福建东山滨海沙地木麻黄林生态系统的能量特征

对福建东山县海岸带红壤性风积沙土与均一性风积沙土木麻黄群落的生物量、生产力、各组分干重热值、去灰分热值及能量分布与结构特征进行了研究.结果表明,红壤性风积沙土木麻黄群落的现存生物量和能量分别为1 681.84 g·m^-2和317 79.31 kJ·m^-2;均一性风积沙土木麻黄群落现存生物量和能量分别为 129.87 g^-1·m^-2和10 71.0kJ·m^-2;红壤性风积沙土的木麻黄群落各组分热值范围为19.84～21.70 kJ·g^-1,各组分能量在群落中所占比例为:干(38.09%)＞枝(19.48%)＞根(17.09%)＞叶(16.86%)＞皮(6.83%)＞枯枝(0.88%)＞果(0.77%),凋落物能量归还量为9 070.47 kJ·m^-2·yr^-1,群落能量的净固定量为31 298.70kJ·m^-2·yr^-1;均一性风积沙土木麻黄群落各组分热值在19.98～21.39kJ·g^-1,其中枯枝热值最高,根最低;各组分能量在群落中所占比例为:干(46.93%)＞根(16.44%)＞枝(13.92%)＞枯枝(12.28%)＞皮(5.87%)＞叶(3.90%)＞果(0.66%),凋落物能量归还量为2 061.77 kJ·m^-2·yr^-1,群落能量净固定量为12 662.82 kJ·m^-2·yr^-1.红壤性风积沙土上的木麻黄群落现存生物量和能量现存量均要高于均一性风积沙土,原因是红壤性风积沙土的沙土层薄(＜20 cm),土壤保水肥的能力要强于沙土层厚(＞100 em)的均一性风积沙土.     

黑麦草生长过程中有机酸对镉毒性的影响

研究了低分子量有机酸草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸及高分子量有机酸胡敏酸对黑麦草(Lolium Loinn)生长过程中Cd毒性的影响.结果表明,随着低分子量有机酸浓度增加,Cd毒性有所增强,致使黑麦草中的叶绿素含量降低及黑麦草的生物量降低,递降顺序是草酸＜乙酸＜柠檬酸.而施入胡敏酸后,Cd毒性逐渐减弱,黑麦草中的叶绿素含量及黑麦草生物量逐渐增加.对低分子量有机酸而言,无论迁移到黑麦草茎叶中,还是迁移到黑麦草根系中的Cd,随着施入的有机酸浓度增加,增加顺序为柠檬酸＞乙酸＞草酸.对胡敏酸而言,迁移到黑麦草茎叶和根系中的Cd,随着施入的胡敏酸浓度增加,Cd含量减少,说明其具有降低Cd毒性的作用.另外,根系中Cd含量明显高于茎叶中Cd含量,由此得知,黑麦草根系对Cd有较强的富集作用,并阻止Cd向茎叶中迁移.     

种植转Bt基因棉土壤中Bt蛋白的分布

采用盆栽试验结合酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定了转Bt基因抗虫棉及常规棉花不同生育期根际及非根际土壤中的Bt蛋白含量.结果表明:红壤、黄棕壤及黄褐土种植转Bt基因棉花后根际土中Bt蛋白含量显著高于非根际土,而种植常规棉花的根际土与非根际土中Bt蛋白含量差异不显著.在初蕾期转Bt基因棉根际土中的Bt蛋白含量为黄褐土＞黄棕壤＞红壤,分别为常规棉根际土的144%、121%和238%;而在盛花期为黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞红壤,分别为常规棉根际土的156%、116%和197%.无论种植转Bt基因棉还是常规棉,供试土壤的根际和非根际土中Bt蛋白含量都随棉花生育期的推进先增加后减少,在盛花期达最大值.整个生育期内,转Bt基因棉根际土中的Bt蛋白含量大于其非根际土;种植转Bt基因棉土壤中Bt蛋白含量高于常规棉,说明转Bt基因棉花的Bt蛋白可释放到根际土中.     

红壤中镉在有机酸作用下的解吸行为

采用平衡批处理法,研究了3种有机酸及其两两混合液在序列pH值梯度下（pH 3.0～7.0）对华南山地红壤Cd解吸行为的影响.结果表明,草酸与苹果酸不利于Cd的解吸,反而促进了吸附,其中草酸只是在较高浓度(20 mmol·L^-1)且土壤溶液pH＞5.0时促进解吸.随着pH值升高,草s酸、苹果酸以及不含有机酸的对照溶液对红壤中Cd的解吸率都快速下降.柠檬酸在pH＜5.0时不利于Cd解吸;在pH＞5.0时显著促进Cd解吸,但两种浓度柠檬酸解吸特征有所不同,在低浓度(2 mmol·L^-1)下对镉的解吸率呈降低-升高-降低变化,在高浓度(20 mmol·L^-1)下呈降低-升高变化.在低pH条件下（pH 3.0、4.0）,苹果酸最有利于Cd的解吸,但3种酸对Cd解吸率差别不大,在较高pH条件下(pH 5.0～7.0),柠檬酸最有利于解吸,且解吸率大大高于草酸与苹果酸.有机酸混合没有明显的交互作用,对Cd的解吸率介于相应单独有机酸之间.     

Physiological and biomass partitioning shifts to water stress under distinct soil types in Populus deltoides saplings

土壤类型是影响植物分布和生产力的重要环境因素,但有关土壤环境异质性对植物抗逆性效应的研究非常缺乏。本研究以美洲黑杨 (Populus deltoids)为对象,以3种典型土壤类型(红壤、黄壤和黄棕壤)为栽培基质,在控制实验条件下,经过三个月的干旱胁迫(25%田间持水量)处理,测定了不同处理条件下美洲黑杨的气体交换速率、抗氧化能力、氮代谢特征、生物量积累与分配特征。研究结果表明,在红壤和黄壤条件下,与对照(75%田间持水量)相比,干旱胁迫显著降低了美洲黑杨各器官的生物量、光合速率、叶片氮同化酶的活性,显著增 加了叶片中过氧化氢、丙二醛和无机氮的含量。在黄棕壤条件下,干旱对美洲黑杨总生物量、光合速率、氮同化酶以及质膜完整性的负面 影响较小,这与其维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性相关,也与其生物量分配模式(如提高根冠比)密切相关。 由此可见,生长在黄棕壤条件下的美洲黑杨表现出较强的抗旱能力,这可能与其土壤母质中较高的土壤养分和良好的通气状况相关。因此,就土壤类型而言,与红壤和黄壤相比,黄棕壤提供的土壤环境条件有利于美洲黑杨的抗逆表现和栽培利用。     

GA3与EDTA强化黑麦草修复Pb污染土壤及其解毒机制

采用盆栽土培方法研究了生长调节剂GA₃和重金属螯合剂EDTA强化黑麦草修复Pb外源浓度分别为250和500 mg·kg^-1的污染土壤以及黑麦草Pb解毒机制.结果表明： 细胞壁沉积和液泡区室化在黑麦草地上部分Pb的解毒中起重要作用.EDTA单独使用提高了植物体内Pb的浓度和Pb在细胞可溶组分和细胞器组分中的比例,增强了Pb对植物的毒害作用,从而使植物生物量显著下降(P<0.05).叶面喷洒低浓度GA₃(1或10 μmol·L^-1)显著促进黑麦草对Pb的富集,但Pb在细胞器组分中的比例降低,缓解了Pb对植物细胞的伤害,从而促进了黑麦草的生长(P<0.05),其中1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃作用最显著.100 μmol·L^-1 GA₃降低了黑麦草体内Pb浓度,但Pb在细胞可溶组分和细胞器组分中的比例提高,使黑麦草的生物量明显低于对照.低浓度GA₃可在一定程度上缓解Pb和/或EDTA对黑麦草的毒害,生物量表现为低浓度GA₃ 单独>低浓度GA₃+EDTA>EDTA单独使用.低浓度GA₃和EDTA联用时的协同作用强化了黑麦草对Pb的富集,其中,在外源Pb浓度为500 mg·kg^-1处理组中,EDTA+1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃使黑麦草地上部分Pb浓度和提取效率分别达到1250.6 mg·kg^-1和1.1%.因此,1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃与EDTA联用在强化Pb污染土壤植物修复中具有很好的应用潜力.     

草酸对土壤胶体与矿物表面酶的吸附及活性影响

采用平衡批处理法,研究了模拟根系分泌物--草酸溶液的浓度、pH对酸性磷酸酶在针铁矿、高岭石及黄棕壤和砖红壤胶体(＜2μm)上的吸附及比活的影响.结果表明,针铁矿对磷酸酶的吸附量受草酸浓度的影响较小,其它供试胶体对蛋白的吸附量随草酸浓度的升高,一般表现为先急剧降低(0～5mmol·L^-1),之后逐渐升高到与对照相当或略低.这与草酸在土壤胶体和矿物表面的配位形态及其对载体表面的电荷改变、溶解有关.草酸体系中,供试胶体对磷酸酶的吸附顺序为针铁矿>黄棕壤＞高岭石＞砖红壤.酶在草酸体系中的最大吸附点位一般出现在蛋白的等电点(IEP)和供试胶体的PZC之间,而酶在草酸体系中被固定到供试胶体上之后,其最适比活点随胶体类型的不同而没有变化或有所高移.     

GA3与EDTA强化黑麦草修复Pb污染土壤及其解毒机制

采用盆栽土培方法研究了生长调节剂GA₃和重金属螯合剂EDTA强化黑麦草修复Pb外源浓度分别为250和500 mg·kg^-1的污染土壤以及黑麦草Pb解毒机制.结果表明： 细胞壁沉积和液泡区室化在黑麦草地上部分Pb的解毒中起重要作用.EDTA单独使用提高了植物体内Pb的浓度和Pb在细胞可溶组分和细胞器组分中的比例,增强了Pb对植物的毒害作用,从而使植物生物量显著下降(P<0.05).叶面喷洒低浓度GA₃(1或10 μmol·L^-1)显著促进黑麦草对Pb的富集,但Pb在细胞器组分中的比例降低,缓解了Pb对植物细胞的伤害,从而促进了黑麦草的生长(P<0.05),其中1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃作用最显著.100 μmol·L^-1 GA₃降低了黑麦草体内Pb浓度,但Pb在细胞可溶组分和细胞器组分中的比例提高,使黑麦草的生物量明显低于对照.低浓度GA₃可在一定程度上缓解Pb和/或EDTA对黑麦草的毒害,生物量表现为低浓度GA₃ 单独>低浓度GA₃+EDTA>EDTA单独使用.低浓度GA₃和EDTA联用时的协同作用强化了黑麦草对Pb的富集,其中,在外源Pb浓度为500 mg·kg^-1处理组中,EDTA+1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃使黑麦草地上部分Pb浓度和提取效率分别达到1250.6 mg·kg^-1和1.1%.因此,1 μmol·L^-1 GA₃与EDTA联用在强化Pb污染土壤植物修复中具有很好的应用潜力.     

名山河流域水稻土组分对微团聚体吸附-解吸锌的影响

通过模拟-培养试验和选择溶解法,研究了四川省名山河流域水稻土各土壤组分对原土和不同粒径微团聚体吸附解吸Zn2+能力的影响.结果表明:原土和不同粒径微团聚体对Zn2+的吸附与有机质、游离氧化铁、无定形氧化铁、阳离子交换量(CEC)含量极显著相关,原土去除各土壤组分前后对Zn2+的吸附均用Freundlich方程拟合最佳,对Zn2+的吸附能力大小顺序为:小于0.002mm0.25～2mm原土0.002～0.053mm0.053～0.25mm.与未去除土壤组分相比,去除土壤组分的原土和微团聚体对Zn2+的吸附量均有一定程度的减小,吸附量的减小以0.002mm粒径最高,0.25～0.053mm粒径最低,原土介于各微团聚体中间.去除有机质后,0.002mm、0.053～0.25mm和原土吸附Zn2+的减少量依次为39.56%±1.97%、26.68%±4.21%和36.39%±2.31%;去除游离氧化铁后,吸附Zn2+的减少量依次为30.41%±1.91%、20.14%±3.33%和28.73%±1.22%;去除无定形氧化铁后,吸附Zn2+的减少量依次为22.12%±1.27%、12.43%±2.11%和20.15%±2.62%.吸附减少量大小顺序为:去除有机质去除游离氧化铁去除无定形氧化铁,不同处理间差异极显著.去除各土壤组分后,原土和各粒径微团聚体对Zn2+的非专性吸附量显著上升,增加了Zn2+在土壤中的流动性;而专性吸附量降低,降低了原土和各粒径微团聚体对Zn2+的缓冲能力和固持能力.     

蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响

以第四纪红黏土红壤和长江冲积物形成的高砂土为供试土壤、分别加入3个浓度的Cu^2 (100、200、400mg／kg)或Cd^2-(5.10、20mg/kg)模拟土壤污染．设置接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓对照．并种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、研究蚯蚓活动对土壤中Cu、Cd生物有效性的影响．以揭示蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用。结果表明：蚯蚓活动显著增加红黏中DTPA提取态Cu的含量、只有在浓度低于200mg／kgCu的处理中．才能增加CaCl2提取态Cu的含量．对H2O提取态Cu影响甚微;而对高砂土上Cu、Cd的各种形态影响均不显著;除红黏中浓度高于100mg／kgCu和10mg／kgCd处理外．蚯蚓活动显著提高了两种土壤上黑麦草地上部的生物量;接种蚯蚓后各种重金属处理中黑麦草对Cu的吸收量也显著增加,而Cd的吸收量变化不大。蚯蚓可能通过提高重金属的生物有效性而间接影响植物对重金属的修复效率。     

Evaluation of chemical enhancement on phytoremediation effect of Cd-contaminated soils with Calendula officinalis L

The popular ornamental plant Calendula officinalis L was studied for its potential application in the phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soils. Enhancements to the Cd accumulation by the application of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenegluatarotriacetic acid (EGTA) to the soil were investigated. Under these chemically enhanced treatments, EDTA was observed to be toxic to the plants leading to retarded growth. However, the application of SDS and/or EGTA was shown to result in significantly increased plant biomass (p < 0.05). Most of the chemical treatments resulted in increases to the shoot and root Cd concentrations, with the root Cd concentration being consistently higher than that shoot Cd concentration. Almost all of the investigated chemical treatments containing SDS or and EGTA were shown to lead to an increase in the total Cd content in the plants (p < 0.05). The application of EGTA alone led to an observed total Cd increase of up to 217%. This investigation revealed considerable efficiency of chemical enhancement and correspondingly increased potential of Calendula officinalis L. for applications of phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated sites.     

The ability of Silybum marianum to phytoremediate cadmium and/or diesel oil from the soil

Phytoremediation is a new ecological and cost-effective technology applied for cleaning heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated (TPH-contaminated) soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) to phytoremediate cadmium (Cd (II)) from contaminated soils. To this end, the investigators applied a completely randomized design with the factorial arrangement and four replications. The results indicated that all the evaluated parameters of S. Marianum, including shoot and root fresh and dry weight, as well as shoot and root Cd, were significantly influenced by Cd (II) concentration and diesel oil (DO). The Cd-contaminated soil showed minor declining effects on the produced plant biomass, whereas the DO-contaminated soil had more inhibitory effects. Moreover, the soil contaminated with both Cd and DO led to adverse effects on the plant biomass. The shoot and root Cd concentration had an increasing trend in the presence of DO as the bioconcentration factor (BCF) by 1.740 (+90.78%), 1.410 (+36.89%), 2.050 (+31.41%), 1.68 (+32.28%), and 1.371 (+22.41%) compared to the soil without DO at Cd (II) concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Biological accumulation coefficient also showed the same trend as the BCF. In all the treatments, the translocation factor was >1. Therefore, it was demonstrated that milk thistle had high potential for transferring Cd from root to shoot and reducing its concentration in the soil. Moreover, the study revealed that milk thistle had high potential for absorbing Cd in the soil contaminated with Cd and DO.     

Comparison of EDTA- and Citric Acid-Enhanced Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals in Artificially Metal Contaminated Soil by Typha Angustifolia

A pot experiment was conducted to study the performance of EDTA and citric acid (CA) addition in improving phytoextraction of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr from artificially contaminated soil by T. angustifolia. T. angustifolia showed the remarkable resistance to heavy metal toxicity with no visual toxic symptom including chlorosis and necrosis when exposed to metal stress. EDTA-addition significantly reduced plant height and biomass, compared with the control, and stunted plant growth, while 2.5 and 5 mM CA addition induced significant increases in root dry weight. EDTA, and 5 and 10 mM CA significantly increased shoot Cd, Pb, and Cr concentrations compared with the control, with EDTA being more effective. At final harvest, the highest shoot Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations were recorded in the treatment of 5 mM EDTA addition, while maximal root Pb concentration was found at the 2.5 mM CA treatment. However, shoot Cd accumulation in the 10 mM CA treatment was 36.9% higher than that in 2.5 mM EDTA, and similar with that in 10 mM EDTA. Shoot Pb accumulation was lower in 10 mM CA than that in EDTA treatments. Further, root Cd, Cu, and Pb accumulation of CA treatments and shoot Cr accumulation in 5 or 10 mM CA treatments were markedly higher than that of control and EDTA treatments. The results also showed that EDTA dramatically increased the dissolution of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd in soil, while CA addition had less effect on water-soluble Cu, Cr, and Cd, and no effect on Pb levels. It is suggested that CA can be a good chelator candidate for T. angustifolia used for environmentally safe phytoextraction of Cd and Cr in soils.     

Impact of chelator-induced phytoextraction of cadmium on yield and ionic uptake of maize

Enhanced phytoextraction uses soil chelators to increase the bioavailability of heavy metals. This study tested the effectiveness of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid in enhancing cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction and their effects on the growth, yield, and ionic uptake of maize (Zea mays). Maize seeds of two cultivars were sown in pots treated with 15 (Cd₁₅) or 30 mg Cd kg^?1 soil (Cd₃₀). EDTA and citric acid at 0.5 g kg^?1 each were applied 2 weeks after germination. Results demonstrated that the growth, yield per plant, and total grain weight were reduced by exposure to Cd. EDTA increased the uptake of Cd in shoots, roots, and grains of both maize varieties. Citric acid did not enhance the uptake of Cd, rather it ameliorated the toxicity of Cd, as shown by increased shoot and root length and biomass. Cadmium toxicity reduced the number of grains, rather than the grain size. The maize cultivar Sahiwal-2002 extracted 1.6% and 3.6% of Cd from soil in both Cd+ EDTA treatments. Hence, our study implies that maize can be used to successfully phytoremediate Cd from soil using EDTA, without reducing plant biomass or yield.     

Identifying the functional groups and the influence of synthetic chelators on Cd availability and microbial biomass carbon in Cd-contaminated soil

Synthetic chelators play an important role in boosting the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and heavy metal solubility in a contaminated soil toward a sustainability of environment for agricultural crops. Castor plant was grown under different levels of Cd contaminated soil (?Cd and +Cd) following adding three chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H₄EDTA), nitriloacetic acid (H₃ NTA), and NH₄ citrate (ammonium citrate) to the soil at rates of 10, 15, and 25 mmol in 5 kg of soil per pot. The highest bioavailable Cd concentrations in soil and castor plant were obtained from NH₄ citrate and H₄EDTA treatments in the contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that NH₄ citrate was the most effective chelator in Cd-contaminated soil. MBC and DOC contents were significantly increased and reached at 81.98–80.37 and 1.96–1.90 mg kg^?1 respectively, in the (H₃ NTA) and NH₄ citrate treatments in Cd-contaminated soil. Further research is needed to investigate the use of chelators in the phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils under field conditions and whether it may be beneficial in accelerating the phytoextraction of Cd through hyperaccumulating plants.     

The Application of Fertilizer and AMF Promotes Growth and Reduces the Cadmium and Lead Contents of Ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i> L.) in a Copper Mining Area

Heavy metal-polluted soil was collected from the Pulang copper mine in Shangri-La City, Yunnan Province, Southwest China. The effects of fertilizer (organic and inorganic) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) growth, root morphology, mineral nutrition and cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents were investigated by pot experiments. The results showed that both fertilizer and AMF significantly ameliorated the root morphology and mineral nutrition, reduced the Cd and Pb contents, and promoted the growth of ryegrass. Among all treatments, the combined application of organic–inorganic compound fertilizer with AMF had the highest effect, resulting in increases in root length, surface area and branch number by 2.3, 1.1, and 3.9 times, respectively; an 88% increase in plant biomass; a nitrogen content increase of 2.3 and 1.2 times, and phosphorus content increase of 62% and 68% in shoots and roots, respectively was also recorded as well as decreases in Cd content by 34% and 62% and Pb content by 47% and 34% in shoots and roots, respectively. Two-factor analysis showed that both fertilizer and AMF significantly promoted ryegrass growth (plant height, biomass, chlorophyll content, root length, nitrogen and phosphorus content) and reduced the Cd and Pb contents in roots, and there was a synergistic effect between them. Moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus contents were very significantly positively correlated with the shoot and root biomasses but very significantly negatively correlated with the Cd and Pb contents of ryegrass. Thus, the application of fertilizer and AMF synergistically improved ryegrass growth on polluted soils in the copper mining area.     

Cd胁迫下苎麻的生长响应与富集、转运特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了苎麻湘苎三号在Cd胁迫下生长响应及其富集、耐性和迁移特征.结果表明,低浓度Cd处理(≤100mgmg·kg^-1)能促进苎麻生长发育,株高、茎粗、有效分蘖数和生物量都有所增加,以50mg·kg^-1胁迫处理最佳;此后则随处理浓度增加抑制效应越明显,到500mg·kg^-1时,各营养生长指标较对照显著减少,但仍生长较好,表明苎麻对重金属Cd胁迫具有很强的耐性.地下部与地上部Cd含量随处理浓度提高而增加,至500 mg.k g-1浓度时达最高值,分别为221.95mg.kg-1和390.61mg·kg^-1.苎麻Cd富集系数和转运系数分别为0.47～1.10和0.57～0.94.因此,苎麻不属于Cd超富集植物,而只是Cd富集植物,鉴于其具有根系发达、保水固土能力强和地上部生物量大等特点,苎麻是目前重金属Cd污染修复较理想的植物.     

Enhanced accumulation of Cd in castor (Ricinus communis L) by soil-applied chelators

Phytoextraction has been identified as one of the most propitious methods of phytoremediation. This pot experiment were treated with varying amounts of (ethylenediamine triacetic acid) EDTA 3–15, (Nitriloacetic acid) NTA 3–10, (Ammonium citrate) NH₄ citrate 10 – 25 mmol and one mg kg^–1Cd, filled with 5 kg soil. The addition of chelators significantly increased Cd concentration in soil and plant. The results showed that maximum Cd uptake was noted under root, shoot and leaf of castor plant tissue (2.26, 1.54, and 0.72 mg kg^–1) under EDTA 15, NTA 10, and NH₄ citrate 25 mmol treatments respectively, and in soil 1.08, 1.06 and 0.52 mg kg^–1 pot^–1 under NH₄ citrate 25, NTA 10 and EDTA 15 mmol treatments respectively, as against to control (p < 0.05). Additions of chelators reduction biomass under the EDTA 15 mmol as compared to other treatments, However, Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and remediation factor (RF) were significantly increased under EDTA 15 and NH₄ citrate 25 mmol as against control. Our results demonstrated that castor plant proved satisfactory for phytoextraction on contaminated soil, and EDTA 15 and NH₄ citrate 25 mmol had the affirmative effect on the Cd uptake in the artificial Cd-contaminated soil.     

AMENDMENTS FOR ENHANCING COPPER UPTAKE BY BRASSICA JUNCEA AND LOLIUM PERENNE FROM SOLUTION

Phytoextraction of metals is frequently limited by contaminant bioavailability and plant uptake rates. Chemical amendments can be added to increase the uptake and translocation of metals to aerial biomass. A range of amendments of various types was tested for increasing the copper uptake with the test species Indian mustard and ryegrass. These included citric acid (an organic acid); histidine (an amino acid); ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and ethelynediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) (aminopolycarboxylic acids); rhamnolipid (a biosurfactant); and Triton X-100 (a synthetic surfactant). EDTA was the most effective amendment for enhancing copper uptake and translocation into the shoots of Indian mustard and ryegrass, with respective shoot tissue copper levels of 1230 and 1360 μg-Cu/g-dry weight after 10 d compared to 90 and 220 μg-Cu/g-dry weight, respectively, in the unamended treatments. However, the EDTA application resulted in symptoms of toxicity in both Indian mustard and ryegrass, leading to drastic decreases in biomass yield. The application of high levels (300 mg/L) of the biodegradable chelator EDDS was found to be effective for improving translocation of copper in both species. The NTA addition provided benefits to root and shoot growth, with increased copper translocation to shoot tissue. Tests with biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants indicated detrimental effects on copper uptake, biomass yield, and the translocation of copper from roots to shoots in both plant species.     

Phytoextraction of Metals and Rhizoremediation of PAHs in Co-Contaminated Soil by Co-Planting of Sedum Alfredii with Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne) or Castor (Ricinus Communis)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the potential for phytoextraction of heavy metals and rhizoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in co-contaminated soil by co-planting a cadmium/zinc (Cd/Zn) hyperaccumulator and lead (Pb) accumulator Sedum alfredii with ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or castor (Ricinus communis). Co-planting with castor decreased the shoot biomass of S. alfredii as compared to that in monoculture. Cadmium concentration in S. alfredii shoot significantly decreased when grown with ryegrass or castor as compared to that in monoculture. However, no reduction of Zn or Pb concentration in S. alfredii shoot was detected in co-planting treatments. Total removal of either Cd, Zn, or Pb by plants was similar across S. alfredii monoculture or co-planting with ryegrass or castor, except enhanced Pb removal in S. alfredii and ryegrass co-planting treatment. Co-planting of S. alfredii with ryegrass or castor significantly enhanced the pyrene and anthracene dissipation as compared to that in the bare soil or S. alfredii monoculture. This appears to be due to the increased soil microbial population and activities in both co-planting treatments. Co-planting of S. alfredii with ryegrass or castor provides a promising strategy to mitigate both metal and PAH contaminants from co-contaminated soils.