稻草覆盖对冬闲稻田二氧化碳通量的影响

通过研究稻草覆盖对土壤含水量、土壤温度及田间杂草生长的影响,探讨了亚热带红壤性稻田生态系统冬闲期稻草覆盖对CO2通量的影响及其机理.结果表明:稻草覆盖主要通过两个途径影响冬闲稻田的CO2通量:一是稻草覆盖对土壤温度有正效应,使稻田生态系统CO2排放量显著增加,试验期间覆盖处理平均净排放1.99 g CO2·m-2·d-1,而对照处理平均净吸收2.68 g CO2·m-2·d-1,两者差异达极显著水平(P《0.01);二是稻草覆盖使田间杂草的生物量及其吸收的光合有效辐射显著减少, 导致覆盖处理白天CO2排放量提高.稻草覆盖处理土壤表层(0～15 cm)相对含水量比无覆盖处理提高了9%以上,但未对CO2通量的变化产生显著影响.     

中国南方双季稻田转菜地对CO2和CH4通量的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了我国南方亚热带水稻田转为旱作蔬菜地后第1年的CO2和CH4通量变化,旨在探索稻田转菜地初期对CO2和CH4通量的影响.结果表明:CO2通量因蔬菜种类、生长状况及生长季节的不同而不同.种植豇豆菜地CO2通量显著高于稻田,种植辣椒菜地CO2通量则显著低于稻田.稻田转菜地CH4通量从6.96 mg C·m-2·h-1显著下降到-0.004 mg C·m-2·h-1(P<0.001).转菜地后CO2和CH4的净累积碳吸收为543kg C·hm-2,显著低于稻田的3641 kg C·hm-2,但由净CO2和CH4排放造成的增温效应无显著差异.转成菜地1年后的土壤有机碳含量有所升高,且10~20 cm土层显著高于对照水稻田.     

华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统稻田二氧化碳排放及其影响因素

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对稻田CO2排放进行田间原位测定,探讨农林复合生态系统稻田温室气体CO2的排放规律。结果表明,在生长季节中,有植株参与稻田CO2排放速率的日变化形式均为白天出现排放高值,夜间出现排放低值。有植株参与稻田CO2昼夜排放速率平均值都显著高于无植株参与稻田。温度(气温、地表温度、地下5 cm温度)是有植株参与稻田在植株生长期间稻田CO2排放速率昼夜变化的主要影响因素。水稻作物对CO2的排放影响较大,早稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分别为316.29±23.74和101.88±16.83 mg.m-2.h-1。晚稻有、无植株参与稻田CO2季节平均排放速率分为622.40±57.67和179.41±19.51 mg.m-2.h-1。早、晚稻有植株参与稻田的CO2季节平均排放量分别比无植株参与稻田增加了310%和347%。     

开放式空气CO2增高对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

在FACE(free aircarbondioxideenrichment)平台上 ,采用静态暗箱 气相色谱法观测研究了大气CO2 浓度增加对稻田CH4和N2 O排放的影响 .结果表明 ,在 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下大气CO2 浓度增加 2 0 0 μmol·mol-1均明显促进水稻生长 ,水稻生物量积累 .大气CO2 浓度增加对 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下稻田CH4排放均无显著影响 ,并简要分析了与现有文献报道结果不一致的原因 .大气CO2 浓度增加也未导致 15 0和 2 5 0kgN·hm-2 两种氮肥水平下稻田N2 O排放的明显变化 ,与大多数研究结果一致 .     

不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田CH4 和 CO2 排放的影响

冬季稻田排放的甲烷( CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)是影响稻田温室气体排放的重要因素。为探求种植适宜的冬季覆盖作物并减少稻田冬季CH4 和CO2 排放, 试验采用静态暗箱法对播种油菜的稻田(YC)、播种小麦的稻田(XM)及冬闲 田(CK)三个处理下稻田的CH4 和CO2 排放进行了观测, 分析了不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田CH4 和CO2 的排放影响。结果表明, 不同处理CH4 排放通量为YC＞XM＞CK, CO2 排放通量为XM＞YC＞CK。不同冬季作物覆盖下, 各处理CH4 和 CO2 的累计排放量表现同其平均排放通量相同。YC 处理的CH4 累计排放量与冬闲田(CK)处理的相比较达到显著水平(p<0.05), XM 处理CO2 的累计排放量与YC 和CK 相比都有显著性差异(p<0.05)。根据稻田CH4 和 CO2 季节排放量以及在 100 年尺度上的 CO2 当量计算, 不同处理温室气体全球增温潜势(GWP)大小顺序为XM＞YC＞CK, 在YC、XM 和CK 中, 小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)处理的增温潜势最大, 且最大值达到6442.58 (kg·hm–2)。小麦处理的CO2 和CH4 的总温室效应最大, 机耕直播油菜(Brassica napus L.)次之, 冬闲田最小。研究水稻(Oryza sativa L.)收获后稻田种植不同冬季作物, 观察在其生长季节内CH4 和 CO2 和的排放特征, 为合理利用冬闲稻田控制温室效应提供理论依据。     

稻鸭共作生态系统中N2O排放及经济效益评价

稻鸭共作技术是中国传统农业的精华,研究稻鸭共作生态系统中N2O排放产生的环境效应并对其经济价值进行评价,为进一步开发利用这一经典农艺提供理论基础和实践依据.采用静态箱技术,研究稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放规律,并运用增温潜势对稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放的温室效应及经济效益进行了估算.结果表明,稻鸭共作生态系统N2O排放呈现明显的日变化和季节变化.N2O日变化与鸭子的活动呈现明显的相关性,其排放峰值出现在清晨和16:00;N2O季节变化幅度较大,排放峰值出现在水稻成熟期.在施用等量基肥条件下,稻鸭稻田排放的N2O高于常规稻田,其平均排放通量分别为(149 46±25.81)μg·m-2·h-1和(138.84±25.26)μg·m-2·h-1,产生的温室效应成本分别为283.14yuan·hm-2和265.47yuan·hm-2.除去N2O排放产生温室效应的环境成本,采用稻鸭生态种养技术的经济效益为7687.66yuan·hm-2,比常规不养鸭稻田增加1932.33 yuan·hm-2.可见,稻鸭共作技术仍具有较好的推广价值.     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季和非生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

森林在调控温室气体排放方面有重要作用,随着人工林的迅速发展,其温室气体通量和对施肥的响应逐渐引起广泛关注。为了解施氮对桉树人工林生长季和非生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响,在广西东门林场尾巨桉人工林样地设置低(84.2 kg N·hm-2)、中(166.8 kg N·hm-2)、高(333.7 kg N·hm-2)3个施氮水平和不施氮对照,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测土壤CO2、N2O和CH4通量。结果表明:(1)不同施氮处理的桉树人工林土壤CO2、CH4和N2O年均排放通量分别为214~271 mg CO2·m-2·h-1、-47~-37 kg CH4·m-2·h-1和16~203 kg N2O·m-2·h-1;土壤CO2排放通量在生长季高于非生长季,CH4和N2O通量未表现出明显季节变化。(2)施氮显著增加了土壤CO2和N2O年均排放通量,其促进效应主要集中在生长季(施氮后的4个月,即6—9月),且随时间增加,效应减弱。(3)施氮显著降低了土壤CH4年均吸收通量。因此,在维持桉树人工林生产力的基础上,结合季节变化,合理调控施氮量将有助于减少桉树林土壤温室气体排放。     

洞庭湖白沙洲4种植被系统与大气中碳素交换

近年来由于气候变化,极端天气现象及其相应的自然灾害的频繁发生,致使人类面临严峻的挑战,全球环境问题已备受瞩目。湿地碳循环在全球气候变化中具有不可忽视的作用,研究湿地系统与大气中碳素的交换,有助于深入了解湿地生态系统对大气环境的影响。在生物量和土壤温室气体排放测定的基础上,对洞庭湖白沙洲湿地4种主要植被系统与大气碳素交换进行研究,结果表明:杨树人工林、芦苇和苔草3种植被系统净生产力吸收大气中碳量分别为9.88、6.83.thm-.2a-1和4.07.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放碳量(包括CH4中的碳素)分别为3.08、2.79.thm-.2a-1和2.80t.hm-.2a-1,3种植被系统每年净吸收大气中的碳6.80、4.07t.hm-.2a-1和1.27t.hm-.2a-1,都是大气CO2的汇;黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落净生产力吸收大气碳1.23.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放的碳1.32t.hm-.2a-1,该系统每年向大气净排放0.09t.hm-.2a-1,是一个弱的CO2排放源;将CH4温室效应是CO2的21倍折算成CO2量,杨树林土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)为16.19t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的少16.64t.hm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,该系统是温室气体的汇;芦苇、苔草以及黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)分别是43.68、39.19t.hm-.2a-1和32.22t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的还多20.60、24.27.thm-.2a-1和27.71.thm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,这3种湿地植被系统都是温室气体排放源。     

大气C02浓度升高对稻田土壤溶液中阴离子浓度的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE(Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)试验平台,研究了 大气CO2浓度升高对稻季各生育期耕层土壤溶液中Cl-、CO2-3、HCO-3、SO2-4、NO-3和溶解无机磷(DIP)等阴离子浓度的影响,探讨了稻田生态系统土壤元素地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应.结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高降低了土壤溶液SO2-4浓度,提高了HCO-3浓度,与5 cm处相比,其在15 cm处的影响程度更大;大气CO2浓度升高有增加土壤溶液NO-3和溶解无机磷(DIP)的趋势;对CO2-3和Cl-未表现出明显的规律性影响.文章还分析了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤溶液阴离子浓度产生影响的可能机理.     

施肥对稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值的影响

 该文以2002年在上海市奉贤县五四农场进行的稻田生态系统田间实验为基础,对尿素施用对稻田生态系统气体调节功能（释放O2和温室气体调节）的影响进行研究。研究结果表明：1）在水稻（Oryza sativa）生长期间,施加尿素能显著增加稻田日O2释放量及其价值量;2）在水稻生长期间,施加尿素稻田综合CO2的通量及其价值并不比未施肥稻田存在显著优势,尿素施用能明显增强稻田N2O排放通量,降低稻田CH4排放通量。尿素施用对温室气体调节具有正效应,促进稻田对温室气体吸收。     

A parametric distribution for the fraction of outdoor soil in indoor dust

For a chemical that does not have a source inside a house, the ratio of its dust concentration indoors to its soil concentration outdoors is equal to the fraction of house dust that is composed of soil. To estimate the fraction of soil in house dust, we compiled ratios of the concentrations of a chemical in dust and soil from the scientific literature. We find that a lognormal distribution fits the data extremely well. This distribution is suitable for use in public health risk assessments for single‐family homes in temperate climates.     

黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应

生物结皮土壤呼吸是干旱和半干旱生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但目前其对降雨的响应规律尚不明确。针对黄土高原黄土和风沙土上发育的藓结皮,分别进行2、4、6、10、20、30、40 mm的模拟降雨,并使用便携式土壤碳通量分析仪测定雨前和雨后藓结皮的呼吸速率,对比分析降雨量对藓结皮呼吸速率的影响;同时,在40 mm降雨后的0—24 h连续测定藓结皮的呼吸速率变化,分析藓结皮呼吸速率随雨后历时的变化规律。结果显示,7种降雨量后两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均显著升高,黄土上藓结皮呼吸速度的增幅为2.89—6.38倍,风沙土上藓结皮呼吸速率的增幅为0.73—4.38倍。0—6 mm降雨中,两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均随降雨量增加而迅速升高,二者成显著线性正相关关系;6—40 mm降雨中,黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而缓慢升高,但风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而快速降低。两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率随雨后历时表现出相似的变化规律,即雨后迅速升高、之后逐渐降低,并在24 h左右回归到雨前水平;但黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后即刻达到峰值,而风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后30 min左右方达到峰值。黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率一致高于风沙土上的藓结皮,前者在不同降雨量和雨后历时中平均比后者高150.0%和59.6%。此外,藓结皮呼吸速率与表层土壤含水量存有显著相关关系,在含水量较低(小于约4%)时二者显著正相关,在含水量较高(大于约4%)时二者对于黄土上藓结皮为正相关、对于风沙土上藓结皮为负相关。研究表明,黄土高原藓结皮土壤呼吸对降雨响应快速而直接,但其响应规律对于黄土和风沙土上的藓结皮是不同的,总体而言黄土上藓结皮对降雨的响应更为持久有效。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤紧实化现状及成因

本研究通过分析渭北旱塬苹果园土壤的紧实化现状及其诱导因素,找出影响当地苹果园健康发展的土壤退化隐性因素,为果园科学管理提供理论依据。分别选取种植年限＜10年(4～6年)、10～20年(14～16年)和＞20年(24～26年)的苹果园各4个,分析0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度随土层深度的变化规律,探明果园土壤内部紧实化发生的部位和退化程度,同时,通过分析土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性、土壤黏粒和有机质含量,揭示引起渭北果园土壤内部紧实化的原因。结果表明: 渭北果园0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度均随植果年限和土层深度的增加而显著增大。以20 cm土层为界,渭北各园龄段苹果园土壤具有明显的“上松下实”变异特征,20 cm以上土层上述各指标基本满足苹果树的正常生长需求,20 cm以下土层土壤则已超出了苹果树健康生长的阈值。造成渭北苹果园亚表层以下土壤紧实化的原因主要是土壤团聚作用差、有机质含量低,加之植果期间人为扰动少,土壤中分散的黏粒会向下层移动。此外,随着植果年限的增加,土壤紧实化过程更加明显。     

Various Applications of Soil Contaminant Database Developed for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project

One of the largest environmental assessment programs in the United States was initiated in the early 1990s to determine the chemical characteristics of soil located within the planned alignment for the Central Artery (I-93) / Tunnel (I-90) (CA/T) Project in Boston, Massachusetts. The primary purpose of the program was to support management of the handling and disposal of over 17 million cubic yards of soil to be excavated during construction of the CA/T Project. As part of this work, more than 8,000 soil samples were collected from more than 2,600 soil borings and analyzed for a range of chemical contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, acid/base neutral compounds, total petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals. The soils encountered during the investigations exhibited properties influenced by numerous anthropogenic activities. These activities, such as vehicular emissions, historic industrial/manufacturing operations, and waterfront filling with both building rubble and dredge spoils from Boston Harbor, resulted in soils primarily contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and metals. As a result of this program, an extensive database of the chemical constituents present in urban soils in downtown Boston was developed. These results were primarily used to delineate the limits of contaminated areas affecting the planned construction. In addition, the database has been used by the Project to support various soil management activities, as well as by the regulatory community in developing guidelines and criteria governing the management of contaminated soils in Massachusetts. This paper focuses on the various applications of this database throughout the course of the Project, and with the additional aim of stimulating potential future applications by both the regulatory and scientific communities.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物功能的影响

研究了恩诺沙星残留对土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的影响 ,结果表明 ,相对较低浓度恩诺沙星残留(0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )刺激土壤呼吸作用 ,相对较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 )对土壤呼吸作用产生抑制 ,药物作用活性维持期为 6 d;恩诺沙星残留对土壤纤维分解作用影响较不明显 ;较低浓度恩诺沙星残留 (0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )对土壤氨化作用有刺激作用 ,而较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 ,10μg/ g土 )则会对其起抑制作用 ,药物作用活性期为 9d;不同浓度恩诺沙星对土壤硝化作用影响极其显著 ,当恩诺沙星浓度达到 1μg/ ml时 ,在 3～ 9d内 ,对土壤硝化作用有一定抑制作用。当恩诺沙星浓度达到 10μg/ ml时 ,强烈抑制了土壤硝化作用 ,直到本试验结束时 ,其抑制作用未见减弱。结果表明恩诺沙星残留影响了土壤微生物这些功能 ,因而可能影响到土壤特性和土壤中一些生态过程     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响

以黄土高原9年生红富士果园生态系统为对象,研究不同地表覆盖模式（清耕、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖）对果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响.结果表明：生草覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最低,砂石覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最高;砂石覆盖提高了根层水分含量,有利于果树对水分的利用.不同地表覆盖模式土壤热量状况变化显著,处理间差异明显,极端最高温度下降,但地膜覆盖处理夏季地温超过果树根系生长的上限温度,对果树根系生长和生理功能发挥不利.除地膜覆盖外,其他地表覆盖模式均能提高土壤CO₂释放速率,其中生草覆盖的效果最为显著.不同地表覆盖模式对果树枝条类型比例及产量影响较大,砂石覆盖处理的中短枝比例和果实产量最高;生草覆盖处理的果实产量最低.因子分析结果表明,对于黄土高原沟壑区盛果期果园,砂石覆盖处理是较为适宜的地表覆盖模式.     

A rapid,cost-effective procedure for the extraction of microbial DNA from soil

Here we describe a DNA extraction method that is based on a simple, rapid polyvinylpolypyrrolidone–calcium chloride precipitation to release microorganisms from the soil combined with lysozyme–proteinase–SDS lysis of the microbial community. The extracted DNA is of high quality and allows direct detection of specific genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as cloning of indigenous microbial DNA. This method facilitates the extraction of 36 500-mg soil samples simultaneously in a 2-h period by one person. The procedure is safe, inexpensive, and does not require specialized equipment or generate hazardous wastes.     

Trajectories of change: riparian vegetation and soil conditions following livestock removal and replanting

Riparian zones provide critically important ecological functions, including the interception of nutrients and sediments before they enter waterways. Consequently, riparian zones, and the vegetation they support, are often considered as an important ‘final buffer’ between waterways and adjacent land. In agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones are therefore increasingly recognized as an important component of strategies aimed at minimizing the flow of nutrients and sediments into waterways. Accordingly, riparian zones are increasingly afforded protection and are targeted for restoration. Here we present results of a study in which we aimed to identify patterns of change in soil and vegetation properties in riparian zones, under different management regimes, adjacent to tributary streams in one of south‐eastern Australia's main agricultural regions. We compared riparia that were heavily impacted by agricultural activities, were in remnant condition or had undergone some restoration activities and were thus in a transitional state. There was an increase in plant cover and soil C concentration between impacted through to remnant sites, with transitional sites intermediate, suggesting that improvements in soil conditions were becoming evident following restoration activities. In our assessment of soil physicochemical properties we investigated the relationships between riparian condition and soil properties, taking into account the influence of adjacent land use on these relationships. Importantly, the concentrations of NO₃^‐ and plant available P in riparian surface soils were more or less influenced by concentrations in the adjacent land depending upon riparian condition. This will, in turn, have consequences for nutrient inputs into streams. This study emphasizes that riparian zones need to be managed within their wider landscape context. Furthermore, the results of this study will inform efforts seeking to minimize impacts of agricultural activities on waterways, through the conservation and/or restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

土壤微生物资源管理、应用技术与学科展望

土壤中蕴藏着高度的微生物多样性,在陆地生态系统中发挥着非常重要的功能,加强对土壤微生物资源的综合管理与开发应用是提升生态系统稳定性与生产力及农产品质量的重要途径。首先,土壤微生物多样性具有全球性的重大意义,有待完善对土壤微生物的检测与监测技术研究,进而实现土壤微生物多样性与土壤功能的耦合以及对土壤质量的评定;其次,土壤微生物作为一种宝贵的生产资料和可持续资源,要加强其在土壤肥力强化与保育、土壤障碍消减与调节、土壤污染控制与修复等3个领域的应用研究。最后,未来土壤微生物学发展将会形成土壤微生物系统学、土壤微生物过程学与土壤微生物功能学3个子学科,要建立土壤微生物种质资源库与遗传信息库,推进土壤微生物生理代谢过程、生物化学过程及生态行为过程的研究,联结土壤微生物与土壤功能的关系,并从土壤中的功能微生物出发对环境变化作出积极响应和主动调控。此外,原创性方法的建立与应用是限制土壤微生物学发展的技术瓶颈,联合生物地理学与生物信息学破译重要基因的特定生态功能,并将其应用到生态模型以及生态系统未知领域的研究中去,是土壤微生物学面临的挑战。