降脂益生菌对非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠胆汁酸代谢及转运的影响和机制初探

目的探讨降脂益生菌(鼠李糖乳杆菌DM9054和植物乳杆菌86066联合制剂)对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)小鼠胆汁酸代谢及转运的影响和可能机制。方法 18只雄性FXR~(-/-)小鼠随机分为3组(n=6):正常饮食组、高脂饮食组和高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组。其中正常饮食组给予普通饮食和生理盐水灌胃,高脂饮食组给予高脂饮食和生理盐水灌胃,高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组给予高脂饮食和降脂益生菌灌胃。所有小鼠干预12周,处死小鼠1周前行胰岛素耐量试验和腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量试验。小鼠处死后自动生化分析仪检测血脂、胆汁酸及肝功能指标;RT-PCR检测肝脏和回肠组织炎症因子相对表达量;HE染色评估肝脏和回肠组织病理情况;Western blot检测法尼醇受体(Farnesoid X receptor, FXR)通路中的成纤维细胞生长因子15(fibroblast growth factor 15,FGF15)、成纤维细胞生长因子受体4(fibroblast growth factor receptor 4,FGFR4)和小分子异源二聚体(short heterodimer partner, SHP)、胆汁酸合成限速酶胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, CYP7A1)及胆汁酸转运相关的胆盐输出泵(bile salt export pump, BSEP)的蛋白表达。结果和高脂饮食组相比,高脂饮食+降脂益生菌组小鼠血清中胆汁酸含量明显下降(P=0.000 1),FGF15、FGFR4和BSEP蛋白表达水平升高(P=0.009 7、0.024 2、0.000 1),CYP7A1的蛋白表达水平降低(P=0.006 9)。此外,通过降脂益生菌干预还明显改善了高脂饮食FXR~(-/-)小鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱(P=0.002 4)、肝脏脂肪变性、肝脏和回肠组织炎症(P=0.013 8、0.000 1、0.000 1)以及肠黏膜屏障功能(P=0.014 2)。结论降脂益生菌具有类似选择性肠道FXR激动剂的作用,能够通过调控肠道FXR-FGF15通路改善胆汁酸的代谢及转运,进而缓解高脂饮食FXR~(-/-)小鼠的NAFLD。     

HCV NS5A通过抑制p-AMPK并上调固醇调节元件结合蛋白2及HMG-CoA还原酶促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成

已有研究证明,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白5A(NS5A)可诱导肝细胞脂肪变性。本文报告,HCV NS5A刺激肝细胞胆固醇合成,引起脂代谢失调,促进肝脂肪变性。首先,我们构建了由小鼠甲胎蛋白增强子和小鼠白蛋白启动子驱动的NS5A及NS5A domainⅠ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的慢病毒表达载体,包装成病毒颗粒后通过尾静脉注射感染小鼠。小鼠血清总胆固醇测定及肝组织切片苏木精-伊红染色揭示,与模拟注射对照及增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠血清总胆固醇水平明显升高;肝细胞内脂滴明显增多。免疫组化和RTq PCR分析显示,胆固醇合成的关键调节酶HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)在NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠肝内表达显著升高。蛋白质印迹结果证明,与模拟注射及EGFP慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞磷酸化的腺苷一磷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)水平明显降低,而固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(SREBP-2)及其靶基因HMGCR的水平显著升高。进一步研究发现,NS5A domainⅡ慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞p-AMPK、SREBP-2和HMGCR表达水平与全长NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠相似。上述结果提示,HCV NS5A蛋白可通过抑制AMPK磷酸化激活,上调SREBP-2而促进胆固醇合成的限速酶HMGCR的表达,从而促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成。上述结果还提示,NS5A domainⅡ可能是全长NS5A蛋白调节HMGCR基因表达的有效片段。总之,本研究证明,HCV NS5A可引起胆固醇代谢紊乱,这可能是慢性HCV感染引起肝脂肪变性的机制之一。很遗憾,在本研究中,尚未测定SREBP-1的靶基因乙酰CoA羧化酶(脂肪酸合成的限速酶)的表达,相关实验正在进行中。     

HCV NS5A通过抑制p-AMPK并上调固醇调节元件结合蛋白2及HMG-CoA还原酶促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成北大核心CSCD

已有研究证明,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白5A(NS5A)可诱导肝细胞脂肪变性。本文报告,HCV NS5A刺激肝细胞胆固醇合成,引起脂代谢失调,促进肝脂肪变性。首先,我们构建了由小鼠甲胎蛋白增强子和小鼠白蛋白启动子驱动的NS5A及NS5A domainⅠ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的慢病毒表达载体,包装成病毒颗粒后通过尾静脉注射感染小鼠。小鼠血清总胆固醇测定及肝组织切片苏木精-伊红染色揭示,与模拟注射对照及增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理小鼠血清总胆固醇水平明显升高;肝细胞内脂滴明显增多。免疫组化和RTq PCR分析显示,胆固醇合成的关键调节酶HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)在NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠肝内表达显著升高。蛋白质印迹结果证明,与模拟注射及EGFP慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠比较,NS5A慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞磷酸化的腺苷一磷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)水平明显降低,而固醇调节元件结合蛋白2(SREBP-2)及其靶基因HMGCR的水平显著升高。进一步研究发现,NS5A domainⅡ慢病毒颗粒处理的小鼠肝细胞p-AMPK、SREBP-2和HMGCR表达水平与全长NS5A慢病毒处理的小鼠相似。上述结果提示,HCV NS5A蛋白可通过抑制AMPK磷酸化激活,上调SREBP-2而促进胆固醇合成的限速酶HMGCR的表达,从而促进小鼠肝细胞胆固醇合成。上述结果还提示,NS5A domainⅡ可能是全长NS5A蛋白调节HMGCR基因表达的有效片段。总之,本研究证明,HCV NS5A可引起胆固醇代谢紊乱,这可能是慢性HCV感染引起肝脂肪变性的机制之一。很遗憾,在本研究中,尚未测定SREBP-1的靶基因乙酰CoA羧化酶(脂肪酸合成的限速酶)的表达,相关实验正在进行中。     

植物乳杆菌对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠的肝保护机制

为了揭示植物乳杆菌对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠的肝保护机制,本研究通过对昆明小鼠饲喂高脂高糖小鼠饲料来建立非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠模型,之后按10 m L/kg的剂量对小鼠灌胃1.0×108 CFU/mL的植物乳杆菌NCU116溶液,持续8周。研究结果显示,植物乳杆菌NCU116处理,不仅显著降低小鼠血清TC、TG和LDL水平,并升高血清HDL水平(p0.05);也显著降低小鼠的血清和肝脏中的FFA水平(p0.05);且显著抑制ALT和AST的升高;增加AMPK和ACC的磷酸化水平,并抑制了SREBP-1和FAS的表达(p0.05);同时显著升高CAT和SOD水平,并显著降低MDA水平(p0.05);显著上调Nuclear Nrf2和HO-1的表达水平,并下调Keap1水平(p0.05)。本研究结果表明植物乳杆菌NCU116对非酒精性脂肪性肝病具有保护作用,通过激活AMPK和Nrf2通路来抑制脂质代谢和氧化应激。     

脑梗死患者肠道菌群特征及其与血清代谢标志物水平的相关性

目的探究脑梗死患者肠道菌群特征,分析其与血清代谢标志物水平的相关性。方法对2018年1月至2018年8月间于我院就诊的43例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)和43例健康体检者(对照组)的肠道菌群特征进行检测,采用16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR技术对两组患者肠道菌群进行测定、分析,并对两组患者血清代谢标志物(血肌酐、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及超敏C反应蛋白)水平进行比较,应用Pearson相关系数模型探究患者肠道菌群特征与常用血清代谢标志物水平的相关性。结果脑梗死组患者的空腹血糖、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C和hs-CRP水平显著高于对照组,HDL-C水平显著低于对照组(Ps0.05)。16S rDNA分析结果显示,兼性厌氧菌是肠道的主要菌群,专性厌氧菌其次,需氧菌的比例最小。脑梗死组患者肠道主要优势菌为链球菌、大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌,而对照组患者为双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等。脑梗死组患者肠道艰难梭菌、肠球菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌水平明显高于对照组(Ps0.05),双歧杆菌、奇异菌和乳杆菌水平明显低于对照组(Ps0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,奇异菌和罗伊乳杆菌水平与HbA1c水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.225,-0.348,Ps0.05),植物乳杆菌数量与TC水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.177,P=0.019),双歧杆菌与TG和LDL-C水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.214,-0.305,Ps0.05),艰难梭菌和葡萄球菌分别与LDL-C和hs-CRP呈明显正相关(r=0.375,0.213,Ps0.05)。结论脑梗死患者与健康人群肠道菌群存在明显差异,其中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌及奇异菌水平与糖、脂代谢指标呈负相关,艰难梭菌和葡萄球菌与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和超敏C反应蛋白呈明显正相关。     

胆固醇结石患者肝脏LCRα基因的蛋白差异表达及意义

目的:研究胆囊胆固醇结石患者肝脏的核受体基因:肝脏x受体a(liver Xreceptor a,LXRα)、法尼醇受体(famesoid Xreceptor,FXR)、人类固醇异生物受体(steroid xenobiotic receptor,SXR)及肝受体同类物1(liver receptor homolog-1,LRH-1)的蛋白表达,探讨胆固醇结石病的发病机理.方法:23例胆囊胆固醇结石患者(胆石组),12例无胆石症的胆囊息肉患者为对照(对照组).测定胆石胆固醇成分和胆汁脂类成分(胆固醇、磷脂和胆汁酸),并计算胆汁总脂和胆汁胆固醇饱和指数.Western-Blot法测定肝脏LRH-1、FXR、SXR及LXRa基因的蛋白表达量.结果:胆石组胆汁呈胆固醇过饱和;胆汁胆固醇摩尔百分比浓度较对照组升高,P<0.01;胆汁总脂较对照组明显下降,P<0.05;胆汁中胆汁酸和磷脂成分2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).胆石组LRH-1蛋白表达高于对照组(0.88±0.05vs 0.69±0.03),P<0.05,LXRa、FXR和SXR表达2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:人类肝脏LRH-1的蛋白表达增高与胆囊胆固醇结石形成有关.     

短乳杆菌DM9218对高果糖饮食诱导的小鼠高尿酸血症的缓解作用及机制研究

目的探讨短乳杆菌DM9218对高果糖饮食诱导的小鼠高尿酸血症的缓解作用及可能机制。方法 4~6周龄SPF级Balb/c雌鼠随机分为3组(每组15只),分别为正常对照组(Control)、高果糖饮水组(HF)、高果糖饮水+益生菌干预组(Probiotic)。高果糖组和益生菌干预组每天给予15%(w/v)果糖水自由饮用;益生菌干预组在果糖饮用的同时每天以0.2mL/只(1×109 CFU/kg)短乳杆菌DM9218灌胃,对照组和高果糖组予以0.2mL/只的PBS灌胃处理。采用酶标仪比色法检测各组血清中血糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、血尿酸(UA)水平;ELISA法检测小鼠肝组织匀浆上清液中内毒素(LPS)、干扰素α(IFN-α)、肌苷(Inosine)水平及黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)浓度、活性;Q-PCR法检测XOD mRNA的表达变化。结果 HF组Glu、TG、TC、UA水平均明显高于Control组(P0.05,P0.05,P0.05,P0.01),Probiotic组血清UA水平显著低于HF组(P0.01);HF组肝脏LPS、IFN-α、Inosine水平及XOD浓度、活性显著高于Control组(P均0.01),Probiotic组与HF组相比LPS、IFN-α、Inosine水平及XOD浓度、活性有明显下降趋势,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01,P0.05,P0.05);HF组XOD mRNA的相对表达量显著高于Control组(P0.01),Probiotic组与HF组相比有下降趋势,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论短乳杆菌DM9128一方面可以改善肠屏障功能降低LPS水平,从而缓解XOD的表达及活性;另一方面经由"肝-肠循环"直接降解肌苷,从而影响血清UA的水平。     

LPS下调小鼠肝脏、肠道羧酸酯酶表达

目的:研究细菌脂多糖(LPS)对小鼠肝脏、肠道羧酸酯酶表达及酶活性的影响。方法:小鼠经腹腔注射5.0mg/kg的LPS,对照组给予生理盐水,注射后24h处死小鼠,取肝脏和肠道组织。用qRT-PCR技术检测小鼠肝脏、肠道组织羧酸酯酶1和2(mCES1和mCES2)mRNA水平;Westernblot技术检测小鼠肝脏、肠道组织mCES1和mCES2蛋白表达水平。用分光光度计检测小鼠肝脏、肠道组织羧酸酯酶总活性。结果:LPS显著降低小鼠肝脏、肠道组织羧酸酯酶1和2的mRNA水平(P<0.05),同时LPS也显著降低小鼠肝脏、肠道组织羧酸酯酶的蛋白表达水平及酶活性(P<0.05)。结论:LPS造成的炎症状态可显著降低小鼠肝脏、肠道组织羧酸酯酶的表达及酶活性。     

溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群和肠黏膜屏障的变化及益生菌的干预作用

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者肠道菌群和肠黏膜屏障的变化及益生菌的干预作用。方法选取2014年1月-2017年12月内科门诊就诊活动期UC患者50例为观察组,予以双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊2粒/次(210mg/粒),饭后30min温水送服,2次/d,连用8周。检测观察组治疗前与治疗后肠道菌群数量及肠黏膜屏障指标的变化。另选择同期肠镜检查未见肠道病变的正常成人30例为对照组。结果观察组患者治疗前双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的数量明显少于对照组,而大肠杆菌数量明显多于对照组(Ps0.05)。治疗8周后,观察组患者双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的数量较治疗前明显上升(Ps0.05),但仍明显低于对照组(Ps0.05);而大肠杆菌数量较前明显下降(Ps0.05),但仍明显高于对照组(Ps0.05)。同时观察组患者治疗前血清ET、D-乳酸和PCT水平明显高于对照组(Ps0.05)。治疗8周后,血清ET、D-乳酸和PCT水平较治疗前明显下降(Ps0.05),但仍明显高于对照组(Ps0.05)。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊治疗活动性UC能纠正患者肠道菌群紊乱,修复肠黏膜屏障。     

银灵通胶囊调节实验性高脂饮食大鼠血脂的研究

目的:探究银灵通胶囊对脂质代谢的影响及其机制。方法:建立大鼠高脂模型,用药后检测其血脂、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,检测肝脏组织的高密度脂蛋白受体SR-BI、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDH)受体CD36蛋白表达的mRNA表达水平,检测血管组织学变化。结果:高脂饮食明显升高大鼠血清中总胆固醇(CH)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和动脉硬化指数(AI值),银灵通胶囊组可降低上述指标,且呈一定的浓度依赖;高脂饮食可增加肝脏中SR-BI及CD36表达,降低LDLR表达,银灵通胶囊引起SR-BI的过度表达,使LDLR表达增加,CD36表达下降。高脂饮食使血清中MDA的含量增加,给予银灵通胶囊后,明显降低血清MDA的含量。结论:银灵通胶囊具有调节脂质代谢,抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)及抗脂质过氧化作用。其机制与银灵通胶囊能引起肝脏中SR-BI的过度表达及LDLR表达增加,降低肝脏中CD36表达和血清MDA含量有关。     

Co-Administration of Cholesterol-Lowering Probiotics and Anthraquinone from Cassia obtusifolia L. Ameliorate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a common liver disease in recent decades. No effective treatment is currently available. Probiotics and natural functional food may be promising therapeutic approaches to this disease. The present study aims to investigate the efficiency of the anthraquinone from Cassia obtusifolia L. (AC) together with cholesterol-lowering probiotics (P) to improve high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in rat models and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Cholesterol-lowering probiotics were screened out by MRS-cholesterol broth with ammonium ferric sulfate method. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with HFD and subsequently administered with AC and/or P. Lipid metabolism parameters and fat synthesis related genes in rat liver, as well as the diversity of gut microbiota were evaluated. The results demonstrated that, compared with the NAFLD rat, the serum lipid levels of treated rats were reduced effectively. Besides, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were up-regulated while the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) was reduced. The expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α protein was significantly increased while the expression of PPAR-γ and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) was down-regulated. In addition, compared with HFD group, in AC, P and AC+P group, the expression of intestinal tight-junction protein occludin and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) were up-regulated. Furthermore, altered gut microbiota diversity after the treatment of probiotics and AC were analysed. The combination of cholesterol-lowering probiotics and AC possesses a therapeutic effect on NAFLD in rats by up-regulating CYP7A1, LDL-R, FXR mRNA and PPAR-α protein produced in the process of fat metabolism while down-regulating the expression of HMGCR, PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c, and through normalizing the intestinal dysbiosis and improving the intestinal mucosal barrier function.     

Increased hepatic synthesis and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism is associated with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased cardiovascular and liver-related mortality. NAFLD is characterized by both triglyceride and free cholesterol (FC) accumulation without a corresponding increment in cholesterol esters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of cholesterol metabolic genes in NAFLD and relate these to disease phenotype. NAFLD was associated with increased SREBP-2 maturation, HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR) expression and decreased phosphorylation of HMGCR. Cholesterol synthesis was increased as measured by the circulating desmosterol:cholesterol ratio. miR-34a, a microRNA increased in NAFLD, inhibited sirtuin-1 with downstream dephosphorylation of AMP kinase and HMGCR. Cholesterol ester hydrolase was increased while ACAT-2 remained unchanged. LDL receptor expression was significantly decreased and similar in NAFLD subjects on or off statins. HMGCR expression was correlated with FC, histologic severity of NAFLD and LDL-cholesterol. These data demonstrate dysregulated cholesterol metabolism in NAFLD which may contribute to disease severity and cardiovascular risks.     

Decreased nuclear hormone receptor expression in the livers of mice in late pregnancy

During the third trimester of pregnancy, there is an increase in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The mechanisms accounting for these changes in lipid metabolism during pregnancy are unknown. We hypothesized that, during pregnancy, the expression of nuclear hormone receptors involved in regulating lipid metabolism would decrease. In 19-day pregnant mice, serum triglyceride and non-HDL cholesterol levels were significantly increased, whereas total cholesterol was slightly decreased, because of a decrease in the HDL fraction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha, PPARbeta/delta, and PPARgamma, liver X receptor (LXR)alpha and LXRbeta, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha, RXRbeta, and RXRgamma mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the livers of 19-day pregnant mice. Additionally, the expressions of thyroid receptor (TR)alpha, pregnane X receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1a, SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, and liver receptor homolog 1 were also decreased, whereas the expression of TRbeta, constitutive androstane receptor, and hepatic nuclear factor 4 showed no significant change. mRNA levels of the PPAR target genes carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 1alpha and acyl-CoA oxidase, the LXR target genes SREBP1c, ATP-binding cassettes G5 and G8, the FXR target gene SHP, and the TR target genes malic enzyme and Spot14 were all significantly decreased. Finally, the expressions of PPARgamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha and PGC-1beta, known activators of a number of nuclear hormone receptors, were also significantly decreased. The decreases in expression of RXRs, PPARs, LXRs, FXR, TRs, SREBPs, and PGC-1s could contribute to the alterations in lipid metabolism during late pregnancy.     

Roles of nuclear receptors in the up-regulation of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by cholestyramine in rats

Nuclear receptors are involved in regulating the expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), however, their roles in the up-regulation of CYP7A1 by cholestyramine (CSR) are still unclear. In the present study, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and fed [high sucrose + 10% lard diet] (H), [H + 3% CSR diet] (H + CSR), [H + 0.5% cholesterol + 0.25% sodium cholate diet] (C), or [C + 3% CSR diet] (C + CSR) for 2 weeks. Cholestyramine decreased serum and liver cholesterol levels significantly in rats fed C-based diets, but had no effect on these parameters in rats fed H-based diets. Cholestyramine raised hepatic levels of CYP7A1 mRNA and activity in both groups. The gene expression of hepatic ATP-binding cassettes A1 and G5, regulated by liver X receptor (LXR), were unchanged and down-regulated by cholestyramine, respectively. The mRNA levels of the hepatic ATP-binding cassette B11 and short heterodimer partner (SHP), regulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR), were not changed by cholestyramine. C-based diets, which contained cholesterol and cholic acid, increased SHP mRNA levels compared to H-based diets. Consequently, in rats fed the C+CSR diet, hepatic FXR was activated by dietary bile acids, but the hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA level was increased 16-fold compared to that in rats fed an H diet. These results suggest that cholestyramine up-regulates the expression of CYP7A1 independently via LXR- or FXR-mediated pathways in rats.     

Apelin对改善小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的作用及与调节脂质代谢的关系

目的：探讨外源性apelin对小鼠慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的作用及其机制。方法：SPF级雄性apoE基因敲除（apoE-KO）小鼠30只,随机均分为3组（n=10）,即常氧组、低氧组和低氧+apelin组,apelin组小鼠每天于低氧前经腹腔注射apelin-13（10 nmol/（kg·d））,其他组腹腔注射相同体积的生理盐水。采用常压连续低氧方法（9%~11% O₂,23 h/d）复制慢性低氧性肺动脉高压模型。低氧3周后,采用右心导管法测定小鼠右心室压（RVSP）和右心室与左心室加室间隔重量比,Elisa法检测血浆中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和总胆固醇（TC）的含量;real-time PCR法检测肝组织中三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1（ABCA1）、清道夫受体B1（SR-B1）、低密度脂蛋白受体（LDLR）和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGCR）等基因的表达。Western blot法检测小鼠肺组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）蛋白的表达。结果：①低氧组小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较常氧组分别高87%、85%（P均<0.05）,apelin组小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较低氧组分别低39%、33%（P均<0.05）。②apelin组小鼠血浆中HDL-C含量、HDL/LDL比值分别较hypoxia组高21%、20%（P均<0.05）,而血浆中TC、LDL-C含量两组间无显著差异（P均>0.05）。③apelin组小鼠肝组织中LDLR、SR-B1、ABCA1基因表达分别较低氧组上调241%、112%、69%（P均<0.05）,而HMGCR基因表达下调45%（P<0.05）。④apelin组小鼠肺组织中PPARγ蛋白表达较低氧组上调47%。结论：Apelin可降低小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压,其机制与调节脂质代谢有关。     

有氧运动对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠肝脏CNPY2-PERK通路的影响*

目的: 探讨有氧运动对高脂诱导小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的影响及其肝脏冠层成纤维细胞生长因子信号调节器 2 (CNPY2) - PKR样内质网激酶(PERK)机制。方法: 8周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(C)、对照+运动组(CE),NAFLD模型组(M)和NAFLD模型+运动组(ME),每组10只。C组和CE组小鼠给予普通饲料,M组和ME组小鼠给予高脂饲料(脂肪供能占比为60 %),连续喂养18周至实验结束,取小鼠血清和肝脏。CE组和ME组从第10周起进行有氧跑台训练(12 m/min,每次60 min,每周5 d)。检测小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平;观察小鼠肝组织病理学形态;检测肝组织CNPY2、PERK、p-eIF2a、CHOP、CNPY2 mRNA、PERK mRNA表达和CNPY2、PERK的阳性表达。结果: 与C组比较,M 组小鼠的血清LDL-c、TC、TG、ALT和AST水平显著升高(P＜0.05),HDL-c水平显著降低(P＜0.05);小鼠肝组织可见明显的肝脂肪性变,肝细胞脂滴数量增加,肝组织的CNPY2、CNPY2 mRNA、PERK、PERK mRNA、p-eIF2a、CHOP表达、CNPY2和PERK阳性表达均显著升高(P＜0.05);而CE组的上述指标均没有显著性差异(P＞0.05 )。与M 组比较,ME组小鼠的血清LDL-c、TC、TG、ALT和AST水平显著降低(P＜0.05),小鼠肝组织脂肪性变明显减轻,肝细胞脂滴数量显著减少,肝组织的CNPY2、CNPY2 mRNA、PERK、PERK mRNA、p-eIF2a、CHOP表达、CNPY2和PERK阳性表达均显著降低(P＜ 0.05)。结论: CNPY2-PERK通路参与NAFLD的形成。有氧运动可有效改善NAFLD,其机制可能与有氧运动降低CNPY2-PERK通路相关分子表达有关。     

Inhibition of ileal bile acid transport and reduced atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice by SC-435

Blocking intestinal bile acid absorption by inhibiting the apical sodium codependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is a target for increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis and reducing plasma LDL cholesterol. SC-435 was identified as a potent inhibitor of ASBT (IC50 = 1.5 nM) in cells transfected with the human ASBT gene. Dietary administration of 3 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg SC-435 to apolipoprotein E-/- (apoE-/-) mice increased fecal bile acid excretion by >2.5-fold. In vivo inhibition of ASBT also resulted in significant increases of hepatic mRNA levels for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and HMG-CoA reductase. Administration of 10 mg/kg SC-435 for 12 weeks to apoE-/- mice lowered serum total cholesterol by 35% and reduced aortic root lesion area by 65%. Treatment of apoE-/- mice also resulted in decreased expression of ileal bile acid binding protein and hepatic nuclear hormone receptor small heterodimer partner, direct target genes of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), suggesting a possible role of FXR in SC-435 modulation of cholesterol homeostasis. In dogs, SC-435 treatment reduced serum total cholesterol levels by 相似文献   

Niacin improves renal lipid metabolism and slows progression in chronic kidney disease

Background

Mounting evidence points to lipid accumulation in the diseased kidney and its contribution to progression of nephropathy. We recently found heavy lipid accumulation and marked dysregulation of lipid metabolism in the remnant kidneys of rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). Present study sought to determine efficacy of niacin supplementation on renal tissue lipid metabolism in CRF.

Methods

Kidney function, lipid content, and expression of molecules involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism were determined in untreated CRF (5/6 nephrectomized), niacin-treated CRF (50 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 12 weeks) and control rats.

Results

CRF resulted in hypertension, proteinuria, renal tissue lipid accumulation, up-regulation of scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT1), carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), liver X receptor (LXR), ATP binding cassette (ABC) A-1, ABCG-1, and SR-B1 and down-regulation of sterol responsive element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), SREBP-2, HMG-CoA reductase, PPAR-α, fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), and CPT1A. Niacin therapy attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, and tubulo-interstitial injury, reduced renal tissue lipids, CD36, ChREBP, LXR, ABCA-1, ABCG-1, and SR-B1 abundance and raised PPAR-α and L-FABP.

Conclusions and general significance

Niacin administration improves renal tissue lipid metabolism and renal function and structure in experimental CRF.     

In Ovo Injection of Betaine Affects Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism through Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Newly Hatched Chicks

Betaine is reported to regulate hepatic cholesterol metabolism in mammals. Chicken eggs contain considerable amount of betaine, yet it remains unknown whether and how betaine in the egg affects hepatic cholesterol metabolism in chicks. In this study, eggs were injected with betaine at 2.5 mg/egg and the hepatic cholesterol metabolism was investigated in newly hatched chicks. Betaine did not affect body weight or liver weight, but significantly increased the serum concentration (P < 0.05) and the hepatic content (P < 0.01) of cholesterol. Accordingly, the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMGCR was up-regulated (P < 0.05 for both mRNA and protein), while CYP7A1 which converts cholesterol to bile acids was down-regulated (P < 0.05 for mRNA and P = 0.07 for protein). Moreover, hepatic protein content of the sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 which regulates cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis, and the mRNA abundance of ATP binding cassette sub-family A member 1 (ABCA1) which mediates cholesterol counter transport were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in betaine-treated chicks. Meanwhile, hepatic protein contents of DNA methyltransferases 1 and adenosylhomocysteinase-like 1 were increased (P < 0.05), which was associated with global genomic DNA hypermethylation (P < 0.05) and diminished gene repression mark histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CpG methylation level on gene promoters was found to be increased (P < 0.05) for CYP7A1 yet decreased (P < 0.05) for ABCA1. These results indicate that in ovo betaine injection regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism in chicks through epigenetic mechanisms including DNA and histone methylations.