黑杨萎蔫叶片挥发性物质的成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气体吸附法提取黑杨萎蔫叶片的挥发性气味物质,用二氯甲烷做萃取剂,气相色谱_质谱联用技术分离和鉴定萃取到的气味物质的化学组分,结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏法共得到19个峰,鉴定出结构的有16个峰,未鉴明的3个峰;主要组分为4号峰的(Z)_3_己烯醇,相对含量为28.71%,其次为14号峰的邻羟基苯甲醛,相对含量为10.35%。气体吸附法共分离到20个峰,鉴定出结构的有17个峰;主要组分分别为6、7、8号峰的(E)_2_己烯醛、(Z)_3_己烯醇、(E)_2_己烯醇,相对含量分别为20.78%、29.12%、29.22%。两种方法所得到的相同组分为9种,相似性为46.15%。     

黑杨萎蔫叶片挥发性物质的成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气体吸附法提取黑杨萎蔫叶片的挥发性气味物质 ,用二氯甲烷做萃取剂 ,气相色谱_质谱联用技术分离和鉴定萃取到的气味物质的化学组分 ,结果表明 ,水蒸气蒸馏法共得到 1 9个峰 ,鉴定出结构的有 1 6个峰 ,未鉴明的 3个峰 ;主要组分为 4号峰的 (Z)_3_己烯醇 ,相对含量为 2 8.71 % ,其次为 1 4号峰的邻羟基苯甲醛 ,相对含量为 1 0 .35 %。气体吸附法共分离到 2 0个峰 ,鉴定出结构的有1 7个峰 ;主要组分分别为 6、7、8号峰的 (E)_2_己烯醛、(Z)_3_己烯醇、(E)_2_己烯醇 ,相对含量分别为2 0 .78%、2 9.1 2 %、2 9.2 2 %。两种方法所得到的相同组分为 9种 ,相似性为 46.1 5 %。     

番茄几种挥发性组分对番茄灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

采用孢子悬滴培养法,测定番茄几种挥发性组分对番茄灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明各挥发性组分对灰葡萄孢均有抑制作用,抑制率的大小依次为挥发醛、芳香族化合物和萜类化合物。10μmol/L的(E)-2-己烯醛和壬烯醛可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长,4μmol/L的丁子香酚和10~20μmol/L的水杨酸甲酯使病菌菌丝异常生长。本研究为番茄挥发性物质在其抗病防御反应中的作用提供理论依据。     

不同提取方法对印度紫檀叶片挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)、固相微萃取法(SPME)和动态顶空吸附法(DHA)三种方法提取的印度紫檀挥发性成分。结果表明:三种方法提取印度紫檀挥发油的化学成分有差异。同时蒸馏萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出25种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为35.29%;固相微萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为乙酸叶醇酯,相对含量为33.62%;动态顶空吸附法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为30.42%。三种方法共检测到2种相同组分,检出的主要物质是醇类、酯类和缩醛。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS对百合中游离态和键合态挥发性成分分析

目的：研究百合中游离态和键合态挥发性成分。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法和煎煮法提取得到游离态挥发样品；通过Amberlite XAD-2大孔吸附树脂键合百合中糖苷类物质，洗脱后用Almonds β-D-葡萄糖苷酶对其进行酶解得到键合态挥发样品。利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）测定挥发性成分。通过NIST08谱库检索及对比相关文献定性，内标法定量。结果：水蒸气蒸馏法提取出游离态物质22种，主要为酯类和醛类；键合态物质7种，主要为酯类。煎煮法提取出游离态物质19种，主要为醇类、醛类。结论：本工作可为百合挥发性成分的综合利用提供参考。     

不同颜色果袋对‘巨峰’葡萄果实中挥发性成分的影响

以‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,研究白袋、绿袋、红袋、蓝袋4种不同颜色果袋对葡萄成熟期果实中挥发性成分的影响,为葡萄专用果袋的研发提供理论依据.结果表明:不同颜色果袋可为葡萄果实的发育提供特定的光环境,不同套袋处理葡萄成熟期果实中的挥发性成分差异显著.‘巨峰’葡萄成熟期果实中检测到酯、醛、醇、酮类、萜烯类和芳香族化合物,对照、白袋、绿袋、红袋和蓝袋处理成熟期果实检测到的挥发性组分分别为33、37、38、32和34种.与对照相比,白袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、癸醛含量增加;绿袋处理除3-己烯酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯醛、(反,反)-2,4-己二烯醛、癸醛、苯乙醇外,其他共有组分的含量均出现降低;红袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现降低;蓝袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等主要酯类物质的含量未发生较大变化,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现升高.在非共有组分中,套袋处理中醇类组分的种类减少,萜烯类、芳香族化合物的种类增加.总体上,蓝袋处理果实中主要的‘果香型’酯类组分含量最高,白袋处理果实中主要的酯类组分及‘青草香型’的醛类组分含量较高,绿袋、红袋处理果实主要香气组分含量较低.     

三种绿叶挥发性物质对云南切梢小蠹寄主定位行为的干扰作用

为了研究环境中非寄主阔叶植物释放出的绿叶挥发性物质（GLVs）对针叶树蛀干害虫云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanesis的影响, 选取了(E)-2-己烯醛、 (E)-2-己烯醇和(Z)-3-己烯醇3种释放量较大的绿叶挥发性物质, 通过室内松梢取食试验测试了单组分及两两混合后对云南切梢小蠹寄主定位行为的干扰作用。结果表明： 源于阔叶植物的3种绿叶挥发性物质及其混合物能够不同程度干扰云南切梢小蠹的寄主定位行为。当虫放入广口瓶12 h后, 3个单组分绿叶挥发性物质处理组［A： (E)-2-己烯醛, P＜0.01; B： (E)-2-己烯醇, P＜0.01; C： (Z)-3-己烯醇, P＜0.01］及2个混合组分［D： (E)-2-己烯醛+(E)-2-己烯醇, P＜0.01）; E： (E)-2-己烯醛+(Z)-3-己烯醇, P＜0.01］中滞留在松梢外部的虫数与对照组相比都有显著性差异, 绿叶挥发性物质的存在显著降低了云南切梢小蠹侵害云南松松梢的概率。但是, 24 h后只有D组（P＜0.01）和E组（P＜0.01）滞留在松梢外部的虫数与对照组相比具有显著性差异, 在48 h后只有D组（P＜0.01）与对照相比仍具有显著性差异。本研究为利用非寄主植物的次生代谢产物防治云南切梢小蠹进行了有益的探索。     

鞑靼滨藜挥发性化学成分分析

对鞑靼滨藜全草的挥发性化学成分进行分析。采用水蒸气蒸馏法及索氏提取法提取鞑靼滨藜全草中的挥发性化学成分,用GC-MS联用技术分析其化学组成,计算其相对百分含量,并对两种提取方法进行比较研究。结果表明:水蒸气蒸馏法提取物的成分比索氏提取法较多。从水蒸气蒸馏法分离出的53个色谱峰中鉴定了51种成分,含量最高的是茴香脑(45.84%),其次为正二十七烷(9.28%),羟基吲哚(6.81%),α-羟基-2-甲基丙基苯乙酸酯(4.03%)。从索氏提取法分离出的26个色谱峰中鉴定了22种成分,含量最高的是正二十九烷(22.63%),其次为硬酯酸(16.69%),十六醛(6.89%),棕榈酸(5.43%)。     

贵州产辣蓼挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取出贵州产辣蓼的挥发性成分,运用GC-MS联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,并采用峰面积归一法确定各成分的相对含量。固相微萃取物中鉴定出48个化合物,主要有β-石竹烯(27.02%),正癸醇(14.39%),十二醛(12.96%)等,水蒸气蒸馏物中鉴定出27个化合物,β-红没药烯(19.00%),补身树醇(15.25%),十二醛(14.41%)等。辣蓼中挥发性成分经两种不同提取方法成分存在明显差异。与文献数据比较,不同省区产的辣蓼挥发性成分差异很大。体外抗菌试验表明,辣蓼挥发性成分具有抑菌作用,这些研究结果为辣蓼的有效利用提供了依据。     

Volatile components of Polygonum hydropiper distributed in Guizhou Province

采用固相微萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取出贵州产辣蓼的挥发性成分,运用GC-MS联用技术对挥发性成分进行分析鉴定,并采用峰面积归一法确定各成分的相对含量.固相微萃取物中鉴定出48个化合物,主要有β-石竹烯(27.02％),正癸醇(14.39％),十二醛(12.96％)等,水蒸气蒸馏物中鉴定出27个化合物,β-红没药烯(19.00％),补身树醇(15.25％),十二醛(14.41％)等.辣蓼中挥发性成分经两种不同提取方法成分存在明显差异.与文献数据比较,不同省区产的辣蓼挥发性成分差异很大.体外抗菌试验表明,辣蓼挥发性成分具有抑菌作用,这些研究结果为辣蓼的有效利用提供了依据.     

Identification of phenylacetic acid as a natural auxin in the shoots of higher plants

Evidence indicating the natural occurrence of the auxin substance, phenylacetic acid (PAA), in a range of crop plants has been obtained from paper chromatography followed by bioassay and from HPLC and GLC analysis of acidic ether extracts from vegetative shoots of these plants. Confirmatory evidence for the presence of PAA in tobacco shoots has been obtained from GC-MS analysis. Quantitative estimation of the relative amounts of the two auxins, IAA and PAA, in the different shoot extracts was achieved by paper chromatography followed by gas chromatography. The amount of PAA in all six plants was found to be several times greater than that of IAA and calculation of average internal concentrations revealed that PAA is present in vegetative shoots at physiologically active concentrations. Present knowledge of the growth-regulating activity of this new natural auxin is discussed.     

缬草油化学成份GC/MS分析研究

利用GC、GC/MS对缬草油的化学成分进行分析 ,共鉴定出 6 5种化合物 ,其中有 2 6种物质为相关文献中首次报道。所介绍的分析方法可用于生产中的质量监控和常规分析 ,分析结果可为配方、产品开发和调香等提供指导     

狗小肠鞘氨醇糖脂中长链碱组成的研究

 利用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用等方法测定了狗小肠鞘氨醇糖脂中的长链碱组成。其主要的长链碱为鞘氨醇(Sphingosine)、异鞘氨醇(isosphingosine)、二氢鞘氨醇(Sphinganine)和植物鞘氨酸(Phyto-sphingosine)。一共分离出十三个鞘氨醇糖脂。在唯一的五糖基神经酰胺中异鞘氨醇是主要成份。在一个一糖基神经酰胺中植物鞘氨醇是主要成份。植植物鞘氨酸也是两个二糖基神经酰胺和一个三糖基神酰胺的主要长链碱。说明它不仅存于植物体内。     

生物成因煤层气的研究现状

煤层气是煤层中自生自储的以甲烷为主的气体,是一种新型清洁能源和优质化工原料。而生物成因煤层气是可开采的主要煤层气,关于生物成因煤层气的研究在煤层资源利用方面有着重要的意义。本文对生物成因煤层气煤地质微生物、生物煤层气增采实验方法、成气影响因素及生成机理进行了综述,并通过总结前人的研究成果,对生物成因煤层气成气基质类型、本源微生物特别是甲烷菌的代谢过程及条件、成气过程的实验模拟等未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Errors in differential infrared carbon dioxide analysis resulting from water vapor

Water vapor was added differentially to the gas streams entering the cells of three makes of differential infrared carbon dioxide analysers. Analyser deflections were compared with those expected from dilution of the carbon dioxide by the additional gas. Tests were made at 0, 365, and 730 cm³ m^–3 concentrations of carbon dioxide, and with the dewpoint in one cell of the analysers held constant at 15, 20, or 25°C. None of the analysers always responded in the ways predicted from dilution. The results showed that errors of a few cm³ m^–3 could occur in estimates of carbon dioxide differentials using the theoretical correction for dilution. Furthermore the amount of error varied with the carbon dioxide range, the difference in water content, and in some cases the dewpoint range.     

The chemistry and biogenesis of the S-containing metabolites of vinyl chloride in rats.

In order to determine whether vinyl chloride yields chloroethylene oxide in vivo, the biogenesis of the various urinary S-containing metabolites in rats has been investigated.N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine is a major vinyl chloride metabolite in rats, but according to the method of protective esterification that is used, so either N-acetyl-S-(2-chloroethyl)cysteine or N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine may be isolated from the body fluids. N-Acetyl-S-vinylcysteine is a second related metabolite. These S-containing vinyl chloride metabolites are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium. Neutral methanol methylates N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine. N-Acetyl-S-(2-methoxyethyl)cysteine plus N-acetyl-S-vinylcysteine degrade to give the volatile S-(2-methoxyethyl)(prop-1 or 2-enyl)sulphide.Administration of several vinyl chloride metabolites and closely related compounds to rats shows that chloroacetaldehyde and S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine, but not chloroacetic acid, lie on a pathway or pathways connecting vinyl chloride with thiodiglycollic acid. The fact (a) that chloroacetaldehyde affords both thiodiglycollic acid and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine in the animal and (b) that S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine has been identified amongst the hydrolytic products from an hepatic extract prepared from vinyl chloride-treated animals is consistent with the formation of chloroacetaldehyde, and with the reaction of chloroethylene oxide or chloroacetaldehyde with glutathione in the presence of a glutathione S-epoxide transferase to give the identified S-containing metabolites.     

Comparison of Volatile Compounds from Chungkuk-Jang and Itohiki-Natto

Volatile compounds from two South-East Asian fermented soybean foods, Chungkuk-jang (CKJ) and Itohiki-natto (natto), were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), and GC-sniffing. A total of 112 compounds were identified. A large amount of ethanol was detected from CKJ, while acetone and methyl isobutyrate were major components of natto. The characteristic odor compounds of CKJ were some ethyl esters of short chain fatty acids, diallyl disulfide, and several natto-like odor compounds were identified as ammonia, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 2-methylbutanoic acid.     

Detection thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol using serial dilutions in different solvents

Detection thresholds are typically obtained by presenting a subject with serial dilutions of an odorant. Many factors, including the solvent used to dilute the odorant, can influence the measurement of detection thresholds. Differences have been reported in detection thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) when different solvents are used. In this study we used gas chromatography (GC) to investigate further the effect of solvent on odor detection thresholds. We used a single ascending method and serial dilutions of PEA in four different solvents--liquid paraffin (LP), mineral oil (MO), propylene glycol (PG) and dipropylene glycol (DPG)--to determine the PEA thresholds for 31 adult subjects. For each solvent, we prepared eight serial log base 10 step dilutions (1-8), with corresponding liquid PEA concentrations of 6.3 x 10(1)-6.3 x 10(-6) (% v/v). We found that the threshold concentrations for PEA in LP (step 6.5) and PEA in MO (step 5.5) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for PEA in PG (step 4.0) and DPG (step 4.0) We then used GC to measure both the liquid and gas PEA concentrations for the dilution steps prepared with LP and PG. Although there were large threshold differences in the liquid concentrations of PEA in LP and PG, the headspace gas concentrations of PEA were the same. These results demonstrate the importance of determining the gas concentration of odorant stimuli when performing odor threshold measurements, in particular when comparing odor detection thresholds obtained using different solvents.     

Lipase hydration state in the gas phase: sorption isotherm measurements and inverse gas chromatography

The adsorption of water and substrate on immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B was studied by performing adsorption isotherm measurements and using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Water adsorption isotherm of the immobilized enzyme showed singular profile absorption incompatible with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller model, probably due to the hydrophobic nature of the support, leading to very low interactions with water. IGC allowed determining the evolution with water thermodynamic activity (a(W)) of both dispersive surface energies and acidity and basicity constants of immobilized enzyme. These results showed that water molecules progressively covered immobilized enzyme, when increasing a(W), leading to a saturation of polar groups above a(W) 0.1 and full coverage of the surface above a(W) 0.25. IGC also enabled relevant experiments to investigate the behavior of substrates under a(W) that they will experience, in a competitive situation with water. Results indicated that substrates had to displace water molecules in order to adsorb on the enzyme from a(W) values ranging from 0.1 to 0.2, depending on the substrate. As the conditions used for these adsorption studies resemble the ones of the continuous enzymatic solid/gas reactor, in which activity and selectivity of the lipase were extensively studied, it was possible to link adsorption results with particular effects of water on enzyme properties.     

Diel leaf growth cycles in Clusia spp. are related to changes between C3 photosynthesis and crassulacean acid metabolism during development and during water stress

This study reports evidence that the timing of leaf growth responds to developmental and environmental constraints in Clusia spp. We monitored diel patterns of leaf growth in the facultative C₃-crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species Clusia minor and in the supposedly obligate CAM species Clusia alata using imaging methods and followed diel patterns of CO₂ exchange and acidification. Developing leaves of well-watered C. minor showed a C₃-like diel pattern of gas exchange and growth, with maximum relative growth rate (RGR) in the early night period. Growth slowed when water was withheld, accompanied by nocturnal CO₂ exchange and the diel acid change characteristic of CAM. Maximum leaf RGR shifted from early night to early in the day when water was withheld. In well-watered C. alata , similar changes in the diel pattern of leaf growth occurred with the development of CAM during leaf ontogeny. We hypothesize that the shift in leaf growth cycle that accompanies the switch from C₃ photosynthesis to CAM is mainly caused by the primary demand of CAM for substrates for nocturnal CO₂ fixation and acid synthesis, thus reducing the availability of carbohydrates for leaf growth at night. Although the shift to leaf growth early in the light is presumably associated with the availability of carbohydrates, source–sink relationships and sustained diurnal acid levels in young leaves of Clusia spp. need further evaluation in relation to growth processes.