不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合及荧光特性日变化的影响

为研究不同光强对越南抱茎茶光合作用机理的影响,设置3种处理方式,即全光照(L1)、光强度45%(L2)、光强度15%(L3),分别在遮阴3个月后测定其光合荧光参数的变化。结果表明,不同光强处理下,净光合速率均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00左右;光合速率下降主要是气孔限制因素引起的;叶绿素荧光参数表明,强光条件下电子传递受阻,热耗散增加,PSII反应中心受到破坏,从而降低了茶花的光合效率;过度遮阴条件下受到光抑制,从而导致光合机构损伤;45%光照条件下光合效率较高。相关性分析表明,净光合速率(Pn)与空气温度(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)呈极显著相关,与RH呈极显著负相关,与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。影响越南抱茎茶净光合速率的主要环境因子是空气温度和相对湿度。     

水分胁迫对美国凌霄单叶水分利用效率的影响

利用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用仪对水分胁迫下3年生美国凌霄(Campsis radifans L.Seen)单叶水分利用效率(WUElemf)的日动态及其与微环境因子的关系进行了测定分析,以阐明其WUEleaf对土壤水分及光照强度的响应规律,探讨美国凌霄维持较高WUElemf所需的土壤水分和光照条件.结果表明:(1)随着水分胁迫的加重,美国凌霄WUElemf表现为减弱趋势,但适度的水分胁迫有利于WUElemf的提高.(2)水分胁迫下,美国凌霄WUElemf多与空气相对湿度、大气COz浓度呈极显著正相关,与饱和水汽压差、大气温度、叶温呈极显著负相关;微环境因子对美国凌霄WUElemf的影响较为复杂,其中大气CO2浓度、胞间CO2浓度、叶温对其影响较大.(3)维持美国凌霄较高WUE lemf的适宜土壤含水量为10.7%～23.1%(相对含水量为39.2%～84.6%),适宜光照强度在600～1600μmol·m-2·s-1之间.     

松嫩草地全叶马兰夏季与秋季光合及蒸腾作用的比较

在生长季晴天条件下,夏季和秋季松嫩草地全叶马兰的光合,蒸腾作用的日变化均为双峰曲线,但不同季节有所差异,夏季日均净光合速率与蒸腾速率均高于秋季,光合和蒸腾作用与环境因子的植物内部因子之间有密切关系。分析表明,叶片净光合速率与有效光辐射呈极显著相关,与气孔阻力,胞间CO2呈负相关;蒸腾速率与有效光辐射呈极显著相关,与叶温,饱和差呈正相关,与气孔阻力,胞间CO2浓度呈负相关,有效光辐射是影响光合和蒸腾作用诸因子中的主导因子,而气孔阻力变化则在调节光合和蒸腾中起着重要作用,蒸腾速率午降主要由于光辐射强,叶温高,湿度低,植物体缺水,气孔部分关闭所致。     

三种林-茶复合林分中环境因子和茶的光合特征参数的日变化规律

对栾树-茶(Koelreuteria paniculata-Camellia sinensis)、香樟-茶(Cinnamomum camphora-Camellia sinensis)和枫香-茶(Liquidambar formosana-Camellia sinensis)3种林-茶复合林分中环境因子的日变化及茶[Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Ktze. ]的光合特征参数日变化和相关性进行了分析研究.结果显示,在3种林-茶复合林分中,光合有效辐射强度和气温的日变化呈单峰曲线,均在12:00达到最高值;空气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈先降后升的日变化趋势,分别在10:00和14:00达到最低值;各环境因子在全天不同时刻均有极显著差异(P<0.01).3种林-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日变化均表现为不对称的双峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00,其中枫香-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日均值最高(0.80 μmol·m-2·s-1);茶的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均在每日的早、晚较低,并在10:00达到最高;胞间CO2浓度日变化整体呈"W"型曲线,每日的早、晚较高,在10:00最低,其中栾树-茶复合林分中茶的胞间CO2浓度的日均值最高;茶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日均值在3种林-茶复合林分间有极显著差异(P<0.01),气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度日均值差异不显著.除气温与茶的净光合速率,以及光合有效辐射强度与茶的胞间CO2浓度、气温和空气相对湿度间相关性不显著外,其余环境因子与茶的净光合速率以及两两指标之间的相关性均达显著或极显著水平.综合分析结果表明,枫香-茶复合林分可改善茶的生长环境,促进茶生长,适合在安徽芜湖推广种植.     

10个秋菊品种的光合特性及净光合速率与部分生理生态因子的相关性分析

用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定系统测定了9月至10月10个秋菊[Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tvzel.]品种叶片的光合特征参数;在此基础上,对叶片光响应参数和CO2响应参数以及部分光合特征参数的日变化进行了比较分析;此外,还对净光合速率(Pn)与部分生理生态因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:10个秋菊品种的光补偿点(LCP)为92.83～167.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为962.51～1 077.53 μmol·m-2·s-1,说明它们均为喜光植物;10个秋菊品种的CO2饱和点为1 060.46 ～1 485.48μmol·mol-1,CO2补偿点为77.62 ～ 133.16μmo1·mol-1,远大于一般的C3植物;各品种Pn的日变化呈典型的双峰型曲线,首峰(11～19μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在10:00左右,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的“午休”现象.相关分析结果表明:10个品种的Pn与气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著或极显著正相关(品种‘关东新侠’、‘云龙凤舞’和‘日本黄’除外),与胞间CO2浓度呈显著或极显著负相关,与光合有效辐射强度和大气温度呈不显著正相关,与大气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈不显著负相关.早花品种‘太平的小鼓’和‘铜雀春深’具有较高的LSP以及较低的LCP和表观量子效率(AQY),对光照强度的适应范围较大,可栽培在光照较强的环境中;品种‘早粉盘’和‘檀香狮子’具有较高的LCP、AQY和LSP,对强光的利用能力较强;晚花品种‘关东新侠’、‘绿牡丹’和‘星光灿烂’具有较高的LCP和AQY以及较低的LSP,具有一定的耐阴能力,可种植在光照较弱的环境中.     

遮荫条件下绞股蓝光合作用特点的研究

在夏季遮荫条件下栽培绞股蓝的净光合速率日变化呈现不典型的双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在11：00时,达13．8μmolCO2·m^-2·S^-1日净光合速率达到176．97μmol CO2·m^-2,是强光下栽培的3．1倍;净光合速率和光量子通量密度呈正相关,相对湿度对净光合速率的影响小．强光下栽培绞股蓝。光合作用“午休”现象明显,净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,第1峰值出现在10：00时,为3．0μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1．第2峰值出现在14：00时,为1．25μmol CO2·m^-2·s^-1;相对湿度与净光合速率成正相关,对净光合速率的影响大．当光量子通量超过700μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,净光合速率与光量子通量密度呈负相关．在影响该植物蒸腾速率的诸多因子中,蒸腾速率和气孔导度之间的相关性最为显著．因此绞股蓝属于高度耐荫而怕光的植物．人工栽培应重点考虑光照因子．     

西北干旱区葡萄净光合速率变化及其影响因素

葡萄作为西北干旱区主要经济作物之一,认识其光合生产过程对种植栽培至关重要。为探究大田自然条件下葡萄光合生理特征及影响葡萄光合作用的主要影响因子,该研究于2019年6—9月测定葡萄(品种:无核白)叶片光合作用及其生理生态因子日变化,采用通径分析方法分析各因子对叶片净光合速率的直接和间接作用,确定其主要影响因子,同时在全天分时段模式下进一步分析葡萄叶片净光合速率对各生理生态因子的响应。结果表明:(1)葡萄叶片净光合速率日变化总体呈现先升高、后下降的单峰型曲线变化特征。(2)葡萄叶片净光合速率与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、空气温度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度和胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关。(3)各月影响葡萄叶片净光合速率变化的主要决定因子6月、8月和9月为蒸腾速率,而7月为气孔导度。(4)6—9月的葡萄叶片净光合速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差的响应均呈“迟滞回环”关系,与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈良好的线性关系(R²>0.85),与胞间CO₂浓度呈指数函数关系(R²=0.53)。研究认为,葡萄对西北干旱区环境具有较强的适应能力,可以通过控制蒸腾速率和气孔导度来优化管理并提高产量,此外还需要考虑其他因子的直接和间接作用。     

热带山地雨林尖峰栲边材液流及其与环境因子的关系

应用热扩散法,采用ICT-2000TE环境与蒸腾系统同步监测了热带山地雨林尖峰栲边材液流速率和环境因子的变化.结果表明：尖峰栲边材液流速率的变化规律是晴天为单峰曲线、阴雨天气为双峰或多峰曲线.边材液流速率与太阳辐射、空气温度、蒸汽压亏缺、林内风速呈极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关.在旱季监测期间,其与土壤温度呈极显著正相关、与土壤湿度相关不显著;而在雨季,其与土壤湿度呈极显著正相关,与土壤温度相关不显著,说明降雨过程对边材液流影响较大.建立了旱季和雨季监测期间的边材液流与环境因子多元线性回归模型,经过F值检验,达极显著水平.旱季、雨季监测期间尖峰栲单株平均蒸腾量分别为103.5和41.3 kg·d^-1,单位林地面积蒸腾量分别为1.94和0.77 mm·d^-1.     

桂花不同花期蒸腾作用和光合作用日变化研究

对不同花期桂花的光合作用、蒸腾作用日变化及二者与环境因子的相互作用进行研究.结果表明:处于不同花期的桂花净光合速率日变化为典型的双峰曲线,有明显的"午休"现象;蒸腾速率日变化总体趋势是先升高后降低.盛花期桂花净光合速率(Pn)最大,蒸腾作用最强,而且蒸腾作用的日变化最大.水分利用率最高.气孔导度与光合速率呈显著的正相关.叶面温度、光照强度、水蒸气压浓度差与蒸腾速率有明显正相关性.     

青海省药用植物龙葵栽培前后光合特性的比较

为了揭示青藏高原地区药用植物龙葵栽培前后的光合生理特性,本文采用常规光合指标测定方法对青海省药用植物龙葵栽培前后光合特性进行比较研究.结果显示:(1)野生龙葵的Chla、Chlb和Chlt含量低于栽培龙葵的,其中两者Chla含量间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),Chlb和Chlt含量间差异极显著(P＜0.01);(2)野生龙葵的Car、Chla/Chlb、Chlt/Chlt则明显高于栽培的,其中Car、Chla/Chlb间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),Car/Chlt间差异不显著(P＞0.05);(3)野生和栽培龙葵的净光合速率日变化类型均为双峰曲线型,但总体趋势表现为野生龙葵的低于栽培龙葵的;(4)相关分析表明,光合有效辐射与Pn间呈极显著负相关关系,相对湿度与Pn间呈极显著正相关关系,细胞间隙CO2浓度、气温与Pn呈显著负相关关系,瞬时水分利用效率与Pn间呈显著正相关关系.研究表明,栽培前后抗性生理指标的变化是青藏高原低温、低气压、强辐射等多种逆境生态因子长期作用的结果,是植物对生态环境的一种生理性适应.     

Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have produced remarkably high estimates of mutation rate, which strongly contrast with substitution rates inferred in phylogenetic (species-level) studies. Using Bayesian analysis with a relaxed-clock model, we estimated rates for three groups of mitochondrial data: avian protein-coding genes, primate protein-coding genes, and primate d-loop sequences. In all three cases, we found a measurable transition between the high, short-term (< 1-2 Myr) mutation rate and the low, long-term substitution rate. The relationship between the age of the calibration and the rate of change can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, which may be used for correcting molecular date estimates. The phylogenetic substitution rates in mitochondria are approximately 0.5% per million years for avian protein-coding sequences and 1.5% per million years for primate protein-coding and d-loop sequences. Further analyses showed that purifying selection offers the most convincing explanation for the observed relationship between the estimated rate and the depth of the calibration. We rule out the possibility that it is a spurious result arising from sequence errors, and find it unlikely that the apparent decline in rates over time is caused by mutational saturation. Using a rate curve estimated from the d-loop data, several dates for last common ancestors were calculated: modern humans and Neandertals (354 ka; 222-705 ka), Neandertals (108 ka; 70-156 ka), and modern humans (76 ka; 47-110 ka). If the rate curve for a particular taxonomic group can be accurately estimated, it can be a useful tool for correcting divergence date estimates by taking the rate decay into account. Our results show that it is invalid to extrapolate molecular rates of change across different evolutionary timescales, which has important consequences for studies of populations, domestication, conservation genetics, and human evolution.     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

On-station comparative analysis of reproductive and survival performance between Red Maasai,Dorper, and Merino sheep breeds

The reproductive performance of ewes and the survivability of lambs to weaning have a critical economic impact on sheep farming worldwide. Further, knowledge of major mortality causes allows an opportunity for improved flock management to evade financial losses. The maximum likelihood estimates for generalised linear mixed models and chi-square test methods were used to examine 971 mating records, 839 and 763 lambs born and weaned (singles or twins) from the Naivasha Sheep and Goats station in Kenya for the years 2011 to 2020 consisting of Dorper, Red Maasai (RedM), and Merino breeds. The RedM (P < 0.05) outperformed Dorper and Merino in weaning rate, whereas reproductive performance between the three breeds was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in litter size and multiple lambings per ewe lambing. On the one hand, Dorper significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed the other two breeds only in weaning weight per lamb born. In addition, among all the major causes of death, pneumonia appeared to be the one to which Dorper breeds were most susceptible (chi-square test, P < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, neither the Dorper nor the Merino sheep breeds were reproductively superior to the RedM in an extensive semi-arid production environment. In addition, Dorper's susceptibility to the leading causes of mortality, particularly pneumonia and sheep pox, were relatively high compared to other breeds and could be a precursor to massive economic losses for Dorper sheep producers. In contrast to the indigenous RedM breed, imported sheep breeds appeared to be more susceptible to major mortality-related under an extensive production system. Therefore, regardless of weaning weight, RedM breed production appears to be a more viable investment for small-scale farmers, particularly in semi-arid regions.     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

吉粳88高效再生体系的建立

以吉粳88为材料,通过对不同培养基和激素的筛选,确定最佳的再生体系。结果表明:NMB培养基为吉粳88最适的愈伤组织诱导培养基。通过L₉(3³)正交实验研究最适激素浓度配比,筛选出吉粳88愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA。在添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA的NMB基本培养基条件下,吉粳88的分化率最高,成培苗率也最高。     

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20 °C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24 h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5 mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100 ml of 4 mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30 min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.     

On the interpretation of some planktonology equations

Summary The concept of the mean value of a function is used to interpret some population-dynamics equations. The well-known formula for the per capita growth rate r gives a precise mean value for any (not only exponentially growing) populations. This result is used to derive the birth and death rate equations of Paloheimo (1974) with minimal initial limitations.Abbreviations t time - N number of animals - E number of eggs - r specific (i.e. per capita) population growth rate - b specific birth rate - d specific death rate - D duration of embryonic development     

转基因鱼构建模式的研究II.构建转基因鱼的几个影响因素(英文)

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光合单位的周转率与叶片光合速率的关系

利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450～2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2％及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25～70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80～160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。     

新疆野生郁金香与栽培品种的杂交性状

为研制具有自主知识产权的郁金香（Tulipa gesneriana）新种质,本实验选择6种栽培郁金香品种为母本,5种野生郁金香为父本进行杂交试验。结果显示,平均受精率为（84．8±3．5）％,母本受精率最高的是克斯奈丽斯,平均为（94．0±2．3）％,受精率最低的是蒙特卡罗,平均为（71．0±3．8）％。果实发育1个月最高坐果率为100．0％,平均为（75．2±4．1）％,2个月最高坐果率为（90．0±3．6）％,平均为（47．0±3．4）％;杂交种子平均结实率为24．3％。研究结果表明,母本与杂交组合对受精率、坐果率和结实率有显著影响,父本则没有显著影响：杂交组合小黑人×伊犁郁金香、小黑人×柔毛郁金香及小黑人X天山郁金香亲合性较好,其杂交种子结实率分别为78．2％、68．4％和57．5％。