Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Water,Sediments and Wetland Plants of Kizilirmak Delta (Samsun,Turkey)

In this study, concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, and Pb) were measured in water bodies including streams, bottom sediments and various wetland plants of K?z?l?rmak Delta. K?z?l?rmak Delta is one of the largest and the most important natural wetlands in Turkey and has been protected by Ramsar convention since 1993. The heavy metal concentrations in water were found lower than that of national standards for protected lakes and reserves. In bottom sediments and wetland plants, however, the accumulated amounts of different heavy metals varied in the following order: Fe>Mn>Zn>Ni>Co>Cu>Pb, and Fe>Mn>Zn>Ni>Co respectively. Heavy metal uptake of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and Myriophyllum verticillatum plants among others were found far above the toxic levels and they might be used as bio-indicators and heavy metal accumulators in polluted natural areas.     

Metal accumulation and growth performance of Phaseolus vulgaris grown in fly ash amended soil

Phytoextraction of heavy metals from fly ash (FA) contaminated soil was evaluated using Phaseolus vulgaris var. T55. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC) and organic matter (OM) of different amendments decreased with the addition of FA in the soil. The level of diethylene triaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) extractable metals increased with increase in FA amendments up to 25%. However, Cr was found below detection limit in both the amendments. The metal accumulation in the plant tissues was found in the order of Fe>Zn>Mn>Co>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd at 25% FA. Accumulation of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu and Co was found more in the roots while Zn, Pb and Cd were more in the aerial parts.     

毛果苔草湿地营养元素的积累、分配及其生物循环特征

毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)湿地地上部分积累量小于地下部分的积累量,在地上几个构件中,叶片比叶鞘积累量大,而穗的积累量最小;地下部分中细根比根茎的积累量大.土壤分室营养元素贮量在系统的各分室中占绝对优势,毛果苔草湿地土壤中各种营养元素总贮量的顺序为K＞Fe＞N＞Ca＞P＞Mg＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu;它们的吸收系数的排序是Mn＞N＞P＞Zn＞Mg＞Cu＞Ca＞Fe＞K;几种营养元素的利用系数的排序是Mn＞N＞P＞Zn＞Mg＞Cu＞Ca＞Fe＞K;几种营养元素的循环系数的排序为Ca＞K＞Mg＞N＞P＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu＞Fe;因此,该系统中钙、钾的存留比例最小,而流动性较大,而铁则相反,存留比例大,流动性较小.     

Preparation of cation exchanger from lemon and sorption of divalent heavy metals

A cation exchanging material was developed from lemon by modifying the pectic-cellulosic substances in the lemon peel by lemon juice having citric acid. For this purpose, chopped lemon removed from seeds and yellow skin was heated in two stages, firstly at 50 degrees C for 24h and subsequently at 120 degrees C for 2h. The material obtained was ground, repeatedly washed with water and dried. Lemon peel and lemon resin obtained were characterized through physicochemical analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. Heavy metal binding performance of this material was determined by removal tests conducted by using 10mM solutions of divalent metals. Experimental results show that the resin prepared from lemon is effective especially for Pb and Cu removals. For a lemon resin dosage of 10 g l(-1), sorption affinity of divalent metal ions is found to be in an order of Pb>Cu>Ni>Fe>Cd>Zn>Co>Mn. Typically, sorption capacities are about 0.87 and 0.43 mmol g(-1) for Pb and Mn, respectively.     

Evaluating the quality of communities made compost manure in South Africa: a case study of content and sources of metals in compost manure from Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo province

The main aim of this research was to assess the quality of the compost manure of a community project which is part of Government's initiative for job creation. This was done by determining the sources, presence and concentrations of metals in the composting materials and compost manure. Generally, there are many communities involved in making compost manure with no assessment of the quality of the compost. This is because no quality assurance guidelines are in place. The main source of heavy metals in the composting materials was found to be sawdust while cabbage was the main source of the essential nutrient elements such as magnesium calcium and potassium. The level of heavy metals in all the compost materials were found in the following order: Fe>Mn>Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Co>Cd. The level of essential elements was in the following order: Ca>Mg>K>S>Na>Li>Si>P. The level of heavy metals in the compost materials reflected the level in the final compost manure. The concentration of metals in the compost materials and compost manure was below the international standards of compost manure. Therefore, compost manure can be said to be of good quality. However, sawdust was found to be not a good compost material as it was the source of main heavy metals.     

Translocation of metals in pea plants grown on various amendment of electroplating industrial sludge

A pot-culture experiment was conducted to observe the effects of acidic sludge addition to the soils on bioavailability and uptake of heavy metals in different parts of pea plant as well as its influence on the growth of that plant. It is observed from our result the abundances of total and bio-available heavy metals in sludge vary as follows: Fe>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd and Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd. Sludge applications increased both the total metals, DTPA-extractable metals and total N in the soils. On the other hand lime application has decreased the bioavailability of heavy metals with no change in total N in sludge amended soils. Organic carbon showed positive correlation with all metals except Zn, Cr and Pb. CEC also showed a strong positive correlation (R(2)>0.7) with the low translocation efficiency of pea plants. The value of translocation factor from shoot to seed was found to be smaller than root to shoot of pea plants. Our study thus shows that pea plants were found to be well adapted to the soil amended with 10% sludge with 0.5% lime treatment, minimizing most of the all metal uptake in the shoot of that plant. So, on the basis of the present study, possible treatment may be recommended for the secure disposal of acidic electroplating sludge.     

广西马尾松人工林对重金属元素的吸收、累积及动态

探讨了广西马尾松人工林对重金属Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Ni、cd元素的吸收、累积及动态。结果表明:马尾松林地土壤层(0~60 cm)中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Pd、Ni、Cd的平均含量,分别为23.02,24.46,235.46,5.93.8.45和0.14 mg·kg-1,储量大小依次为Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd。马尾松林不同组分中,重金属元素的含量范围分别为Cu 2.97-13.47,Zn 12.09-42.93,Mn 143.14-751.78,Pd 2.87-25.12,Ni 0.19-25.05和Cd 0.16~1.24 mg·kg-1,对土壤6种重金属元素富集能力的大小依次为Cd>Mn>Pb>Zn>Ni>Cu。马尾松林中,重金属元素的总储量为39.791kg·hm-2,其中Mn、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni元素的储量分别为34.047,3.351,1.226,0.874,0.245,0.084 kg·hm-2,各组分中重金属元素储量的空间分布为干>皮>根>叶>枝。Cu、Zn、Mn、Pd、Ni、Cd的周转期分别为13.9、7.0、3.1、20.4、2.1、12 a,流动系数为Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb。     

北京人工刺槐林化学元素含量特征

 31年生人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林内各种植物的化学元素含量以C素最高,尤以刺槐树干中C含量多。N和Ca在刺槐叶片中含量大。丛生隐子草(Cleistogenes caespitosa)地上部分含K量高于林内其他植物。Fe在荆条(Vitex negundo var．heterophylla)叶片中含量较多。Al和Na在植物细根中含量为大。酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba var．spinosa) 叶中含有较高的Mg和Mn。 刺槐林的乔木、灌木、草本层化学元素积累量以C>Ca>N> K>Mg>P>Fe>Al>Na>Mn>Cu>Zn为序。灌木层化学元素积累量除C和Ca以外,均高于乔木层。对比地表枯枝落叶层化学元素总量与人工林元素的积累量,以Na的比值最高,Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn比值次之,元素归还量都较大。P比值较低,归还量较少。刺槐林土壤化学元素贮存量是以Ca>N>Mg>Fe>K>P>Na>Mn>Al>Zn>Cu为序。植物对土壤中化学元素的富集系数以K、Al和P较高。人工林元素积累量与土壤元素贮存量之比,亦以K、P、Al比值较高。可见土壤中的K、P和Al相对是不足的。     

Study on Mineral Elements in Salvia roborwskii from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The contents of trace elements, including aluminum, barium, beryllium, calcium, cobaltium, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, silicon, titanium, vanadium, and zinc, were determined by ICP-AES. The mean concentrations of the 22 elements were as follows: K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Al>Na>S>P>Ba>Ti>Mn>Zn>Sr>Cu>Ni=Cr>Pb>V>Li=La>Co>Be. Principal components analysis of SPSS was applied to study the characteristic elements in Salvia roborwskii. Five principal components which accounted for 89.288% of the total variance were extracted from the original data. The first factor accounted for 56.401% of the total variance, which meant that aluminum, barium, beryllium, calcium, and cobaltium were the characteristic elements in S. roborwskii. This useful new method was used to evaluate the quality of S. roborwskii, and to provide the scientific foundation for its utilization and further research.     

喀斯特城市杨树人工林微量元素的生物循环

对喀斯特城市25年生杨树人工林内Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni、Pb、Co、Cd微量元素的含量、积累、空间分配和生物循环进行了研究。结果表明,林地土壤中,微量元素含量Fe最高,Mn次之,Cd最低,且呈现随土层深度增加而减少的垂直分布规律。在枯枝落叶层的分解过程中,Pb、Ni、Mn、Cd、Cu、Co、Zn分解速度比Fe快。林木各器官微量元素含量为细根>树叶>粗根>树皮>树枝>大根>根桩>干材,Cu在叶中高于其他器官。林分微量元素的总贮量为14.086 kg.hm^-2,微量元素在各器官中贮存量排序为Mn>Zn>Cu>Fe>Cd>Co>Pb>Ni,树干和树皮的贮存量最多,占总贮存量的43.4%。林分微量元素的年吸收量为3.079 kg.hm^-2,年归还量为2.663 kg.hm^-2,年存留量为0.417 kg.hm^-2,总利用系数为0.219,循环系数为0.865,周转期为5.29年,林分对土壤中Cd的吸收能力强,微量元素的生物分解率均高于生物迁移率。杨树林分中微量元素具有较大的循环速率和较短的周转期,而且林分对养分的稳定性、自我调节能力和培肥土壤的能力强,有利于林地生产力维持。     

鼎湖山自然保护区不同演替阶段森林土壤中有效微量元素状况研究

三种森林表层土壤中有效微量元素的平均含量顺序为 :Fe >Zn>Mn>B >Cu >Mo,马尾松林的含量顺序为 :Fe>Zn>Cu >B >Mn >Mo,混交林和阔叶林与平均含量一致。三种森林有效Fe的含量均极高 ,表现出富铁状况 ,而有效Mn含量甚微 ,表明该区森林均严重缺Mn,有效Cu和Zn的含量处于中等水平 ,均高于其临界值。但处于演替初期阶段的马尾松林还缺B和Mo,混交林也略缺Mo。相关分析结果表明 ,土壤pH值与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈负相关 ,且与有效B、Cu和Fe相关极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,与有效Mo相关显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;有机质与所考察的所有微量元素有效量之间均呈正相关 ,且与有效B和Fe相关极显著 ,与有效Mn相关显著     

山东省部分水岸带土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为了解山东省水岸带土壤重金属的含量特征和污染状况,于2010年9月—10月采集了39个水岸带土壤样品,分析了土壤中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量以及土壤的pH值、粒度和有机质,采用单因子指数法、综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对水岸带土壤重金属污染进行了评价,并利用相关分析和聚类分析对其来源进行了初步的解析。结果表明：水岸带土壤的pH值为5.67—8.66,主要呈碱性;有机质的平均含量为9.39 g/kg,土壤粒度主要以砂粒和粉粒为主,其平均体积百分比分别为50.33%和38.48%,平均粒径为89.69 μm;Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的平均含量为53.03 mg/kg、10.33 mg/kg、24.96 mg/kg、18.38 mg/kg、56.13 mg/kg、0.142 mg/kg、22.48 mg/kg和0.020 mg/kg。各水岸带土壤重金属的含量均符合《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）二级标准。以山东省土壤元素背景值为评价标准,水岸带土壤重金属总体表现为轻度污染和轻微生态风险,其中Cd和Hg是主要的污染因子,其对潜在生态危害指数的平均贡献率分别为46.8% 和33.6%。洙赵新河、廖河、门楼水库和东平湖水岸带土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害明显高于其他水源地。源解析的结果表明：水岸带土壤重金属的含量受自然源和人为源的双重影响,人为源主要包括地表径流、工业废气、垃圾和交通运输等。     

南水北调中线总干渠水中重金属含量及风险评价

于2018年5月—2020年6月对南水北调中线总干渠11个采样点表层水中18种重金属的浓度进行周期性采样监测, 并分别利用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型和物种敏感性分布(SSD)法评估常见重金属的人体健康风险水平和水生态风险水平。化学分析结果显示, 18种重金属均被普遍检出, 平均浓度大小排序为: Fe>Sr>Ba>Zn>Ti>Ni>Mn>Cu>V>Cr>As>U>Rb>Se>Pb>Bi>Co>Cd, 均未超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ类水标准和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值。健康风险评价结果显示, 南水北调中线总干渠表层水中8种常见重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Mn)对儿童和成人的总健康风险值处于10–8级别。基于构建的8种常见重金属(As、Ni、Pb、Cr、Zn、Se、Cd、Cu)的SSD曲线, 计算重金属对本土淡水生物5%危害浓度(HC5)和潜在影响比例(PAF), 结果显示, 南水北调中线总干渠水中目标重金属对全体水生生物种群的影响比例小于5%, 但Cu和Zn分别可对8.54%和16.77%的藻类种群造成影响, Cr可对6.44%的甲壳类种群造成影响。上述结果表明, 南水北调中线总干渠水中重金属的当前含量不高, 不会对人体造成潜在健康风险; 以保护95%的生物物种为标准, 个别重金属对总干渠中藻类、甲壳类种群可能具有一定潜在风险, 尚有待进一步关注。     

沙地不同发育阶段的人工生物结皮对重金属的富集作用

生物结皮广泛存在于沙地生态系统,具有重要的生态功能.通过对位于库布齐沙漠腹地达拉特旗火力发电厂附近沙地中不同年代人工生物结皮及物理结皮中重金属含量的测定,旨在分析不同类型生物结皮及物理结皮在不同的发育阶段对重金属富集的影响和重金属污染的指示程度.通过分析和比较,得出以下结论:不同年代生物结皮和物理结皮各种重金属含量均表现为随着发育时间的增加而增加的趋势,生物结皮重金属含量多数类型表现为:Zn＞Cr＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Co＞Cd＞Hg的顺序关系,少数类型表现为:Cr＞Zn＞Ni＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Co＞Cd＞Hg的顺序关系.通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA),不同年代藓结皮中各种元素差异显著性(P＜0.05)明显低于藻结皮和物理结皮.相同年代生物结皮和物理结皮重金属含量都表现为同样地规律:藓结皮＞藻结皮＞物理结皮,表明相同背景条件下,藓结皮对各种重金属的富集能力明显比藻结皮和物理结皮的富集能力强.通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA),Hg和Ni元素含量在所有相同年代样地的生物结皮和物理结皮均无差异,Cr、Zn、Cu、Co元素含量均存在差异(P＜0.05),但差异有的表现在藓结皮和藻结皮之间,而有的表现为藻结皮和物理结皮之间,而Pb、As、Cd元素含量则表现为有的年代有差异,有的年代无差异.通过污染因子CF值分析,藓结皮对污染的指示作用要明显比藻结皮和物理结皮敏感.同时生物结皮对于重金属的富集具有一定的选择性,像Hg、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Co等元素生物结皮相对富集较少,而像Cr、Cd、As等元素相对富集较多.     

西洋参愈伤组织悬浮培养基质中蔗糖和无机元素的消耗状况

植物离体培养所采用的基本基质大多数是广谱性的,各种营养成分是否被充分利用因植物种类不同而异,这方面的研究报道较少[1～3],尤其在西洋参(PanaxquinquefoliumLinn.)芽胞愈伤组织悬浮培养中尚未见报道。本实验通过对西洋参愈伤组织培养基中蔗糖和无机元素消耗的研究,确定培养周期中碳源和无机元素的用量,为西洋参大规模细胞培养中碳源和无机元素及时补充和起始供给浓度的确定提供参数。1　材料与方法1.1　供试材料与培养条件采用本实验室在1999年筛选的西洋参芽胞愈伤组织无性系作为实验材料。先将固体培养基上的愈伤组织转入含有20m…     

水稻籽粒矿质元素含量遗传及主要农艺性状相关性分析

通过了解水稻子粒钙、镁、铜、铁、锌和硒等矿质元素含量,以绿旱1号作为父本与102S、KD36S、7HS012及7HS013不育系为母本进行配组,对父本与杂交后代主要农艺及经济性状、水稻子粒中的矿质元素含量进行了遗传分析,并对各杂交后代的主要农艺性状和子粒中矿质元素含量以及各矿质元素含量间进行了相关性分析.结果表明,杂交后代农艺及经济性状多数表现出超高亲分离现象,且LK3的农艺及经济性状均表现为最好.水稻子粒矿质元素含量与部分农艺和经济性状存在明显的正相关或负相关关系,且K、Mg、Zn、Se等元素含量与水稻产量密切相关.水稻子粒中矿质元素含量大小依次为P＞K ＞Mg ＞S＞ Ca＞ Mn ＞Fe ＞Zn ＞Cu ＞Se,4个杂交后代的K元素含量表现出超高亲分离现象,LK2、LK3和LK4的Fe元素含量也表现出超高亲分离现象.水稻子粒大量与微量元素之间相关性最高,微量元素之间相关性次之,大量元素之间相关性最小,以7HS012不育系为母本得到的杂交后代农艺性状表现较好,矿质元素含量最高,7HS013次之,其他不育系表现一般.本研究为选育出耐旱及营养价值高的水稻新品种母本的选择提供了理论依据.     

Determination of Mineral Elements in Gentiana rigescens from Different Zones of Yunnan, China

The concentrations of nine mineral elements were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in Gentiana rigescens from three zones (middle, southeast, and northwest zones) of Yunnan province in China. The average concentrations of mineral elements were found in the order K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Na>Zn>Cu>Cr>Se. Samples collected from the middle zone of Yunnan were enriched in Na (242.24 ± 50.80 mg/kg) and Mg (959.78 ± 54.60 mg/kg). However, materials from the southeast zone were particularly enriched in Ca (3,448.70 ± 749.82 mg/kg), but depleted in Se. Whereas those from the northwest zone were plentiful of K (2,746.89 ± 84.84 mg/kg), Fe (923.06 ± 127.52 mg/kg), Zn (261.38 ± 53.05 mg/kg), Cu (110.08 ± 46.23 mg/kg), and Se (53.99 ± 22.38 mg/kg).     

滇中常绿阔叶林及云南松林枯落物的初步研究

本文以滇中高原为背景。研究了通海秀山常绿阔叶林及云南松林的凋落物的数量、组成、季节变化规律、营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe)含量、以及林地枯枝落叶层的现量,研究结果表明滇中地区森林的年凋落量是较大的,营养元素含量及贮量也是丰富的。两类森存林的凋落规律相似,常绿阔叶林的凋落量、营养元素含量及其贮量都大于云南松林,但两类森林的枯枝落叶现存量则相接近,说明常绿阔叶林的物质循环周期较云南松林短。文章提出为了提高森林土壤肥力、加快生物循环过程,增加生物产量,要注意保存林地内还原于土壤中的所有凋落物。     

两种贝类养殖环境特征污染物的筛选方法研究

采用Micro Tox Model500发光细菌毒性检测仪,对Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Zn、石油类、DDT、甲基对硫磷农药(MP)等10种贝类养殖环境污染物进行发光细菌抑制试验。对己知污染物的浓度与其相对应的发光强度进行回归分析,建立相关方程,求出相对发光度为50%时所对应污染物的浓度,即EC₅₀值,将其定义为相对毒性系数(RT),该值越小,表示污染物毒性越大。结果显示,上述10种污染物的相对毒性(RT)大小顺序为DDT>Hg>Cu=Zn>Cd>Cr>Pb=石油类>MP>As;结合两种贝类对上述污染物的生物富集系数(BCF),以RT/BCF值作为最终绝对毒性大小比较的指标,比值越小,危害影响越大,污染物应优先被选择作为环境特征污染物进行监测。经试验分析,缢蛏和泥蚶的养殖环境特征污染物的优先检测顺序分别为,缢蛏:Hg>Cd>Zn>Cu>As>Cr>Pb(椒江口),Cd>Pb>Cu(舟山海域),Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb(长江口);泥蚶:Cd>Pb>Cu(宁波、舟山海域),Cu>Cd>Pb(温州海域)。