mRNA表观修饰方式及m6A功能研究进展

mRNA上能发生100多种化学修饰,其中N~6-腺嘌呤(m~6A)是mRNA修饰中最广泛的表观修饰方式之一。在细胞分化、胚胎发育和应激等生物学过程中,特定的mRNA会发生包括N~1-腺嘌呤甲基化、N~5-胞嘧啶甲基化、假尿嘧啶以及N`6-腺嘌呤甲基化等修饰,它们共同形成了mRNA转录后调控的表观修饰转录组,实现对mRNA翻译成蛋白质过程的精确时空调控,特别是m~6A修饰能通过调控mRNA的代谢和翻译等进而调控细胞的一系列生物学过程。文中主要综述mRNA的表观修饰类型和特点,特别是m~6A修饰参与调控mRNA和细胞生物学功能的最新研究进展,并展望了将来m~6A表观修饰的研究重点和方向。     

m6A修饰在植物生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中的功能

真核生物mRNA存在多种甲基化修饰,其中N⁶-腺苷酸甲基化(N⁶-methyladenosine, m⁶A)修饰是最为常见的一种动态内部修饰。m⁶A是指RNA腺嘌呤的第6位氮原子上发生甲基化修饰,它能够动态的被甲基转移酶添加,被去甲基化酶去除,以及被甲基化阅读蛋白识别。近年来,植物m⁶A修饰相关的酶被陆续鉴定,研究发现m⁶A修饰调控植物胚胎发育、茎尖分生组织分化、开花等生长发育过程,在植物抗逆境胁迫响应中也具有重要调控作用。本文就m⁶A修饰相关酶的组成及其在植物生长发育和植物抗逆境胁迫过程中的功能相关研究进展进行综述,并对甘蓝型油菜中m⁶A修饰相关的酶进行了生物信息学分析。     

N6-甲基化腺苷修饰在乳腺癌中的研究进展

表观遗传学在乳腺癌的恶性进展中起到重要作用,其中N⁶-甲基化腺苷(m⁶A)修饰是最丰富的RNA修饰,参与调节乳腺癌细胞恶性行为的通路及癌细胞所处的肿瘤微环境。同时,乳腺癌发病率居于我国女性恶性肿瘤首位,近年来首次发病年龄趋于年轻化,是严重危及我国女性健康的疾病之一。然而,乳腺癌早期治疗预后较好。当晚期出现转移后,患者5年生存率差。m⁶A作为一种可能用于乳腺癌早筛的生物标志物及新的药物治疗靶点,给乳腺癌的早期治疗提供了新的研究方向。本文系统地综述了m⁶A修饰相关因子及其在乳腺癌恶性行为中发挥的调控作用,并列出现已知的一些靶向药物和潜在的早筛方法,为乳腺癌的诊断、治疗、监测提供新的思路。     

RNA的m6A修饰与心血管疾病

N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m~6A)是存在于多种RNA中的化学修饰方式,最常见于mRNA。RNA的m~6A含量和效应受到甲基转移酶(Writers)、去甲基酶(Erasers)和甲基化阅读蛋白(Readers)的动态调控。与DNA甲基化修饰和组蛋白修饰相似,它们都参与了多种生物学过程,并与多种疾病的发生发展相关。本文先简要综述m~6A修饰的动态过程及生物学功能,然后重点介绍m~6A修饰与心血管疾病关系的研究进展。     

m6A RNA甲基化修饰在心血管疾病中的作用

N6-甲基腺嘌呤（N6-methyladenosine, m6A）是发生在腺嘌呤N6位的甲基化修饰,它是真核生物信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)中最丰富的转录后修饰。m6A修饰是由甲基化酶、去甲基化酶以及结合蛋白质共同调控的动态可逆的过程,并且影响mRNA的生命周期各个阶段,包括稳定性、剪接、核输出、翻译和降解。近年来,有研究报道m6A连续动态调节在心血管疾病中发挥着重要的作用,包括动脉粥样硬化、心肌缺血再灌注损伤、心肌肥厚、心力衰竭、高血压以及腹主动脉瘤等。本文主要对m6A RNA甲基化修饰的作用机制及其在心血管疾病中的最新研究进展进行概述,此外,同时介绍了m6A 单核苷酸多态性（m6A-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, m6A-SNPs）在心血管疾病中的应用,以期为心血管疾病的预防及治疗提供新的思路和途径。     

甲基转移酶METTL3与疾病关系

N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(N~6-methyladenosine),即m~6A修饰,普遍存在于各种真核生物中,是真核细胞RNA中最常见的甲基化修饰,占所有RNA甲基化修饰的80%以上。METTL3作为m~6A甲基转移酶复合体的核心催化亚基,可以修饰多种承担重要功能分子的转录本,并由此参与细胞的分化、增殖和发育等重要生命过程。近年有大量研究发现,METTL3与多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关,如肿瘤、神经系统疾病、心血管疾病等。本文重点介绍了METTL3与这些疾病发生、发展关系的研究进展。     

RNA m~6A甲基化修饰对生物学功能调控作用的研究进展

目前发现的RNA表观遗传修饰存在多种方式,如N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(N~6-methyladenosine, m~6A)、N~1-甲基腺嘌呤(N1-methyladenosine, m~1A)、5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytidine, m5C)和假尿嘧啶核苷(pseudouridine,PD)等。m~6A是最常见的一种修饰,它是由甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶以及结合蛋白所催化的一种动态可逆的修饰方式,具有重要的调控功能,参与多种细胞进程和疾病的病理过程。最近5年,随着RNA检测技术的发展,m~6A修饰的生物学功能探索已成为RNA领域的前沿热点,该文拟对m~6A甲基化修饰的相关蛋白、生物学功能等方面进行简要概述。     

m6A修饰在女性生殖系统疾病中的作用

表观转录组学是近年来一个较为新兴的生物学研究领域。表观转录组学主要研究的是RNA携带的化学修饰对于基因表达的影响。其中，RNA甲基化修饰为真核生物中常见的一种修饰方式。同时，m6A是真核生物RNA最常见的甲基化修饰方式之一。本文就近些年来m6A甲基化修饰与妇科疾病发生发展的关系进行阐述，为深入了解妇科疾病与m6A甲基化修饰提供相应的参考资料，也为保障女性健康提供新的思路。     

m~6A甲基化修饰对胶质母细胞瘤恶性进展影响的研究现状

胶质母细胞瘤是成人最常见、最具侵袭性的原发性脑肿瘤,该肿瘤进展快速,预后差。近年来,分子靶向治疗以其特异性和有效性成为胶质母细胞瘤治疗的研究热点,但对胶质母细胞瘤的分子异质性和发病机制尚不清楚。6-甲基腺嘌呤(m~6A)作为真核生物信使RNA(mRNA)中最丰富的内部修饰,参与了人类多种复杂疾病的发生发展过程,尤其在癌症的发生发展中具有重要作用。有研究结果表明m~6A甲基化调控胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的增殖并且当m~6A甲基化减少时可促进胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的恶性进展,但也有研究表明m~6A甲基化水平降低时可抑制胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的恶性进展。因此就目前研究现状看,m~6A的甲基化和去甲基化可能会影响胶质母细胞瘤恶性进展,也是胶质母细胞瘤目前仍存在争议且相关研究较少的一个方向。发现RNA中m~6A的关键功能可能会为胶质母细胞瘤的治疗提供新的思路。     

m~6A修饰及其对病毒复制过程调控研究进展

N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N~6-methyladenosine, m~6A)修饰是一种在真核生物中普遍存在的RNA修饰方式,在mRNA转运、稳定、翻译等过程中具有重要作用。m~6A修饰在病毒复制周期中扮演不同的角色,病毒的复制和宿主对病毒的免疫反应都受到m~6A甲基化的影响。本文总结了近年来关于m6A修饰方面的分子作用机制及其对病毒复制以及宿主免疫反应的影响相关研究,以期为病毒生命周期中的表观遗传调控研究提供一定的参考。     

N6-甲基化腺嘌呤RNA甲基化修饰在中枢神经系统中的作用研究进展

mRNA存在多种转录后修饰,这些修饰调控mRNA的稳定和剪接、翻译、转运等多个过程,进而影响细胞发育、机体免疫、学习认知等重要生理功能。其中m⁶A修饰是转录后修饰中最丰富的一种,广泛存在于mRNA中,调控mRNA的代谢活动,影响基因表达。m⁶A修饰的稳态对神经系统的发育和功能维持至关重要。近年研究发现,在神经退行性疾病、精神疾病和脑肿瘤中均存在m⁶A修饰的身影。因此本文对近几年m⁶A甲基化修饰在中枢神经系统发育、功能及相关疾病中的作用进行总结,为神经系统疾病提供潜在的临床治疗靶点。     

The detection and functions of RNA modification m6A based on m6A writers and erasers

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most frequent chemical modification in eukaryotic mRNA and is known to participate in a variety of physiological processes, including cancer progression and viral infection. The reversible and dynamic m⁶A modification is installed by m⁶A methyltransferase (writer) enzymes and erased by m⁶A demethylase (eraser) enzymes. m⁶A modification recognized by m⁶A binding proteins (readers) regulates RNA processing and metabolism, leading to downstream biological effects such as promotion of stability and translation or increased degradation. The m⁶A writers and erasers determine the abundance of m⁶A modifications and play decisive roles in its distribution and function. In this review, we focused on m⁶A writers and erasers and present an overview on their known functions and enzymatic molecular mechanisms, showing how they recognize substrates and install or remove m⁶A modifications. We also summarize the current applications of m⁶A writers and erasers for m⁶A detection and highlight the merits and drawbacks of these available methods. Lastly, we describe the biological functions of m⁶A in cancers and viral infection based on research of m⁶A writers and erasers and introduce new assays for m⁶A functionality via programmable m⁶A editing tools.     

Downregulation of m6A Reader YTHDC2 Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Malignant Lung Cells via CYLD/NF-κB Pathway

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of carcinoma worldwide. Cigarette smoking is considered the leading cause of lung cancer. Aberrant expression of several YT521-B homology (YTH) family proteins has been reported to be closely associated with multiple cancer types. The present study aims to evaluate the function and regulatory mechanisms of the N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) reader protein YTH domain containing 2 (YTHDC2) by in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics analyses. The results revealed that YTHDC2 was reduced in lung cancer and cigarette smoke-exposed cells. Notably, bioinformatics and tissue arrays analysis demonstrated that decreased YTHDC2 was highly associated with smoking history, pathological stage, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and poor outcomes. The in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that YTHDC2 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells as well as tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, YTHDC2 decreased expression was modulated by copy number deletion in lung cancer. Importantly, the cylindromatosis (CYLD)/NF-κB pathways were confirmed as the downstream signaling of YTHDC2, and this axis was mediated by m⁶A modification. The present results indicated that smoking-related downregulation of YTHDC2 was associated with enhanced proliferation and migration in lung cancer cells, and appeared to be regulated by DNA copy number variation. Importantly, YTHDC2 functions as a tumor suppressor through the CYLD/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is mediated by m⁶A modification.     

Regulation of Virus Replication and T Cell Homeostasis by N~6-Methyladenosine

RNA modifications are abundant in eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. N~6-methyladenosine(m~6A), a type of RNA modification mainly found in messenger RNA(mRNA), has significant effects on the metabolism and function of m RNAs. This modification is governed by three types of proteins, namely methyltransferases as ‘‘writers' ', demethylases as ‘‘erasers' ',and specific m~6A-binding proteins(YTHDF1-3) as ‘‘readers' '. Further, it is important for the regulation of cell fate and has a critical function in many biological processes including virus replication, stem cell differentiation, and cancer development, and exerts its effect by controlling gene expression. Herein, we summarize recent advances in research on m~6A in virus replication and T cell regulation, which is a rapidly emerging field that will facilitate the development of antiviral therapies and the study of innate immunity.     

Loss of Wtap results in cerebellar ataxia and degeneration of Purkinje cells

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) modification, which is achieved by the METTL3/METTL14/WTAP methyltransferase complex, is the most abundant internal mRNA modification. Although recent evidence indicates that m⁶A can regulate neurodevelopment as well as synaptic function, the roles of m⁶A modification in the cerebellum and related synaptic connections are not well established. Here, we report that Purkinje cell (PC)-specific WTAP knockout mice display early-onset ataxia concomitant with cerebellar atrophy due to extensive PC degeneration and apoptotic cell death. Loss of Wtap also causes the aberrant degradation of multiple PC synapses. WTAP depletion leads to decreased expression levels of METTL3/14 and reduced m⁶A methylation in PCs. Moreover, the expression of GFAP and NF-L in the degenerating cerebellum is increased, suggesting severe neuronal injuries. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the critical role of WTAP-mediated m⁶A modification in cerebellar PCs, thus providing unique insights related to neurodegenerative disorders.