5—氨乙酰丙酸与氨乙酰丙酸己酯对肝癌细胞的光动力作用比较

5 氨乙酰丙酸 (ALA)可在肿瘤内诱导原卟啉区 (PpIX)光敏剂形成 ,但其亲脂性极差 ,进入细胞的能力有限。脂化的ALA衍生物能增强其进入细胞的能力 ,增进细胞中PpIX的合成。比较了氨乙酰丙酸己酯 (He ALA)与ALA对肝癌细胞中PpIX的生成及光动力损伤作用。细胞的荧光显微图象显示 ,经He ALA培育后 ,细胞中生成了PpIX。PpIX分布在细胞质中 ;细胞的荧光光谱显示出PpIX的特征荧光峰 ,证实细胞中PpIX的生成。实验发现 ,0 .2mmol/L的He ALA药物浓度与 2mmol/LALA的药物浓度在细胞中生成的PpIX含量相当 ;予以相同剂量的光照射后 ,两者对细胞的光敏损伤程度相近 ,反映He ALA对癌细胞有更高的光动力损伤功效。因此在光动力治疗的应用中 ,He ALA是一种极有开发前景的新药物     

不同光敏剂孵育时间在白念珠菌光动力抑制效应中的实验研究

目的：通过测定5?氨基酮戊酸（5?ALA）与白念珠菌菌悬液不同孵育时间生成PpIX的水平及5?氨基酮戊酸光动力疗法（5?ALA?PDT）抑菌率,为临床选择最佳孵育时间提供理论依据。方法制备白念珠菌悬液并与ALA避光孵育,设实验组和对照组。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察PpIX产生情况,MTT法测定ALA光动力治疗对白念珠菌生长的抑制率。结果白念珠菌菌悬液与ALA避光孵育后有荧光物质PpIX产生,孵育30 min到90 min产生的PpIX最多,120 min以后PpIX开始明显减少,对照组无荧光物质出现。结论 ALA?PDT对白念珠菌抑制效应同孵育时间密切相关。这为临床ALA?PDT治疗白念珠菌疾病提供了理论依据。     

TK/GCV系统体外诱导成纤维细胞凋亡

 在体外培养并鉴定增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞（ Ｆ Ｂ）的基础上,采用重组逆转录病毒 Ｇ Ｔ Ｋ 介导并联合应用 ｇａｎｃｉｃｌｏｖｉｒ 对 Ｆ Ｂ细胞进行体外杀伤,以探究 Ｔ Ｋ／ Ｇ Ｃ Ｖ 系统体外杀伤成纤维细胞的机制．经光镜、电镜及凝胶电泳等实验发现,在 Ｔ Ｋ／ Ｇ Ｃ Ｖ 对瘢痕成纤维细胞的杀伤过程中存在明显的细胞凋亡现象．这提示 Ｔ Ｋ／ Ｇ Ｃ Ｖ 系统对体外培养的瘢痕成纤维细胞的杀伤作用部分是通过细胞凋亡途径实现的．     

5-氨基酮戊酸光动力疗法对不同疾病来源的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外杀伤作用

光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)利用光敏剂与光源反应后产生的活性氧,破坏细菌组分,进而致细菌死亡。其多靶位杀伤特性在治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)感染方面有应用前景,但相关研究尚处于起步阶段。本研究MRSA菌株取自烧伤、急性咽炎、鼻窦炎和肺炎4类临床常见MRSA感染性疾病患者,使用5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)光敏剂、发光二极管光源,于体外检测ALA介导的PDT(ALA-PDT)对MRSA菌株的杀伤作用。结果显示,经5mmol/L ALA孵育1h后,给予360J/cm~2强光[(633±10)nm]照射1h,ALA-PDT对MRSA菌株具有1.80log_(10)cfu的有效杀伤作用。结果提示,在相同实验条件和参数下,ALA-PDT对上述4种疾病来源的MRSA菌株体外杀伤作用无统计学差异。     

α-硫辛酸对缺氧应激肝癌细胞线粒体呼吸率和产能代谢的影响

通过实验阐明抗氧化剂α-硫辛酸（alpha-lipoic acid,α-LA）对肝癌细胞内活性氧具清除作用,并发现其对肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞增殖有不同作用影响。在缺氧条件下,研究使用抗氧化剂干预对肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞缺氧耐受性,线粒体活性和产能代谢的影响及差异。以SMMC-7721人肝癌细胞和L02正常肝细胞作为研究对象,在α-硫辛酸干预条件下检测细胞生长曲线和细胞内ROS;分别在单纯缺氧及加α-硫辛酸缺氧条件下,检测细胞存活率、细胞内ROS、细胞耗氧率、细胞生成ATP和癌基因c-myc mRNA的表达。实验结果说明：缺氧情况下,肝癌细胞通过增加糖酵解途径的产能方式诱导ATP能量代偿能力提高。使用抗氧化剂α-硫辛酸干预清除细胞内过剩ROS,能降低肝癌细胞线粒体呼吸率,并能通过下调c-myc表达抑制肝癌细胞的增殖及降低其缺氧耐受性。     

人胚肺成纤维细胞与人肺腺癌细胞共同培养时的形态学变化

本文在混合培养的基础上建立了一种新的细胞培养技术。选用人肺腺癌细胞和人胚肺成纤维细胞,将两者按一定顺序定位培养在同一容器内的盖玻片上。在两种细胞相遇后,于不同时间取出长有细胞的盖片制成光镜和电镜标本。透射电镜标本采用了经过改进的原位包埋、水平切片法,使两种不同类型的细胞之间在定位培养时的超微结构变化得到充分显示。观察结果表明：两种细胞定位培养４天时,光镜观察未见明显的形态学改变,但电镜下已显示出变化;培养７天时,光镜及电镜观察均可见到与肿瘤细胞接触的成纤维细胞有损伤,与成纤维细胞接触的肿瘤细胞胞膜亦有破损。细胞化学染色显示肿瘤细胞周围的成纤维细胞内琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）活性降低。     

光动力诊疗中的5-氨基酮戊酸及酯类衍生物的研究进展

5-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)是体表光动力疗法的一个重要前体药物,通过代谢产物原卟啉Ⅸ(PpⅨ)介导发挥光敏作用。ALA制剂的研发和优化促生了一系列产品和技术,不仅推动了体表光动力疗法的应用,而且ALA介导的PpⅨ荧光还可用于肿瘤的荧光可视化和辅助手术。本文将对光动力诊疗中ALA及其酯类衍生物和PpⅨ的研究进展作一个系统介绍。     

成年大鼠嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞的原代培养及鉴定

目的 建立一种原代提取嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞混合培养的方法.方法 自2.5月龄SD大鼠嗅球最外两层分离嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞进行混合培养,并不进行纯化,分别于7 d、10 d、14 d行免疫细胞化学鉴定,并计算各个时间点嗅鞘细胞的纯度.结果 体外培养的嗅鞘细胞主要呈两极或多极状,而嗅觉神经成纤维细胞则成扁平的像成纤维细胞的形态,免疫细胞化学结果显示嗅鞘细胞呈p75 NGFR阳性,嗅觉神经成纤维细胞呈fibronectin阳性,两种细胞都呈vimentin阳性,在7 d、10 d、14 d各个时间点嗅鞘细胞分别占混合培养的34.1%、25.6%、8.6%.结论 从成年大鼠嗅球最外两层分离的培养中主要包含嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞,嗅鞘细胞在混合培养中所占的比例随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

低剂量光动力诱导活性氧产生治疗视网膜母细胞瘤

视网膜母细胞瘤(Retinoblastoma,RB)是一种最常见的儿童眼癌,传统的化疗和放疗可能会诱发二次肿瘤的产生。光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)作为一种具有选择性的非入侵疗法在肿瘤治疗中展现了很好的应用前景。本课题通过实验观察了不同浓度焦脱镁叶绿酸-a(PPa)光动力作用对人视网膜母细胞瘤细胞株Y79细胞ROS产率和相应诱导凋亡能力的影响。结果表明,伴随逐步上升的PPa浓度(0.2、0.4、0.6μmol/L),Y79细胞的ROS产量和相对的凋亡率都明显上升,初步证明了PPa光动力杀伤视网膜母细胞瘤的可行性。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子研究进展

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是细胞生长和分化的重要调节因子,具有促血管生成、细胞增殖、细胞趋化、细胞迁移等活性,在细胞分化和机体发育过程中发挥重要作用。碱性成纤维细胞生长因子通过与细胞膜表面的特异性配体结合,进而引发细胞内的一系列级联反应,从而产生各种生物学效应。本文对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的生物学基础、信号转导、生物学功能以及临床应用研究进展作一综述。     

Mechanism of cell death by 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic action and its enhancement by ferrochelatase inhibitors in human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumors is based on the tumor‐selective accumulation of a photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), followed by irradiation with visible light. However, the molecular mechanism of cell death caused by PDT has not been fully elucidated. The 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐based photodynamic action (PDA) was dependent on the accumulation of PpIX, the level of which decreased rapidly by eliminating ALA from the incubation medium in human histiocytic lymphoma U937 cells. PDA induced apoptosis characterized by lipid peroxidation, increase in Bak and Bax/Bcl‐xL, decrease in Bid, membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, caspase‐3 activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. PDT‐induced cell death seemed to occur predominantly via apoptosis through distribution of PpIX in mitochondria. These cell death events were enhanced by ferrochelatase inhibitors. These results indicated that ALA‐based‐PDA induced apoptotic cell death through a mitochondrial pathway and that ferrochelatase inhibitors might enhanced the effect of PDT for tumors even at low concentrations of ALA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid on kinetics of protoporphyrin IX production in CHO cells

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is utilized in a photodynamic therapy as a compound capable of augmenting intracellular pool of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which exhibits properties of a photosensitizer. The studies were aimed at monitoring accumulation of endogenous protoporphyrin IX in CHO cells under effect of various concentrations of ALA in culture medium and following removal of the compound from the culture medium. Cell content of PpIX was determined following incubation of the cells for 72 h in a culture medium containing different concentration of ALA. Moreover, the cells were preincubated for 2 h in ALA at various concentrations and separated from the compound by medium change and their PpIX content was monitored following incubation. PpIX content was defined by a fluorescent technique under the confocal microscope. In the course of continuous incubation of cells with ALA, biphasic alterations were noted in cellular PpIX concentration. Removal of ALA from the incubation medium resulted at first in a decrease in PpIX content in cells, which was followed by an evidently augmented accumulation of the compound in the cells. The results suggested that in the case of CHO cells, exogenous ALA was not an exclusive source of PpIX synthesis and that alterations in enzyme activities were responsible for production of PpIX.     

Glycoside esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy of cancer

Aliphatic and ethylene glycol esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are very efficient precursors of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for photodynamic therapy; however, they diffuse passively across the cell membrane and thus lack cell selectivity. We evaluated whether alpha-glucose, alpha-mannose, or beta-galactose esters of ALA would present improved properties as precursors of PpIX. Esterification was performed either at the position O-1 or O-6 of the sugars with or without an ethylene glycol linker, and these glycoside esters of ALA were evaluated in human cells. The results demonstrated that glycoside esters of ALA are efficient precursors of PpIX in human cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells, comparable to free ALA, but not in normal human fibroblasts. PpIX production was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and photodynamic treatment of cells. The O-1 or O-6 positions of functionalization and the nature of the sugar moiety did not influence PpIX production. The presence of the ethylene glycol linker generally resulted in decreased PpIX production. The uptake of these glycoside esters of ALA by cells was not decreased in the presence of high concentrations of the related sugars. Inhibitors of alpha-glucosidases or alpha-mannosidases did not decrease PpIX production. These results suggest the involvement of active non-glycoside-specific membrane transporter(s) for uptake and of esterases rather than glycosidases in the release of ALA from the glycoside esters of ALA.     

Methadone enhances the effectiveness of 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma and glioblastoma in vitro

Although having shown promising clinical outcomes, the effectiveness of 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and glioblastoma remains to be improved. The analgesic drug methadone is able to sensitize various tumors to chemotherapy. In this in vitro study, the influence of methadone to the effectiveness of ALA‐PDT for SCC (FADU) and glioblastoma (A172) was investigated on the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence, survival rates, apoptosis, and cell cycle phase, each with or without the presence of methadone. The production of PpIX was increased by methadone in FADU cells while it was decreased in A172 cells. The survival rates of both cell lines treated by ALA‐PDT were significantly reduced by the combination with methadone (P < .05). Methadone also significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and improved the effect of ALA‐PDT on the cell cycle phase arrest in the G0/G1 phase (P < .05). This study demonstrates the potential of methadone to influence the cytotoxic effect of ALA‐PDT for both SCC and glioblastoma cell lines.      

Increase in protoporphyrin IX after 5-aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy is due to local re-synthesis.

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence that is bleached during aminolevulinic acid (ALA) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) increases again in time after treatment. In the present study we investigated if this increase in PpIX fluorescence after illumination is the result of local re-synthesis or of systemic redistribution of PpIX. We studied the spatial distribution of PpIX after PDT with and without cooling using the skin-fold observation chamber model. We were unable to show a correlation between the local PpIX fluorescence increase and the distance from a blood vessel. The spatial distribution of PpIX fluorescence within normal tissue or tumour is not changed in response to the illumination. These observations suggest that there is no diffusion of PpIX into the treated tissue. Cooling the tissue to 12 degrees C, a temperature at which PpIX synthesis is inhibited, inhibited the PpIX fluorescence increase normally observed after illumination. We also found a strong correlation between local PpIX photobleaching during illumination and the fluorescence intensity 1 h after illumination similar to what we have observed in patients treated with ALA-PDT. Therefore we conclude that the increase in PpIX fluorescence after illumination is due to local cellular re-synthesis.     

Modulating ALA-PDT efficacy of mutlidrug resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells using ALA prodrug

Multi-drug resistance of breast cancer is a major obstacle in chemotherapy of cancer treatments. Recently it was suggested that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can overcome drug resistance of tumors. ALA-PDT is based on the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the natural precursor for the PpIX biosynthesis, which is a potent natural photosensitizer. In the present study we used the AlaAcBu, a multifunctional ALA-prodrug for photodynamic inactivation of drug resistant MCF-7/DOX breast cancer cells. Supplementation of low doses (0.2mM) of AlaAcBu to the cells significantly increased accumulation of PpIX in both MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/DOX cells in comparison to ALA, or ALA + butyric acid (BA). In addition, our results show that MCF-7/DOX cells are capable of producing higher levels of porphyrins than MCF-7/WT cells due to low expression of the enzyme ferrochelatase, which inserts iron into the tetra-pyrrol ring to form the end product heme. Light irradiation of the AlaAcBu treated cells activated efficient photodynamic killing of MCF-7/DOX cells similar to the parent MCF-7/WT cells, depicted by low mitochondrial enzymatic activity, LDH leakage and decreased cell survival following PDT. These results indicate that the pro-drug AlaAcBu is an effective ALA derivative for PDT treatments of multidrug resistant tumors.     

Photobleaching kinetics, photoproduct formation, and dose estimation during ALA induced PpIX PDT of MLL cells under well oxygenated and hypoxic conditions.

Fluorescence photobleaching and photoproduct formation were investigated during delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) PDT of MLL cells in vitro. Cells were incubated in either 0.1 or 1.0 mM ALA for 4 h and were treated with 532 nm or 635 nm light under well oxygenated or hypoxic conditions. Fluorescence spectra were acquired during treatment. Photobleaching and photoproduct formation were quantified using singular value decomposition fitting of fluorescence spectra to experimentally determined basis spectra for PpIX, photoprotoporphyrin (Ppp), product II (peak at 655 nm), and product III (peak at 618 nm). PpIX photobleaching occurred under both normal and hypoxic conditions. The photobleaching kinetics could not be explained by purely first- or second-order photobleaching kinetics, and were attributed to differences in PpIX binding at the two ALA incubation concentrations. Ppp was the main photoproduct and accumulated in higher levels in the absence of oxygen, likely a result of reduced Ppp photobleaching under hypoxia. Increases in product II fluorescence occurred mainly in the presence of oxygen. To assess potential fluorescence based PDT dose metrics, cell viability was measured at select times during treatment using a colony formation assay. Cell survival correlated well to changes in product II fluorescence, independent of oxygenation, sensitizer concentration, and treatment wavelength, suggesting that this product is primarily a result of singlet oxygen mediated reactions and may potentially be useful to quantify singlet oxygen dose during PDT.     

ALA and its clinical impact, from bench to bedside.

ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is used for fluorescence diagnosis (ALA-FD) and for fluorescence-guided resection of both (pre)malignant and non-malignant diseases. ALA is also applied in photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) of superficial (pre)malignant lesions in dermatology, urology, neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngology, gynecology and gastroenterology. Today, ALA is approved as Levulan for actinic keratoses, the ALA-methyl ester Metvix for actinic keratoses and basal cell carcinoma, the ALA-hexyl ester Hexvix for the diagnosis of bladder cancer and Gliolan for malignant glioma. The use of ALA for PDT and FD was established around 25 years ago, with most of the fundamental knowledge gained at the "bench" and implemented at the "bedside" due to the diligence of a few researchers within the first 10 years of research. After 1993 ALA research was taken up by many groups. For patient treatment, several factors are relevant. Administered mainly in a topical or oral form, ALA penetrates tissue in a sub-optimal way, which is currently improved by special techniques and the use of ALA-esters. PpIX accumulation is elevated in many malignant tissues, several tissue abnormalities, and in mucosa. It is also found at elevated levels in macrophages, dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes. Following sufficient PpIX accumulation in the target cells, irradiation is carried out which may be accompanied by a burning sensation at the treatment site. Due to a saturation process of PpIX formation and rapid photobleaching during irradiation the risk of overtreatment is relatively low. Pharmacokinetical studies have demonstrated a low systemic photosensitivity and excretion of PpIX via natural routes.     

Hyperresistance to photosensitized lipid peroxidation and apoptotic killing in 5-aminolevulinate-treated tumor cells overexpressing mitochondrial GPX4

Antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) with administered 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is based on metabolism of ALA to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which acts as a sensitizer of photo-oxidative damage leading to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. An initial goal of this study was to ascertain how the PpIX-sensitized death mechanism for a breast tumor line (COH-BR1 cells) might be influenced by the conditions of ALA exposure in vitro. Two different treatment protocols were developed for addressing this question: (i) continuous incubation with 1 mM ALA for 90 min; and, (ii) discontinuous incubation, i.e., 15 min with 1 mM ALA followed by 225 min without it. Following exposure to 2 J/cm2 of visible light, cell viability, death mechanism, and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) level were evaluated for each protocol using thiazolyl blue, Hoechst staining, and HPLC with electrochemical detection assays, respectively. PpIX was found to sensitize apoptosis when it existed mainly in mitochondria (protocol-1), but necrosis when it diffused to other sites, including plasma membrane (protocol-2). Experiments with a transfectant clone, 7G4, exhibiting approximately 85 times greater activity of the LOOH-detoxifying selenoenzyme GPX4 than parental cells, provided additional information about death mechanism. Located predominantly in mitochondria of 7G4 cells, GPX4 strongly inhibited both LOOH accumulation and apoptosis under protocol-1 conditions, but had no significant effect under protocol-2 conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that LOOHs produced by attack of photogenerated singlet oxygen on mitochondrial membrane lipids play an important early role in the apoptotic death cascade.