水稻二化螟的交配行为

在室内条件下,对水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的交配行为及能力进行了研究.结果表明：大多数二化螟雌蛾一生只交配一次,平均0.92次;而雄蛾具有多次交配能力,最多达4次,平均2.72次.二化螟雌蛾的日龄影响其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间,随二化螟雌蛾日龄的增加,其交配率逐渐下降,交配起始时间逐渐提前,而交配持续时间逐渐上升.相反,二化螟雄蛾日龄对其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间没有明显影响.交配日龄对二化螟雌蛾的生殖力也存在显著影响,随着二化螟雌蛾交配日龄的增加,雌蛾产卵量下降,卵孵化率降低,产卵期缩短,它们都与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的负相关;而雌蛾产卵前期和雌蛾寿命随雌蛾交配日龄的增加而延长,与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的正相关.但二化螟雄蛾交配日龄对雌蛾的生殖力没有明显影响,二化螟雄蛾一生都具有较强的交配繁殖能力.同时,不同交配史的雄蛾与雌蛾交配,对雌蛾的生殖力也没有显著影响.表明二化螟的交配活动是由雌蛾主导控制的.最后,对这些结果在二化螟性信息素防治中应用的可行性进行了探讨.在应用性信息素控制二化螟的实践中,可以在两方面取得实效,一是性信息素可以阻碍雌雄之间正常交配,降低交配率;二是可以推迟二化螟雌虫的交配,使其产卵量和卵孵化率降低.     

Delayed mating reduces fecundity of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana, on cranberry

This study examines the effects of delayed mating on two successive generations of blackheaded fireworm, Rhopobota naevana Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae). The first (spring) generation produces eggs that hatch soon after oviposition, whereas the second (summer) generation produces mostly diapause eggs. Unmated female and male moths were placed together on the first, second, fourth, sixth, or eighth day after emergence. In the first generation, incidence of mating was greatest in the 1-, 2-, and 4-day treatments then declined as female survival decreased. In the second generation, incidence of mating was lowest in the 1-day treatment and greatest in the 2-, 4-, and 6-day treatments. Most second generation females in the 6- and 8-day treatments survived to mate. The mean oviposition period was 2.6 days for first generation females and 4.1 days for second generation females. Fecundity of singly mated females in both generations declined as age at mating advanced, but the pattern of decline differed between generations. First generation females that were mated on the first or second day laid more eggs than those mated on the fourth, sixth, or eighth day, and the number of infertile eggs increased as age at mating advanced. Fecundity of second generation females declined more gradually and the number of infertile eggs was greatest for females mated on the first, sixth, or eighth day. A consequence of the marked decline in fecundity due to mating delays in the first generation was that mean fecundity of the entire group of first generation females was ca. 13% less than that of the group of second generation females. On cranberry farms, pheromone-mediated mating disruption can prevent or delay mating of blackheaded fireworm. If the frequency of disrupted (prevented and delayed) matings is similar in the two generations, fewer eggs will be laid in the first generation than in the second.     

Delayed mating reduces reproductive output of female European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Virgin females of Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller were mated at ages of 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 16 days and the effect of mating delay on reproductive output assessed. Delayed mating did not affect female mating success but fertilization was reduced in 16-day-old females. Increased mating delays substantially affected daily oviposition pattern and resulted in a significant reduction of both fecundity and fertility, so that mean number of viable eggs laid decreased from 150 to 22 in 1- and 16-day-old mated females, respectively. Heavier females were more constrained than lighter ones by mating delays and female reproductive efficiency (no. viable eggs/female body weight) was also significantly reduced. Female longevity significantly increased and oviposition period gradually declined with mating delay. The number of viable eggs was positively correlated with both female weight and oviposition period; female longevity and female weight were also significantly correlated. However, the significance of these correlations declined with increased mating delay. Results overall indicated that mating delay drastically reduces female L. botrana reproductive output. The implications of delayed mating of females are discussed from an ecological perspective in relation to L. botrana control using mating disruption.     

Effects of delayed mating and male mating history on longevity and reproductive performance of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lep., Pyralidae)

Abstract:  The mating potential, effects of delayed mating and male mating history on longevity and reproductive performance of female rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis , were investigated under laboratory conditions. Given the opportunity, RSB males copulated an average of 2.7 times, while females generally mated only once. Females were more severely affected by mating delay than males in terms of female longevity and reproductive performance. With increasing age at mating, females' longevity increased, while oviposition period, fecundity and egg fertility decreased. Mean fecundity and egg fertility of females mated 1 and 7 days after emergence were 251.3% and 99.2%, and 96.2% and 75.5% respectively. Both were reduced significantly when female mating was delayed beyond 4 days after emergence. However, irrespective of the first mating age and different mating history of the males, the results indicated that both did not result in a significant difference in the quality of their contributions to female longevity and reproductive performance. The results obtained in this study are discussed in relation to the potential effect on pheromone control of RSB.     

The effects of mating, age at mating, and plant stimuli, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana

The effects of mating, age at mating, the presence or absence of a plant leaf, and the deprivation of a suitable ovipositional substrate during when the first ovipositional bout after mating would normally take place, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility (percentage of fertile eggs laid) of female Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Mating had a significant effect on lifetime fecundity, with mated females laying 2.5 times more eggs than virgin females. Age at mating had a significant effect on both fecundity and fertility, both declining with increasing age when the female was mated. In the presence of a leaf of C. japonica, mated females had a greater lifetime fecundity than when no leaf was present; females in the presence of a C. japonica leaf consistently laid more eggs each day during the first 4–6 days after mating than females without a leaf. When females were deprived of a suitable ovipositional substrate, for the first 22 h after mating, they were significantly less fecund over their lifetime than were control females. Finally, in no-choice tests with three plants of different acceptability to females, the fecundity of females differed in the order C. japonica > Urtica ferox > Tibouchina multiflora. This different fecundity appeared to be inversely related to the pubescence of the leaves, suggesting that leaf texture may be a suitable antixenotic resistance factor for crops to be protected from this insect. These results suggest that strategies whereby mating is delayed or oviposition reduced within a critical period after mating, may result in significant reductions in pest populations.     

Delayed mating and reproduction in the autumn gum moth Mnesampela privata

• 1 The success of mating disruption using synthetic sex pheromones depends not only on preventing mating, but also on delaying mating in the target insect. Using the geometrid pest of Eucalyptus plantations, Mnesampela privata (Guenée), we determined the effect of delaying mating when imposed on males only, females only or on both sexes simultaneously, for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days.
• 2 Delayed mating had a significant negative impact on reproduction, with a 0.89‐fold decrease in the likelihood of mating and a 0.67‐fold decrease in the likelihood of that mating resulting in fertile eggs for every day that mating is delayed. A mating delay of 7 days reduced the mean number of viable eggs laid to 4–13% of that laid by moths paired immediately after emergence.
• 3 Male only imposed mating delays had a significantly lower effect on reducing the likelihood of pairs mating than when both sexes were delayed. A delay imposed on one sex only or on both sexes simultaneously, however, had a similar negative impact on the proportion of fertile matings as well as on the total number of fertile eggs laid.
• 4 Longevity of mated female and male M. privata was significantly different between mating delay treatments, with a significant decline in female longevity when they mated with older males.
• 5 The underlying mechanisms causing a decline in female reproductive output when a mating delay was imposed on males versus females are discussed in relation to the reproductive biology of M. privata and the potential of using mating disruption strategies to control populations in Eucalyptus plantations.

     

The effect of male mating history on paternal investment, fecundity and female remating in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

1. In many organisms, males provide nutrients to females via ejaculates that can influence female fecundity, longevity and mating behaviour. The effect of male mating history on male ejaculate size, female fecundity, female longevity and female remating behaviour in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus was determined.
2. The quantity of ejaculate passed to females declined dramatically with successive matings. Despite the decline, a male's ability to fertilize a female fully did not appear to decline substantially until his fourth mating.
3. When females multiply mated with males of a particular mated status, the pattern of egg production was cyclic, with egg production increasing after mating. Females multiply mated to virgins had higher fecundity than females mated to non-virgins, and females mated to twice-mated males had disproportionately increased egg production late in their life.
4. Females that mated to multiple virgins, and consequently laid more eggs, experienced greater mortality than females mated only once or mated to non-virgins, suggesting that egg production is costly, and rather than ameliorating these costs, male ejaculates may increase them by allowing or stimulating females to lay more eggs.
5. Females mating with non-virgin males remated more readily than did females mated to virgins. Females given food supplements were less likely to remate than females that were nutritionally stressed, suggesting that females remate in part to obtain additional nutrients.     

延迟交配对橘小实蝇繁殖适度的影响

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel是一种世界性的入侵害虫,严重为害多种经济果蔬。本文通过响应面分析方法,研究了延迟交配对橘小实蝇交配率、产卵量、孵化率和寿命的影响。结果表明,交配率随雌虫交配日龄的延迟先增后减,雌、雄成虫均为35日龄处理组中的交配率最高,为81.00%±2.00%;而雄虫交配日龄的延迟则对其卵孵化率有明显的负面作用,在56日龄雄虫与35日龄雌虫处理组中,其卵孵化率最低,仅为27.56%±4.55%。雌成虫产卵量和寿命受到雌、雄虫双方交配日龄的的影响,产卵量（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=514.36+3.08x1-11.05x2,雌成虫寿命（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=35.85+0.23x1+0.40x2。研究结果为田间使用性信息素迷向法防治橘小实蝇提供了理论依据。     

Effect of Delayed Mating on Oviposition Pattern, Fecundity and Fertility in Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Female codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) were mated either on the day of emergence or 2 or 4 d after emergence. Oviposition was checked daily and fertility (% egg hatch) of eggs laid 1–4 d and 5 + d after mating was determined from a sub-sample of females in each treatment. From these data, net reproduction rate (R₀) was calculated. the effect of delayed mating of males was also determined. Mean fecundity, fertility and net reproduction rate of females mated 4 d after emergence were significantly lower than for females mated either on the day of emergence (day 0) or 2 d after emergence. There were no significant differences between the three treatments in terms of the proportion of females that mated or female longevity, although there was a trend towards increased longevity with increasing delays in mating. Mean longevity of unmated females was significantly greater than that of mated females. Oviposition pattern was similar in females regardless of when they were mated and in all cases maximum oviposition took place 2 d after mating. There was no effect on the fecundity of 2 d old females or on the fertility of their eggs when they were paired with either 2 or 6 d old males. the significance of these findings in relation to control of codling moth by mating disruption is discussed.     

Influence of age at mating on the reproductive performance of Parthenium beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract Age-specific mating incidence, sexual maturation and effect of age at mating on reproductive performance of the Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister, was studied. Based on 50% mating incidence the calculated age of sexual maturation of males and females was 10.5 and 11.1 days, respectively, which was not statistically significant. However, on the basis of age at first mating, that is, sexual maturity, females matured 2 days earlier than males. Fecundity, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period and female longevity appear to be influenced by female age at mating with reproductive performance peaking at 30 days. On the other hand, egg viability was influenced by male age and was highest when males mated at the age of 40 days. To summarise, egg production and timing of egg deposition was female age-dependent, whereas egg fertility was male age-dependent. It was also observed that females mated at a later age and laid a higher number of eggs immediately after mating than did earlier mated females. This was ostensibly in a bid to increase fitness by maximizing reproductive output in the reduced life span available. This is the first investigation on the effect of age of females at mating on reproduction in this beetle.     

延迟交配对昆虫生殖行为的影响以及与性信息素防治害虫的关系

对鳞翅目昆虫延迟交配对昆虫生殖力、卵孵化率、交配成功率、成虫寿命等进行了总结。雌虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率及与雄虫成功交配率,但可以延长雌虫寿命。雄虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率、产卵时间,雄虫的精子质量下降但寿命有所增加。已发现延迟交配在迷向法中控制害虫起着重要的作用,对进一步认识迷向法中不同作用机理以及延迟交配在迷向法防治害虫中的潜力进行了探讨。     

细纹豆芫菁交配与繁殖力的关系

将采自野外的细纹豆芫菁EpicautamannerhimiMkl的雌雄成虫各50头在室内进行人工随机配对,共发生75次交配,平均交配1.5次。雄虫1生可交配0～4次,雌虫0～2次。交配持续时间为(188±55)min,交配持续时间与交配次数之间、交配持续时间与繁殖力之间均无相关性。交配次数与两性的繁殖力呈负相关。交配后有36头雌虫43次产卵,其中有35次产卵发生在本次交配后,有8次产卵发生在连续2次交配后。作者认为雌虫在性感受性上的差异,与不育雄虫参与雌虫的前次交配有关。雄虫能否产生足够数量的交配因子来抑制雌虫的性感受性,是决定雌虫在产卵前交配次数的重要因素。     

Effects of delayed mating on the fecundity,fertility and longevity of females of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

Abstract The effects of delayed mating on the copulation duration, female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and the number days alive after mating of females of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, were studied. When male mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and number days alive after mating of DBM decreased, and there was a negative correlation between the age of the moth with those variables except copulation duration. When female mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, percent egg fertility and number days alive after mating of DBM also decreased, but the longevity increased, which also showed a negative relationship between the age of the moth with the variables except copulation duration and longevity. When both males and females delayed mating, the female fertility and fecundity decreased; egg fertility was affected marginally, and the longevity of females increased. The moth age was negatively correlated with those variables.     

Little effect of delayed mating on fecundity or fertility of female fungus gnats Lycoriella ingenua

The effect of delayed female mating for the mushroom fungus gnat Lycoriella ingenua is investigated. We examine the effect of delaying female mating on the fertility and egg viability of female flies that have a mating delay of 0–5 days after emergence. Male fly age is held constant. Female age does not impact male acceptance and most flies copulate within seconds of pairing. We find that female flies experiencing mating delays of 0–4 days after emergence lay a similar number of eggs onto artificial substrates. Females that experience a mating delay of 5 days lay 54% fewer eggs than those that mate on day 0 (day of emergence). There is no effect of mating delay on the percentage of larvae that emerge. The results of the present study indicate that mating delays have little effect on the fertility or fecundity of the mushroom fungus pest L. ingenua.     

Effects of delayed mating and male mating history on the reproductive potential of Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Abstract 1 Despite the importance of Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin‐Mèneville) in coffee production worldwide, there is a lack of information on its reproduction. This knowledge will help in mass rearing, and support the development of behavioural control techniques for this insect. The present study determined the effects of delayed mating and previous matings of male L. coffeella on fecundity, egg viability and frequency of female remating. 2 The highest levels of fecundity and egg viability were obtained from matings of 1–3‐day‐old females. When females mated at 5 days of age, there were reductions of 40% in oviposition and of 43% in egg viability. 3 Females mated with 2‐day‐old virgin males were more fecund than those mated with older males; egg viability was also low (18%) from females mated with older males. 4 Virgin females that mated with virgin males laid a greater number of eggs than those mated with previously copulated males. Egg viability decreased with the increase in the number of previous male matings. 5 Five‐day‐old females remated in greater proportion than 2–3‐day‐old females. Females that copulated with males that had previously mated three times had higher rates of remating than those that copulated with virgin males. 6 The results obtained indicate that 1–3 days after emergence is the optimum age for mating. The implications of these findings for the control of L. coffeella by synthetic sex pheromone are discussed.     

Copulation reduces male but not female longevity in Saltella sphondylli (Diptera: Sepsidae)

Mating more than once is extremely costly for females in many species, making the near ubiquity of polyandry difficult to understand. However, evidence of mating costs for males is much rarer. We investigated the effects of copulation on longevity of male and female flies (Saltella sphondylli). We also scrutinized potential fecundity and fertility benefits to females with differing mating history. Copulation per se was found to decrease the longevity of males but not that of females. However, when females were allowed to lay eggs, females that mated died earlier than virgin females, indicating costs of egg production and/or oviposition. Thus, although longevity costs of copulation are higher for males, reproduction is nevertheless costly for females. We also found no differences in fecundity or fertility relative to female mating history. Results suggest that polyandry may be driven by minor costs rather than by major benefits in this species.     

Material Benefits from Multiple Mating in Female Mealworm Beetles (Tenebrio molitor L.)

In yellow mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor), females are sexually receptive throughout their adult lives. We examined how access to mates affected female fecundity by varying the number of matings per female and quantifying cumulative egg production. Also, we dissected females at successive intervals after a single mating to assess the relationship among time since mating, sperm supplies, egg load, and oviposition rate. Females that mated at intervals greater than 2 days did not produce as many eggs as females that mated every 2 days or were allowed to mate ad libitum. Dissections showed that the amount of sperm remaining in a female spermatheca was correlated with the number of eggs she had laid recently, which suggests sperm replenishment as the material benefit gained through multiple mating. However, females mate more frequently than necessary for sperm replenishment, and therefore material benefits alone may not fully explain the continuous receptivity of T. molitor females.     

Effects of mating rates on oviposition,sex ratio and longevity in a predatory mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neoseiulus cucumeris</Emphasis> (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Two aspects of mating effects on the fecundity, sex ratio and longevity of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were examined in laboratory experiments: (1) females mated by one, two or three different males (unmated and 3 days old) at 5-day intervals, and (2) females mated by males with different age/mating status (number of females mated previously by the male). Females allowed to mate with a second or third male at 5-day intervals produced 39 eggs on average, but those mated with a single male produced 28 eggs on average. Matings with additional males 5 or 10 days after the first male increased the duration of the oviposition period of these females by 5–7 days and at the same time reduced the post-oviposition period by about 10 days. Overall, females with additional matings by one or two different males at 5-day intervals survived a few days shorter than females without additional males. Mating with a different female each day, a male of N. cucumeris could mate with 5–8 females, which produced a total of 85–116 eggs: females mated with a male during days 1 and 2 in its adulthood and with a male of the last 2 days of life (days 7 and 8) produced about half as many eggs as females mated with a male during 3–6 days of its adulthood. Females mated with males that are too young or too old had a shorter oviposition period and a longer post-oviposition period and longevity than females mated with middle-aged males. In both experiments, rates of oviposition remained similar in females with high or low fecundity. This indicates that in both cases, the increased fecundity is due to the extension of the oviposition period through additional sperm supplied by the second male and or third male (in experiment 1) or more sperm by males not too young nor too old (experiment 2).     

Effect of mating status on the fecundity of a cricket,Teleogryllus emma

Abstract Fecundity in some insects is affected by mating status. The effect of mating status on the fecundity and total egg production of Teleogryllus emma (Ohmachi et Matsumura) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) was examined in this study. The results showed that the pre‐oviposition period was shorter for amphigonic females than that for virgin females. However, no significant difference in pre‐oviposition was found between amphigonic females and those that had mated with a male with either the phallodeum or testes extirpated. There is no difference in adult longevity between the above four groups. The fecundity and total egg production were much higher in amphigonic females than in those controlled under the three non‐amphigonic treatments. The females of T. emma that mated with the testes‐extirpated males produced more eggs (up to two‐fold more) than both the virgin females and those that mated with the phallodeum‐extirpated males, but there was no difference between them. The fecundity‐enhancing substances transferred from male to female can stimulate the female to produce more eggs, but this stimulation has to occur in collaboration with sperm.     

Effect of male and female multiple mating on the fecundity, fertility, and longevity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Abstract:  The effect of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) male and female multiple mating on fecundity, fertility, and longevity was studied. Males could mate for five times with virgin females during scotophase. The successful copulation rates, fecundity of female, and longevity of both females and males decreased when male mating times increased, whereas copulation duration increased. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and male mating times was significant ( r  = 0.7358, P = 0.0001, spearman rank-order correlation). There were linear relationships between mating history of males and longevities of males and females, and regression relationships between them were significant. Mated females had similar daily reproductive pattern, which laid the most eggs on the first day after mating in spite of their mates' mating history. Virgin females laid some infertile eggs before they died. Most of the females mated once during their lifespan but 19.9% of females mated twice when one female kept with one male during scotophase. There were no significant differences in the fecundity, fertility and longevity between the single- and twice-mated females. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and female mating times was not significant ( r  = 0.0860, P = 0.8575). Results suggested that DBM females may be monandrous. Multiple mating did not increase male or female mating fitness.