纤维素多孔微载体的制备及其用于动物细胞培养

将纤维素铜氨溶液喷洒至-40℃的硅油：正己烷=1：4的冷冻液中形成含冰晶的微球,用-30℃、40%的H₂SO₄再生纤维素,并用EDAE盐酸盐修饰其表面,制成适合动物细胞培养的纤维素多孔微载体。利用该微载体培养能分泌尿激酶原(Pro-UK)的重组CHO细胞,在100mL搅拌瓶中换液培养25d,细胞最高密度为6.3×10⁶/mL,尿激酶原最高活性为2325IU/mL,共获28.7mg产品。之后转入1000mL搅拌瓶中培养,可观察到细胞可从种子微载体中自动转移到新微载体中生长繁殖直至所有微载体中都长有细胞。在25d二级培养中,细胞最高密度为7.3×10⁶/mL,尿激酶原最高活性为3108IU/mL,共获含353mg尿激酶原的上清13.7L。在培养后期换用无血清培养基培养,细胞生长及蛋白表达水平正常。     

细胞培养微载体及其在生物医药领域的应用

细胞培养微载体能为贴壁依赖性细胞提供超大的附着生长表面,是动物细胞大规模培养过程中的一种重要生物功能材料。由于不同应用领域对细胞微载体的要求略有差异,因此产品设计开发已成为细胞微载体培养技术成功应用的关键。该文从细胞微载体的开发设计与应用水平上进行了综述,以探讨细胞微载体培养技术的发展方向。     

微载体系统动物细胞大规模培养技术

微载体系统动物细胞大规模培养技术王佃亮,肖成祖动物细胞大规模培养技术首创于１９６２年［１］,时隔五年,荷兰的ＶａｎＷｅｚｅｌ［２］率先在这一领域中使用了微载体（ｍｉｃｒｏｃａｒｒｉｅｒ,ＭＣ）微载体系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ＭＣＳ）用于动物细胞大规模培养具有显著的优点：①兼具单层培养和悬浮培养的优势,且是均相培养;②细胞所处环境均一,放大容易;③环境条件（温度、ＰＨ、Ｃｏ２,Po2等)容易测量④具有较高的表面积体积比⑤培养操作可系统化、自动化,降低了污染发生的机会。     

动物细胞培养用生物反应器及相关技术

动物细胞大量培养是生产生物制品的重要途径,它用到的关键设备是生物反应器。根据培养细胞、培养载体、培养液混合方式的不同,生物反应器主要有搅拌式、气升式、中空纤维式、回转式等,其中搅拌式规模最大。回转式是NASA于20世纪90年代中期开发的一种新型生物反应器,被誉为空间生物反应器,可用于组织工程研究。与生物反应器配套的技术主要有灌注、微载体、多孔微球、转入抗凋亡基因等,可以有效地提高细胞密度,增加生物制品产量,提高质量。今后生物反应器研制主要朝两个方向发展:一是,以高密度培养动物细胞生产蛋白质药物为目的,二是以三维培养动物细胞(主要是人类细胞)再生组织或器官为目的。     

用多孔微载体大规模长期培养动物细胞的方法

长期大规模高密度动物细胞培养是生物制药产业中的关键技术,文中介绍了利用多孔微载体在中试规模生物反应器中长期大规模连续培养分泌尿激酶原的DNA重组中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（rCHO）的方法。     

用多孔微载体大规模长期培养动物细胞的方法

长期大规模高密度动物细胞培养是生物制药产业中的关键技术,文中介绍了利用多孔微载体在中试规模生物反应器中长期大规模连续培养分泌尿激酶 原的DNA重组中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（rCHO)的方法。     

基于魔芋葡甘聚糖微球的胶原覆层型微载体的制备研究

以魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)微球为基质,用1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚将KGM微球进行活化,将胶原覆层到微球上,对胶原覆层进行再次交联,得到覆层均匀、稳定的微载体.通过四因素三水平的正交回归组合试验设计,考察了活化时间、蛋白质用量、偶联时间、交联剂用量对微载体细胞培养效果的影响.以Vero细胞培养效果为指标,制备胶原包被微载体的最佳工艺为活化时间5h、蛋白用量1∶0.1(球:蛋白)、偶联时间5h、交联剂用量每1gKGM加入0.5ml交联剂.在最优制备条件下,培养Vero细胞最大细胞密度可达到1.7×106 cells/ml,证明了胶原覆层的KGM微球作为动物细胞培养的微载体具有可行性.     

动物细胞培养用多孔载体的研制

多孔载体是一种新型的用于动物细胞培养的优秀的细胞支持物,其内部网状结构的小孔具有固定细胞和保护细胞免受机械损伤的功能,适合于贴壁细胞和悬浮细胞的培养,能提高培养密度,可应用于大规模培养系统。本文综述了多孔载体的物化性质、制作材料和制备方法。     

自制多孔微球高密度培养Vero细胞的初步研究

多孔微球是动物细胞高密度培养的有效手段,它是1985年由Verax公司开创的,最初用于流化床生物反应器生产单克隆抗体,后来又出现了Percell和Siran系统系列多孔微球,并且使用的反应器种类和生产的产品都在增加,于是便成为一种新型的细胞培养手段而日益受到人们的重视。为此,我们在利用微载体进行Vero细胞高密度培养的同时,又对多孔微球的制备和培养工艺作了初步探索。     

动物细胞培养用多孔载体的研制

多孔载体是一种新型的用于动物细胞培养的优秀细胞支持物,其内部网状结构的小孔具有固定细胞和保护细胞免疫机损伤的功能,适合于贴壁细胞和悬浮细胞的培养,能提高培养密度,可应用于大规模培养系统。本文综述了多孔载体的物化性质、制作材料和制备方法。     

Enhanced Production of Human Recombinant Proteins from CHO cells Grown to High Densities in Macroporous Microcarriers

Macroporous microcarriers entrap cells in a mesh network allowing growth to high densities and protect them from high shear forces in stirred bioreactor cultures. We report the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing either recombinant human beta-interferon (β-IFN) or recombinant human tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) in suspension or embedded in macroporous microcarriers (Cytopore 1 or 2). The microcarriers enhanced the volumetric production of both β-IFN and t-PA by up to 2.5 fold compared to equivalent suspension cultures of CHO cells. Under each condition the cell specific productivity (Q _P) was determined as units of product/cell per day based upon immunological assays. Cells grown in Cytopore 1 microcarriers showed an increase in Q _P with increasing cell densities up to a threshold of >1 × 10⁸ cells/ml. At this point the specific productivity was 2.5 fold higher than equivalent cells grown in suspension but cell densities above this threshold did not enhance Q _P any further. A positive linear correlation (r ² = 0.93) was determined between the specific productivity of each recombinant protein and the corresponding cell density for CHO cells grown in Cytopore 2 cultures. With a cell density range of 25 × 10⁶ to 3 × 10⁸ cells/ml within the microcarriers there was a proportional increase in the specific productivity. The highest specific productivity measured from the microcarrier cultures was ×5 that of suspension cultures. The relationship between specific productivity and cell density within the microcarriers leads to higher yields of recombinant proteins in this culture system. This could be attributed to the environment within the microcarrier matrix that may influence the state of cells that could affect protein synthesis or secretion.     

Recycle of Cytodex-3 in Vero cell culture

It is commonly considered not desirable to use microcarriers more than once in the cultivation of anchorage-dependent animal cells. However, our experiment contradicts this belief. The collagen-coated microcarriers, Cytodex-3, from a batch culture of Vero cells, were collected, cooled to 4, agitated in basic phosphate-buffered solution to detach the cells, and then fully washed to remove the cell debris. The microcarriers were then re-applied in cell culture. The rate of cell attachment, growth and metabolism on re-used carriers were found to be comparable to that of on new ones.     

Microcarrier technology, present status and perspective

Only a decade after Van Wezel introduced the first product made in microcarrier cultures on industrial scale at economically acceptable costs, namely Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), interest was taken in this revolutionary type of cell growth system. The basic idea was to develop a culture system with equal potentials for control of environmental culture conditions and scaling up as the systems used in industrial microbiology. Although initially only positively-charged beads were used it soon became clear that negatively-charged or amphoteric materials such as proteins or amino acids polymerized to the surface were equally useful. Eventually numerous different types of microcarrier were developed. The second generation of microcarriers consisted of macroporous beads providing increased surface area for cell attachment and growth by external and interior space. Such microcarriers offer great potential for high cell densities and enhanced productivity for certain production systems, especially recombinant CHO-cells. These carriers, which not only provide possibilities for anchorage-dependent cells but also for cells growing suspension, can be used in homogeneous bioreactors as well as in fluidized or fixed-bed systems. Despite considerable in vestments and research on the development and improvement of microcarriers one question is still open: is microcarrier technology still in its infancy or is it full-grown and is the basic idea relized? In this paper a general overview will be given of the present state of microcarrier technology and also of its perspectives.     

Cell growth and protein formation on various microcarriers

A large number of microcarriers are commercially available. The capability of cells to successfully proliferate on microcarriers varies with cell lines and media. Choosing the right microcarrier for a particular cell line is more than a choice of a microcarrier. It is part of an integrated process design. A detailed picture of cell growth and product formation will not only be essential in identifying the kind of microcarrier, but also in determining other parts of the process, such as operation mode and media. Our initial screening on thirteen microcarriers showed that cultures on some microcarriers reached a low cell density but high cell-specific productivity, and high density microcarrier cultures have a low specific productivity. The result is a similar product output per unit volume and time for these two types of cultures. An ideal culture system shall have increased volumetric productivity at elevated cell density. This requires the process goal to be incorporated as early as cell line construction and screening. A high output process can then be realized through high density culture. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Attachment and growth of mammalian cells on microcarriers with different ion exchange capacities

In the design of microcarriers for animal cell growth, the exchange capacity has been considered a critical factor. However, charge densities of microcarriers under culture conditions are not the same as the exchange capacities. Furthermore, the charge density requirement for optimum attachment is not necessarily the same as that required for optimum growth. We demonstrate that charge is not the sole factor affecting the attachment and growth of animal cells on microcarriers. We also show that supplemental serum in the growth medium has a negative effect on cell attachment to microcarriers.     

Selection of microcarrier diameter for the cultivation of mammalian cells on microcarriers

The kinetics of mammalian cell growth in a microcarrier culture are affected by the distribution of cells on microcarriers. It has been shown previously that a critical cell number per microcarrier is required for the growth of FS-4 cells on microcarriers. It is advantageous to alter the cell distribution on microcarriers to allow for a larger fraction of microcarriers to acquire enough cells to initiate normal growth. This can be achieved by selecting the diameter of the microcarriers employed. It has also been shown previously that the critical cell number could be reduced by choosing a better culture medium to support low density growth. However, even if all cells inoculated into a culture are capable of growing to confluence, it is still necessary to select the microcarrier diameter ration ally to improve the growth kinetics. The method of selecting the microcarrier diameter is discussed. By employing a improved medium as well as using microcarriers of selected diameter, the multiplication ratio was in creased to 15- to 16-fold for FS-4 cells, as opposed to 3- to 4-fold typically obtained in a batch culture.     

多孔微载体无血清培养rCHO细胞生产u-PA

在30L搅拌式反应器中无血清培养分泌尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(u-PA)的DNA重组CHO细胞,定期部分更换Cytopore多孔微载体,使生长在多孔微载体中的细胞不断更新繁殖,解决大规模细胞培养中的细胞凋亡问题。在91d连接换液培养过程中,细胞密度可维持在(1.3～2.6)×107／mL,活细胞比率维持在90％以上。在7.5L搅拌罐中培养细胞,利用外部周期性压力振荡刺激并结合载体更新技术,可减轻密度效应对细胞生长和表达的影响,在一定程度上提高细胞在高密度培养条件下的表达水平。在67d连续换液培养中,细胞最高密度为2.64×107／mL,活细胞比率维持在95％以上。与稳压操作相比,利用周期变压刺激技术可提高产量10％～20％,且可降低葡萄糖厌氧代谢生成乳酸的转化率,利用4步纯化工艺,从含u-PA约135g的2100L上清中获得约80gu-PA(单链比例约为90％)。     

Comparative investigation of the use of various commercial microcarriers as a substrate for culturing mammalian cells

Microcarriers provide large adhesion area allowing high cell densities in bioreactor systems. This study focused on the investigation of cell adhesion and cell growth characteristics of both anchorage-dependent CHO-K1 and anchorage-independent Ag8 myeloma cell lines cultivated on four different microcarriers (Biosilon®, Microhex®, Cytodex 3®, Cytoline 2®) by considering the cell kinetics and physiological data. Experiments were performed in both static and agitated cell culture systems by using 24-well tissue culture plates and then 50-ml spinner flasks. In agitated cultures, the highest specific growth rates (0.026 h for CHO-K1 and 0.061 h for Ag8 cell line) were obtained with Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2® microcarriers for CHO-K1 and Ag8 cell line, respectively. Metabolic characteristics showed some variation among the cultures with the four microcarriers. The most significant being the higher production of lactate with microcarriers with CHO-K1 cells relative to the Ag8 cells. SEM analyses revealed the differences in the morphology of the cells along with microcarriers. On Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2®, CHO-K1 cells attached to the substratum through long, slender filopodia, whereas the cells showed a flat morphology by covering the substratum on the Biosilon® and Microhex®. Ag8 cells maintained their spherical shapes throughout the culture for all types of microcarriers. In an attempt to scale-up, productions were carried out in 50-ml spinner flasks. Cytodex 3® (for CHO-K1 cells) and Cytoline 2® (for Ag8 cells) were evaluated. The results demonstrate that high yield of biomass could be achieved through the immobilization of the cells in each culture system. And cell cultures on microcarriers, especially on Cytodex 3® and Cytoline 2®, represented a good potential as microcarriers for larger scale cultures of CHO-K1 and Ag8, respectively. Moreover, owing to the fact that the cell lines and culture media are specific, outcomes will be applicable for other clones derived from the same host cell lines.     

Growth of endothelial and HeLa cells on a new multipurpose microcarrier that is positive,negative or collagen coated

A new cell culture microcarrier that can be covalently bonded by cell attachment proteins and can be thin-sectioned for electron microscopy was synthesized. It was easily made by sulfonating cross-linked polystyrene beads for a negative surface charge followed by covalent attachment of polyethylenimine for a positive charge. Cell attachment proteins, e.g. collagen, was covalently bonded directly to the microcarrier using a carbodiimide or after activating the microcarrier surface with glutaraldehyde. HeLa-S3 cells attached, spread and grew to confluence more efficiently on the positive microcarriers and those coated with collagen than on the negative ones. Endothelial cells grew best on those with a negative surface charge. The nature of the microcarrier surface was not the only aspect involved in cell adhesion but also the type of serum proteins adsorbed. Qualitatively different proteins coated the microcarriers depending upon whether the carrier was negative, positive or coated with collagen. Comparison of various types of available microcarriers indicated that the modified cross-linked polystyrene beads used here were best for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Endothelial cells grown on the microcarriers had the same ultrastructure as cells grown in monolayers in culture dishes. Of a variety of microcarriers tested the modified cross-linked polystyrene beads were the only ones that could be used for both ultrastructural and biochemical techniques.     

Scalable inoculation strategies for microcarrier-based animal cell bioprocesses

Scalability is a major demand for high-yield, stable bioprocess systems in animal cell culture-based biopharmaceutical production. Increased yields can be achieved through high-density cell culture, such as in the combination of microcarrier and fluidized bed bioreactor technology. To minimize inocula volume in industrial applications of fluidized bed fermentation systems, it is crucial to increase the bed volume in the reactor during the fermentation process. We tested scale-up strategy for the production of recombinant human arylsulfatase B (ASB) enzyme used in enzyme replacement therapy in patients afflicted with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI). This enzyme was derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultivated as adherent cell culture on Cytoline macroporous microcarriers (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) using a Cytopilot Mini fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR; Amersham Biosciences, Vogelbusch, Austria). Both 1:2 expansion (herein referred to as the addition of fresh, not-yet-colonized microcarriers) and 1:6 expansion of the carrier bed were performed successfully; the cells restarted to proliferate for colonizing these newly added carriers; and the stability of the culture was not negatively affected.