants and 15.6% of productive tillers among artificially infested control plants were observed with the symptom of deadhearts and whiteheads, respectively. Damage to the control plants from artificial infestation by the S. incertulas reached a peak of 97.0% of plants and 22.9% of tillers damaged. The field research indicated that both KMD1 and KMD2 show great potential for protecting rice from attack by these two stem borers.     

Effect of planting dates and maize hybrids on the infestation with sorghum shootfly,Atherigona soccata Rondani and its effect on the yield

Abstract

Twenty maize hybrids plus local were tested for their susceptibility to major pests of sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata Rondani under field conditions at Sohag governorate during three planting dates (20th April, 20th May and 5th July) sown during two tested years (2004 and 2005 seasons). The investigation showed that when the sowing dates were considered irrespective of the different years or the maize hybrids it was evident that during the first planting date (20th April), the maize hybrids harboured the highest levels of infestation with sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata Rondani. The second planting date (20th May) was the least affected while the third planting date (5th July) received moderate levels of infestation. Results also showed that the average infestation of Atherigona soccata during both seasons was a significantly negative correlation affected by the sowing dates and maize hybrids. The yield of maize hybrids negatively correlated with percentage of infestation by Atherigona soccata. The highest yield obtained from the maize hybrids was slightly infested by Atherigona soccata and sown during the planting date of 20th May. Therefore, the second sowing date (20th May) may be recommended as a proper cultivating date for maize hybrids as it brought about reduction not only in infestation but was also a good method to reduce chemical control. Our results indicated that none of the maize hybrids evaluated were found to be resistant to Atherigona soccata attack but maize hybrids were significantly different in their susceptibility and less than of a local control to the infestation with Atherigona soccata and divided into four groups, the first one was highly susceptible including Giza Baladi; the second group was susceptible including ten maize hybrids namely, Hf 155, Bionear 3062, Bionear 30k8, Nagah 18, Watania 4, HC 326, HC 327, Nafratity, Watania 1 and Bionear; the third group was low resistance including six maize hybrids namely, Hf 122, Hf 123, Hf 129, Hc314, Hc 325 and Hc 352; while the fourth group included Hf 10, Hf 124, Hc 311and Hc 324 and moderately resisted the Atherigona soccata infestation. These may serve as a good material for growing in the areas where the pest is a problem.     

Factors promoting infestation of newly planted, nonbearing apple orchards by dogwood borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

The initiation and level of infestation by dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), was tracked over three consecutive years in two nonbearing apple (Malus spp.) orchards in West Virginia and Virginia. The orchards were planted on a number of rootstock-variety (approximately cultivar) combinations and grown using different cultural practices. Infestations were detected during the first season after planting and continued to increase annually. The amount of burr knot tissue had the greatest impact on dogwood borer populations, because increasing amounts of burr knot tissue resulted in higher infestation rates. The use of plastic spiral wrap tree guards seemed to increase the development of burr knot tissue, resulting in significantly greater infestation compared with trees without tree guards in the West Virginia orchard. Variety also had a significant effect, because 'Idared' trees on M.26 had significantly greater levels of infestation compared with 'Buckeye Gala' on M.26, with or without tree guards, in the Virginia orchard. Mounding soil around the rootstock to a height just above the graft union prevented or tremendously curtailed infestation by dogwood borer, but it led to scion rooting that seemed to have an impact on size-controlling features of dwarfing rootstocks. Removal of the mounds at the beginning of the third growing season resulted in infestation of the rooted tissue during the same season. As long as apple cultivars continue to be planted on size-controlling rootstocks, dogwood borer will likely remain a serious pest, requiring either chemical treatments or a behavioral control strategy, such as mating disruption, to protect trees from infestation and damage.     

基于地统计学的二化螟种群时间格局分析

对常德鼎城区1960～2001年二化螟各世代的越冬后幼虫高峰虫量的时间序列资料进行了地统计学分析.结果表明,年际间二化螟种群总虫量、第1代虫量、第2代虫量和冬后基数序列数据结构性较强,可预测性较好,特别是年际间总虫量其结构性占总变异的比例高达91.1％,可以前11年总虫量预测下年总虫量;世代间幼虫高峰虫量,年际间第1代虫量、第3代虫量和冬后基数序列数据的长期趋势较为明显,特别是冬后基数的长期趋势极为明显;世代间幼虫高峰虫量呈现3代（1年）的季节性周期.首次采用缺失某世代虫量或插入冬后基数的方法分析了各世代虫量和冬后基数对整个世代间虫量数据系列的重要程度,结果表明,各世代虫量和冬后基数单独对整个世代间虫量数据系列的影响均较小,二化螟发生量更多地受栽培制度、气候、食料和天敌等因子的影响.初步总结并建立了种群时间格局分析的地统计学方法.     

A Method for Field Infestation with Meloidogyne incognita

A field inoculation method was developed to produce Meloidogyne spp. infestation sites with minimal quantities of nematode inoculum and with a reduced labor requirement compared to previous techniques. In a preseason-methyl bromidefumigated site, nematode egg suspensions were delivered at concentrations of 0 or 10^x eggs/m of row where x = 2.12, 2.82, 3.52, or 4.22 through a drip line attached to the seed firmer of a commercial 2-row planter into the open seed furrow while planting cowpea. These treatments were compared to a hand-inoculated treatment, in which 10^3.1 eggs were delivered every 30 cm in 5 ml of water agar suspension 2 weeks after planting. Ten weeks after planting, infection of cowpea roots was measured by gall rating and gall counts on cowpea roots. A linear relationship between the inoculation levels and nematode-induced galls was found. At this time, the amount of galling per root system in the hand-inoculated treatment was less than in the machine-applied treatments. Advantages of this new technique include application uniformity and low population level requisite for establishing the nematode. This method has potential in field-testing of Meloidogyne spp. management strategies by providing uniform infestation of test sites at planting time.     

Host selection and performance of the giant willow aphid, Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin – implications for pest management

1 The recent increase in planting of selected willow clones as energy crops for biomass production has resulted in a need to understand the relationship between commonly grown, clonally propagated genotypes and their pests. 2 For the first time, we present a study of the interactions of six willow clones and a previously unconsidered pest, the giant willow aphid Tuberolachnus salignus. 3 Tuberolachnus salignus alatae displayed no preference between the clones, but there was genetic variation in resistance between the clones; Q83 was the most resistant and led to the lowest reproductive performance in the aphid 4 Maternal effects buffered changes in aphid performance. On four tested willow clones fecundity of first generation aphids on the new host clone was intermediate to that of the second generation and that of the clone used to maintain the aphids in culture. 5 In the field, patterns of aphid infestation were highly variable between years, with the duration of attack being up to four times longer in 1999. In both years there was a significant effect of willow clone on the intensity of infestation. However, whereas Orm had the lowest intensity of infestation in the first year, Dasyclados supported a lower population level than other monitored clones in the second year.     

Inoculum sources of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi in asparagus production

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi (Foa) incites crown and root rot of asparagus which causes early decline of asparagus plantings. The aim of the present study was to identify the main inoculum sources of the pathogen in the Netherlands. As has been reported for foreign seed lots, Dutch seed lots can be infested with Foa at low levels. We found that seed infestation occurs mainly during the seed harvesting process through infested soil adhering to fallen berries. Soil samples from 59 fields without a history of asparagus growing and differing in their distance from asparagus plantings were tested for infestation with Foa, using a bioassay with asparagus as a bait plant. A high correlation was found between the incidence of infestation and proximity to asparagus fields; Foa was found in 69% of the samples from fresh fields in an asparagus production centre, and in only 6% of the samples from fields at a distance of 1 km and more from asparagus fields and outside a production centre. To evaluate planting material as an inoculum source of Foa, 49 lots of one-year-old crowns from 23 nurseries were collected and rated for disease symptoms. Infestation was found to be common with only two lots free of symptomatic plants. Most of the lots had more than 75% of symptomatic plants. Although most of the plants were infested, they showed only slight root rot symptoms. The procedure for production of Foa-free planting material is discussed. Persistence and infestation of asparagus root residues in former asparagus fields was assessed by retrieving the residues from eight former asparagus fields with an asparagus-free period of one to 25 years, and three fields with a standing asparagus crop. Even after an asparagus-free period of 25 yr asparagus root residues were retrieved from soil, although at low levels. Mean population densities of Fusarium spp. declined from 2 times 10⁶ to 1 times 10⁵ colony forming units g^_1 air-dry root tissue during the first 10 years and were still > 10⁴ c.f.u. g“¹ air-dry root tissue 20 to 25 yr after asparagus produced was stopped. The population was dominated by F. oxysporum. Eighty-three of the 112 isolates (74%) of F. oxysporum belonged to the forma specialis asparagi. The proportion of Foa in the population did not decrease in time. It was concluded that persistence of Foa in asparagus root residues is a major reason for its long-term survival.     

Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Heritability of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was estimated using a half-sibling design. Artificial diet with and without Cry1Ab was infested with progenies of 20 males, each mated with 2 females, and mortality was scored 5 d after infestation. The progeny of each female was reared and scored separately. Mean mortality of the 20 families on the Cry1Ab diet was 46.5%. The effects of both male parent and of female parent within male parent were significant. Heritability was estimated to be 0.52, suggesting that a high proportion of phenotypic variation was because of genetic differences. Mortality on the Cry1Ab diet was not correlated with mortality on control diet, indicating that differences among families in tolerance to Cry1Ab were not attributable to differences in general fitness. Our results indicate that "high dose" Bt rice plants may be particularly important for Cry1Ab resistance management in C. suppressalis populations.     

福建省水稻螟虫种群发生变化及原因初探

根据资料及系统调查分析了福建水稻螟虫发生的新特点,揭示了不同稻区不同年份间二化螟种群变动情况及其原因,旨在为稻螟的预测预报和可持续综合治理提供理论依据。