锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量特征及源区分布

为探究草原生态系统固碳能力,利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2018—2021年的涡动相关资料分析了锡林浩特草原生态系统CO₂通量的变化特征以及环境因子对CO₂通量的影响,并对通量源区分布进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区全年盛行西南风,生长季的源区面积大于非生长季,大气稳定条件下的源区面积大于不稳定条件;90%贡献率的源区最大长度接近400 m,与经典法则估算的长度一致。锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)具有明显的日变化和季节变化,生长季白天为碳汇,夜间为碳源,非生长季白天和夜间均为弱碳源。2018—2021年,年总NEE分别为-15.59、-46.28、-41.94和-78.14 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为-45.49 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明锡林浩特草原有较强的固碳能力。饱和水汽压差和光合有效辐射有助于草原生态系统吸收大气中CO₂;夜间,当温度高于0℃时,气温和土壤温度升高会促进植被呼吸作用释放CO₂。     

北京松山天然落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其影响因子

森林生态系统在陆地碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用,关于温带落叶阔叶林生态系统碳平衡过程影响机制的讨论尚未统一。本研究于2019年对北京松山典型落叶阔叶林生态系统的净碳交换量(NEE)及空气温度(T_a)、土壤温度(T_s)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水气压差(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)、降雨量(P)等环境因子进行原位连续监测,分析松山落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 在日尺度上,NEE生长季(5—10月)各月平均日变化均呈“U”字形变化,日间为碳汇,夜间为碳源。其他月份NEE均为正值,变化平缓,表现为碳源。在季节尺度上,NEE呈单峰曲线变化规律,全年NEE为-111 g C·m^-2·a^-1,生态系统呼吸总量(R_e)为555 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总生态系统生产力(GEP)为666 g C·m^-2·a^-1。碳吸收与释放量分别在6月与11月达到最大值。PAR是影响日间净碳交换量(NEE_d)的主导因子,二者关系符合Michaelis-Menten模型,VPD是间接影响NEE_d的主导因子,最适宜日间净碳交换的VPD范围为1～1.5 kPa。土壤温度是影响夜间净碳交换量(NEE_n)的主导因子,SWC是NEE_n的限制因子,SWC过高或过低均会对NEE_n产生抑制,最适值为0.28 m³·m^-3。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7—9月)较高、生长初期(5—6月)和生长末期(10—11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

温度和水分对科尔沁草甸湿地净生态系统碳交换量的影响

基于涡度相关和波文比气象土壤监测系统,研究了2016年科尔沁草甸湿地生态系统生长季5—9月CO₂通量的动态变化特征,分析了温度、水分等环境因子与其的响应关系.结果表明:生长季累计净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)为-766.18 g CO₂·m^-2,总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸量(R_e)分别为3379.89和2613.71 g CO₂·m^-2,R_e/GPP为77.3%,表现为明显的碳汇.NEE各月平均日变化呈单峰“U”型曲线,其中5—7月和8月中旬表现为吸收CO₂,8月后半月和9月表现为释放CO₂.日间NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)呈显著的直角双曲线关系,同时受饱和水汽压差(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)和气温(T_a)等环境要素调控.回归关系表明,日间NEE达到最大时,VPD和SWC值分别为1.75 kPa和35.5%,而NEE随T_a增加逐渐增大,当T_a达到最大时,并未对NEE产生抑制作用;夜间NEE随土壤温度(T_s)呈指数趋势上升.在整个生长季,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)为2.4,且SWC越高,Q₁₀越小,夜间NEE受T_s和SWC共同调控.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7-9月)较高、生长初期(5-6月)和生长末期(10-11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

环境和生物因子对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

通过涡度相关和微气象观测技术,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)以及环境、生物因子进行了观测,探究湿地NEE变化规律及环境和生物因子对NEE的影响. 结果表明: 在日尺度上,生长季NEE呈明显“U”型曲线,非生长季变幅较小;在季节尺度上,NEE生长季波动较大,表现为碳汇,非生长季波动较小,表现为碳源;在年尺度上,滨海湿地生态系统表现为碳汇,总净固碳量为-247 g C·m^-2. 白天NEE主要受控于光合有效辐射(PAR),且生态系统表观量子产量(α)与白天生态系统呼吸(R_eco,d)均于8月达到最大值,最大光合速率(A_max)于7月达到最大值;夜间NEE随气温(T_a)呈指数增加趋势,生态系统的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.5,且土壤含水量(SWC)越高,Q₁₀值越大.非生长季NEE只与净辐射(R_n)呈显著的线性负相关,与其他环境因子无显著相关关系.生长季NEE与R_n、T_a、土壤10 cm温度(T_{s 10})等环境因子以及叶面积指数(LAI)呈显著的线性负相关,但与地上生物量(AGB)无显著相关关系.多元回归分析表明,R_n和LAI对生长季NEE的协同影响达到52%.     

环境和生物因子对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

通过涡度相关和微气象观测技术,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)以及环境、生物因子进行了观测,探究湿地NEE变化规律及环境和生物因子对NEE的影响. 结果表明: 在日尺度上,生长季NEE呈明显“U”型曲线,非生长季变幅较小;在季节尺度上,NEE生长季波动较大,表现为碳汇,非生长季波动较小,表现为碳源;在年尺度上,滨海湿地生态系统表现为碳汇,总净固碳量为-247 g C·m^-2. 白天NEE主要受控于光合有效辐射(PAR),且生态系统表观量子产量(α)与白天生态系统呼吸(R_eco,d)均于8月达到最大值,最大光合速率(A_max)于7月达到最大值;夜间NEE随气温(T_a)呈指数增加趋势,生态系统的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.5,且土壤含水量(SWC)越高,Q₁₀值越大.非生长季NEE只与净辐射(R_n)呈显著的线性负相关,与其他环境因子无显著相关关系.生长季NEE与R_n、T_a、土壤10 cm温度(T_{s 10})等环境因子以及叶面积指数(LAI)呈显著的线性负相关,但与地上生物量(AGB)无显著相关关系.多元回归分析表明,R_n和LAI对生长季NEE的协同影响达到52%.     

不同降雨量年份鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛生态系统碳交换特征

采用涡度相关技术对欠雨年(2011年)和丰雨年(2012年)鄂尔多斯高原油蒿灌丛生态系统CO₂交换量特征及其影响因子进行研究.结果表明: 在两个不同降雨量年份,油蒿灌丛生态系统CO₂交换量日动态根据CO₂吸收峰值的出现分为两种模式,即单峰型和双峰型;2011年生长季内CO₂通量共出现3个明显的吸收峰值和3个释放峰值,2012年生长季内CO₂交换量出现4个吸收峰值和1个释放峰值;2011年6-9月,油蒿灌丛生态系统表现为弱的碳汇,10月转变为碳源;2012年整个生长季,油蒿灌丛生态系统均呈现为碳汇.丰雨年比欠雨年生长季的油蒿灌丛生态系统固碳量增加了268.90 mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;在日尺度上,生态系统CO₂交换量受光合有效辐射的控制,在生长季尺度上,非生物因素(降雨量、土壤含水量)和生物因素(生态系统净初级生产力)共同制约油蒿灌丛生态系统CO₂交换量的变化.     

极端干旱条件下锡林河流域羊草草原净生态系统碳交换特征

采用涡度相关法对2005年生长季内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原净生态系统交换(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)进行了观测。观测结果表明:作为生长季降雨量仅有126 mm的干旱年,锡林河流域羊草草原生态系统受到强烈的干旱胁迫,其净生态系统碳交换的日动态表现为具有两个吸收高峰,净吸收峰值出现在8∶00和18∶00左右。最大的CO₂吸收率为-0.38 mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在6月底,与丰水年相比生态系统最大CO₂吸收率下降了1倍。就整个生长季而言,不管是白天还是晚上2005年都表现为净CO₂排放,整个生长季CO₂净排放量为372.56 g CO₂·m^-2,是一个明显的CO₂源。土壤含水量和土壤温度控制着生态系统CO₂通量的大小,尤其是在白天,CO₂通量和土壤含水量的变化呈现出显著的负相关关系,和土壤温度表现为正相关关系。     

青藏高原高寒草甸和荒漠碳交换特征及其气象影响机制

以青藏高原玛沁地区高寒草甸和沱沱河地区高寒荒漠草原为观测研究站,利用涡动协方差技术获取高寒生态系统水平上的CO₂通量以及水和能量通量,通过REddyProc、随机森林(Random Forest, RF)进行了数据后处理,探究了不同下垫面典型环境因子对净生态系统CO₂交换量(Net Ecosystem Exchange, NEE)的影响机制。结果表明：1)玛沁高寒草甸在6—7月以吸收为主,表现为碳汇,吸收峰值出现在11:00—12:00(北京时,下同)之间,而在3、4、5、8月以排放为主,表现为碳源,排放峰值出现在21:00—23:00之间;沱沱河高寒荒漠在3—8月以吸收为主,表现为净碳汇,吸收峰值出现在13:00—14:00之间;整个生长季前后(3—8月),玛沁和沱沱河的累计NEE分别为79.50 g C/m²和79.24 g C/m²,都表现为碳汇。2)不同尺度不同下垫面,气象因子对NEE的重要程度不同,小时尺度上,高寒草甸辐射对NEE的重要性最大,高寒荒漠草原蒸散发对NEE的重要性最大;日尺度...     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.