盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以盐柳1号为试验材料,将2种中性盐NaCI、Na_2SO_4和2种碱性盐NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3,按不同比例混合成A(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶2∶1∶0)、B(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶9∶9∶1)、C(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶1∶1∶1)3种组合,设4个浓度梯度(50、100、150、200 mmol/L),模拟出12种盐度和碱度各不相同的盐碱条件,对盐柳1号幼苗进行处理,测定了株高生长量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量4项指标。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增大和碱性盐比例的增高,盐柳1号幼苗的株高生长量呈降低趋势,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量则有不同程度的升高。A、B、C处理组的株高生长量在盐浓度200 mmo/L时分别相对CK降低了61.32%、68.67%、73.02%,差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)。A处理组(pH值为8.04),随着盐浓度的增大,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高趋势不明显;B处理组(pH值为8.66),叶片MDA含量在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L时呈显著升高趋势,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在盐浓度超过150 mmol/L时急剧增加;C处理组(pH值为9.47),盐浓度大于150 mmol/L时,盐柳1号幼苗的叶片全部枯黄。综合分析结果表明,在混合盐碱胁迫下,盐柳1号幼苗的生长受到了不同程度的抑制;盐柳1号可以耐受不超过100 mmol/L的3种组分盐碱胁迫,且盐浓度150 mmol/L、pH9.51的盐碱条件不适宜盐柳1号的生长。     

盐碱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响

【目的】了解不同盐分配比和不同浓度梯度复合盐碱胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄（Vitis vinfera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’）幼苗生长和抗逆生理指标的影响，确认其耐盐碱性范围及其耐盐碱能力。【方法】 以1年生‘赤霞珠’自根苗为试材，用NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3、Na2CO3按不同比例混合配置中性盐、弱碱性盐、强碱性盐3组复合盐溶液，每组各设置50、100、150 mmol/L3个浓度梯度，以不做处理的溶液作为对照，于幼苗生长期间进行定期浇灌处理，通过室内盆栽试验来模拟不同类型、不同程度盐碱胁迫，在处理后不同时期测定幼苗生长形态、生理及光合指标。【结果】（1）茎粗和叶面积随盐胁迫浓度增大，呈现先增大后减小的趋势， 而‘赤霞珠’幼苗的株高基本呈现下降趋势。其中，中性、弱碱性、强碱性盐胁迫组间相比，‘赤霞珠’幼苗株高在强碱性盐胁迫组150 mmol/L处理10 d、150 mmol/L处理40 d都较同期中性、弱碱性组相应浓度显著降低；（2）随着盐浓度的增大，SOD活性及MDA含量呈先增大后减小的趋势，而‘赤霞珠’幼苗叶片的POD活性呈现缓慢增加的趋势，强碱性盐胁迫组叶片POD活性在处理30-50d时均高于相同浓度的中性、弱碱性盐胁迫处理组，但随着时间处理延长，到处理60 d后逐渐低于同浓度其他两处理组，其中150 mmol/L浓度表现得更明显。；（3）‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率随着盐碱浓度的增加主要呈下降趋势，其胞间CO2浓度与净光合速率均为50 mmol/L浓度处理时较高。在同期相同盐浓度处理下，叶片净光合速率在强碱性盐胁迫150 mmol/L浓度处理75 d时显著低于同期中性、弱碱性处理组。（4）在相同浓度条件下，强碱性盐胁迫处理的幼苗株高及最大叶面积都显著低于中性盐和弱碱性盐处理组；叶片SOD活性在50 mmol/L中性盐胁迫处理下较CK显著提高了27%；叶片MDA含量在150 mmol/L强碱性盐胁迫下随着时间延长显著逐渐增加。【结论】‘赤霞珠’幼苗生长在盐碱胁迫下受到一定限制，但其株高、叶面积、胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率在50 mmol/L浓度处理下均呈现较好的增长趋势，而其株高及茎粗在强碱性盐胁迫150 mmol/L盐碱溶液处理下均增长最不明显；在一定低浓度浓度范围内50 mmol/L盐碱处理有利于赤霞珠葡萄幼苗生长。     

亚精胺浸种对番茄幼苗抗盐碱的生理特性研究

以番茄耐盐碱品种‘金鹏一号’和盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’为试验材料,采用营养液水培的方法,设置正常营养液栽培(对照CK)、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.1mmol/L亚精胺(Spd)浸种、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.25mmol/L Spd浸种4种处理,研究外源Spd对番茄幼苗株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素含量的影响。结果显示:(1)单独盐碱胁迫下,两品种番茄幼苗叶绿素含量、株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系相对含水量较对照均降低,而其MDA、Pro含量、SOD和POD活性显著增加。(2)外源Spd浸种处理较盐碱胁迫下能够增加番茄幼苗的株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系的相对含水量、Pro及叶绿素含量,进一步提高SOD和POD的活性,降低其MDA含量,能有效缓解盐碱胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害。(3)在100mmol/L盐碱胁迫条件下,0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理对番茄幼苗受到的盐碱胁迫伤害的缓解效果更佳,并且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗的效果更加明显。研究表明,在盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但外源Spd浸种能够通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻盐碱胁迫的伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而提高番茄幼苗抵抗盐碱胁迫能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫的伤害,并以0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理缓解效果更佳,且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗效果更明显。     

盐碱胁迫对枸杞幼苗生物量积累和光合作用的影响

以内陆高寒区盐碱地重要的经济树种枸杞2年生幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽控制试验方法,设置50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1)共4个盐和碱(NaCl和NaHCO3)胁迫浓度,研究盐、碱胁迫对枸杞苗木生长和光合的影响,以明确枸杞幼苗生长的耐盐、碱浓度范围,探讨土壤盐碱含量与土壤水分含量的关系,为不同类型盐碱条件下枸杞的种植和水分管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增大,枸杞幼苗根茎叶生物量及叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)等光合作用参数逐渐受到显著抑制,且碱胁迫的抑制作用更强烈;但低浓度(50mmol/L)NaCl胁迫下,枸杞幼苗叶绿素含量和净光合速率并未受到显著影响。(2)在盐碱胁迫条件下,枸杞幼苗的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(RD)、初始量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)均低于对照,而光补偿点(LCP)高于对照,且随着胁迫浓度的增加,碱胁迫处理下的变幅大于盐胁迫。(3)随着胁迫浓度的增大,影响净光合速率的因素由气孔限制转向非气孔限制的临界值,在盐胁迫下的临界浓度约为200mmol/L,在碱胁迫下的临界浓度约为100mmol/L。(4)按照指标值超过对照组50%标准,经回归分析确定,枸杞耐盐和耐碱阈值分别为(246.3±2.1)mmol/L和(126.7±2.7)mmol/L;在此阈值的基础上,得到土壤含水量与土壤含盐量回归曲线方程。研究认为,枸杞幼苗具有一定的耐盐能力,但过高浓度的盐碱胁迫会损坏其光合结构,降低光环境适应能力和光合作用效率,从而影响其正常生长。     

不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下豇豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性的变化

本研究主要探讨不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下豇豆(Vigna unguiculata Linn.)幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性的变化情况.研究结果表明,在0～250 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,随着盐浓度的增加,豇豆幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量逐渐增加,在150 mmol/L浓度时,3者的含量都达到最大值;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性开始逐渐上升,它们的活性分别在100 mmol/L、150 mmol/L和150 mmol/L时达到最大值,然后逐渐下降.同时,对NaCl胁迫下3种抗氧化酶基因的表达进行适时定量PCR分析,分析结果显示3种抗氧化酶基因的转录表达与酶活性的变化一致.说明在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下,NaCl诱导了sod、pod和cat 3种抗氧化酶基因的表达,3种抗氧化酶活性相应地提高,从而提高了豇豆应对NaCl胁迫的能力.本文结果将为今后豇豆在盐碱栽培生产提供一定的参考.     

Na2SO4和Na2CO3胁迫下苦楝幼苗的形态及光合生理特性

为探索苦楝应对盐胁迫的响应机制,该文以1年生苦楝(Melia azedarach)实生苗为材料,在盆栽条件下设置中性盐Na_2SO_4和碱性盐Na_2CO_33个盐浓度(200、400、600 mmol·L~(-1))处理40 d,研究苦楝的抗盐碱水平及在不同程度盐碱胁迫条件下的生长及光合生理变化。结果表明:随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的苗高、地径和生物量的增长量均呈现下降趋势,且碱性盐胁迫条件下降程度更大,盐胁迫提高苦楝的根冠比。处理10 d时,苦楝幼苗的所有光合指标随中性盐和碱性盐浓度的提高呈相似的下降特征,碱性盐胁迫条件下的降低幅度显著大于中性盐胁迫,且随处理时间的增加,中性盐和碱性盐处理下苦楝幼苗的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著降低。随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,200 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫对叶绿素含量影响较小,400、600 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫均对叶绿素含量有显著影响。600 mmol·L~(-1)碱性盐胁迫条件下,苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺最高,显著高于其余处理。同等浓度下,碱性盐胁迫的苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺显著高于中性盐胁迫处理。综上结果认为,苦楝具有一定的耐盐碱能力,碱性盐比中性盐对苦楝幼苗的影响更大。     

外源水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下白榆幼苗光合作用及离子分配的影响

以1年生白榆幼苗为研究对象,设置0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸(SA)与0、50、100和150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理组合,考察盐胁迫下白榆幼苗生物量、光合色素含量、光合作用参数及根叶离子含量、分配、运输的情况,探讨外源SA对NaCl胁迫下白榆幼苗耐盐生理特征的影响。结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了白榆幼苗的生长、光合色素含量及光合能力,并破坏了白榆体内离子平衡。(2)喷施外源SA使盐胁迫下白榆幼苗的干重和根冠比均不同程度升高,0.5和2.0 mmol·L^-1 SA不同程度提高了50和100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理组幼苗叶片光合色素含量。(3)0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA显著提升了50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理组白榆幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1 SA对150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理组幼苗净光合速率改善效果较好,外源SA对100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理组幼苗的光合作用参数无显著影响。(4)NaCl胁迫下,外源SA处理的白榆幼苗叶和根Na^+含量及Na^+/K^+、Na^+/Ca^2+和Na^+/Mg^2+显著降低,离子选择运输系数SK,Na、SCa,Na和SMg,Na升高,从而促进了幼苗K^+、Ca^2+和Mg^2+由根向叶片的转运;隶属函数分析发现对白榆幼苗叶和根中离子含量改善效果最好的SA浓度分别为1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1。因此,适宜浓度的外源水杨酸能够有效改善NaCl胁迫下白榆幼苗的光合能力,有效调节白榆幼苗体内离子状态,从而增强白榆对NaCl胁迫的抗性。     

盐胁迫下囊果碱蓬出苗状况及苗期抗盐性

研究了盐胁迫对囊果碱蓬出苗、幼苗生长、离子积累以及光合放氧速率的影响.囊果碱蓬生长的最适盐浓度在200 mmol/L NaCl左右.高浓度NaCl(400 mmol/L和600 mmol/L)没有显著降低其出苗率,200 mmol/L NaCl对出苗率具有促进作用.400 mmol/L和600 mmol/L NaCl显著降低了光合放氧速率.囊果碱蓬在高浓度NaCl处理下能够维持叶片较高的K+/Na+ 及含水量可能是其适应高盐生境的重要机制.     

盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应

为了研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应,本试验对不同盐胁迫浓度(0 mmol/L,50 mmol/L,160 mmol/L)条件下长至两叶一心的番茄幼苗叶片进行不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L,20 mg/L,80 mg/L,150 mg/L)喷施处理,对其叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量以及干物重进行测定并进行分析。结果表明,番茄中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加,施加赤霉素后,可溶性糖含量的上升的幅度明显变大;盐胁迫条件下,番茄叶片干物重下降,且盐浓度越高干物质下降幅度越大,施加赤霉素后,干物重下降幅度减缓;随着盐胁迫浓度增加,番茄叶片的叶绿素含量降低,且浓度越高叶绿素含量下降趋势越明显,赤霉素的施加同样使叶绿素含量降低。以上结果为研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应提供了实验依据。     

NaCl胁迫对高丛越橘幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响

以2年生北高丛越橘‘蓝丰’幼苗为材料,采用温室盆栽法研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、150和200mmol·L~(-1))NaCl胁迫处理50d对其生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以鉴定高丛越橘的耐盐性,为盐碱地区的越橘引种、栽培提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)越橘幼苗地上部鲜质量和地下部鲜质量在50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下与对照无显著差异,当超过100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时均显著降低;地上部干质量、地下部干质量、总干质量在低于100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下与对照无显著差异,当超过150mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时均显著降低;在不同浓度NaCl处理下,根冠比与对照均无明显差异。(2)越橘幼苗叶片Chl a、Chl b和总Chl含量在低于100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下与对照无显著差异,当超过150mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时均明显降低。(3)越橘叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)在50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下与对照无显著差异,在超过100mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时均明显下降;在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)明显下降;不同浓度NaCl处理下水分利用效率(WUE)无明显差异;(4)暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)在低于150mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下与对照无显著差异,在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时均明显下降。研究表明,越橘幼苗具有一定的耐盐能力,能够忍受100mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫,但在高NaCl浓度胁迫下,气孔限制因素是导致Pn下降的主要原因,此外叶片光合机构受损、叶绿素含量显著减少以及光合电子传递受阻而产生的光抑制,也会导致Pn的下降和生物量的降低。     

Transgenic Plants of Creeping Bent Grass Harboring the Stress Inducible Gene, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, are Highly Tolerant to Drought and NaCl Stress

Transgenic lines of creeping bent grass were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the VuNCED1 which was cloned from cow pea has a homology to 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, which is supposed to be involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. ABA, a cleavage product of carotenoids, is involved in stress responses in plants. The limiting step of ABA biosynthesis in plants is presumably the cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids, the first committed step of ABA biosynthesis. Molecular analyses of transgenic lines as performed by Southern hybridization genomic DNA-PCR revealed integration of the VuNCED1. Challenge studies performed with transgenic plants by exposure to salt stress (up to 10 dS m⁻¹) and water stress (up to 75%) for 10 weeks, revealed that more than 50% of the transgenic plants could survive NaCl and drought stress whereas wild-type was not. ABA levels were measured under drought and normal conditions, endogenous ABA was dramatically increased by drought and NaCl stress in transgenic plants. These results indicate that it is possible to manipulate ABA levels in plants by over expressing the key regulatory gene in ABA biosynthesis and that stress tolerance can be improved by increasing ABA levels. Chenna Reddy Aswath and Sun Hyung Kim - First two authors contributed equally to this work     

Osmotic Stress Increases Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity in Maize Seedlings

Maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings were exposed to osmotic stress, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration were determined. The osmotic stress increased ADH activities in both roots and shoots, whereas the increase was 2-fold greater in roots than the shoots. The stress also increased ABA concentration in both roots and shoots and the increase was greater in the roots than in the shoots.     

Stress response to cold in Trichinella species

Trichinella-type larvae (L(1)) are found in the muscles of infected wild animals and domestic pigs and are the cause of trichinosis in man and other animals throughout the world. These parasites are exposed to low temperatures during their life cycle. On this premise, three Trichinella species of different types of habitat (the arctic T. nativa, the cosmopolitan T. spiralis, and the tropical T. nelsoni) were selected to examine the effect of a shift in temperature, from 37 to 4 degrees C, on long-term survival. Evaluation was then made of whether these effects were related to differential protein synthesis and/or heat shock protein (Hsp) expression. Test samples at 0, 2, 4, or 8 h and 1, 5, or 9 days after the temperature shift were obtained and subjected to Hsp determination by Western blotting. Total protein changes were explored by SDS-PAGE followed by densitometric analysis of the gels. During the "acclimatization phase" (at 2, 4, and 8 h), a different total protein and a depressed Hsp expression pattern were shown in each Trichinella species. Following acclimatization, Hsp70, but not Hsp60 or Hsp90, markedly increased above control levels in the three species, indicating a role for this Hsp as a classic stress protein. The synthesis of a 50-kDa Hsp was significantly induced in T. spiralis larvae, suggesting its potential function as a cold shock protein in this species.     

Improved Performance of Transgenic Glycinebetaine-Accumulating Rice Plants under Drought Stress

Plasmid DNA (pChlCOD), containing the selectable hygromycin phosphotransferase hpt gene for hygromycin B resistance and the Arthrobacter globiformis codA gene for choline oxidase which catalyzes the direct conversion of choline to glycinebetaine, was delivered into rice plants using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer via scutellum-derived calli. Southern, Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated that the foreign gene had been transferred, integrated into rice chromosomal DNA and expressed. Drought test indicated that glycinebetaine acts as an osmoprotectant and its production in transgenic rice plant helped the cells to maintain osmotic potential and increased root growth, and thus enhanced the ability of the plants to tolerate water deficit This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermoluminescence Investigation of Low Temperature Stress in Maize

The thermoluminescence (TL) emission of photosynthesising materials originates from the recombination of charge pairs created by a previous excitation. Using a recently described TL set-up the effect of chilling stress on TL bands occurring at positive temperatures (AG, B, and HTL) was investigated in intact leaves. The far-red irradiation of leaves at low, but non-freezing temperatures induced a TL band peaking at around 40–45 °C (AG band), together with a B band peaking between 20 and 35 °C. Low temperature stress first caused a downshift and a temporary increase in the AG band after 4 h at 0 °C in the light, then a decrease in the AG and B TL bands after 1 d at 0 °C in the light. This decrease was less pronounced in cold-tolerant genotypes and in those grown at acclimating temperatures. Furthermore, an additional band appeared above 80 °C after severe cold stress. This band indicates the presence of lipid peroxides. Thus TL is a useful technique for studying the effects of low temperature stress.     

Chilling Induced Oxidative Stress in Germinating Wheat Grains as Affected by Water Stress and Calcium

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were subjected to mild water stress during grain filling at milk (early, medium, and late) and dough (early, soft, hard) stages. The grains harvested from stressed plants were subjected to low temperature stress of 10 °C for 24 h in presence or absence of 1 mM CaCl₂, and embryos were examined for oxidative injury. The embryos of grains water stressed at milk and soft dough stages showed lowest contents of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde and highest membrane stability index, ascorbic acid content, and activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase as compared to control embryos or water-stressed at other stages. Presence of Ca²⁺ in the medium reduced H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde content and increased ascorbic acid content, and catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities.     

Heat Stress and Spermidine: Effect on Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Tomato Plants

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars: Robin (tolerant) and Roma (sensitive to heat stress) were studied. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction parameters (F_v/F_p, A_max, and Rfd) at 25 °C showed that the PS2 activity was similar for both cultivars. The parameters, measured at 38 °C, decreased in both cultivars, but more in cv. Roma. Exogenous application of 4 mM spermidine improved the plant heat-resistance in both cultivars, and especially in cv. Roma. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence changes during linear increase in temperature showed that cv. Robin plants have higher ability to hardening and higher resistance to thermal damage of the pigment-protein complexes structure and the activity of PS2 than cv. Roma.     

海水胁迫对菠菜叶绿素代谢的影响

以耐海水品种‘荷兰3号’和海水敏感品种‘圆叶菠菜’为试验材料,采用营养液栽培,研究海水胁迫对菠菜叶绿素代谢的影响。结果表明,海水胁迫下,2个菠菜品种叶片的叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素合成前体———原叶绿素酸(Pchl)、镁原卟啉IX(Mg-proto IX)、原卟啉IX(Proto IX)和尿卟啉原III(UroIII)含量均明显降低,而胆色素原(PBG)和δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)积累,‘圆叶菠菜’的变化幅度大于‘荷兰3号’。海水胁迫下,‘荷兰3号’叶片的叶绿素酶(Chlase)活性无显著变化,胆色素原脱氨酶(PBGD)和尿卟啉原III合酶(UROS)活性在胁迫第3天显著下降,而‘圆叶菠菜’Chlase活性显著上升,PBGD和UROS活性显著下降。研究发现,在海水胁迫条件下,菠菜叶片的叶绿素合成代谢受阻,受阻位点位于PBG→UroIII的转化过程,其中‘圆叶菠菜’的受阻程度大于‘荷兰3号’;耐海水品种‘荷兰3号’叶片叶绿素含量降低主要由叶绿素合成代谢受阻引起,而海水敏感品种‘圆叶菠菜’叶绿素含量的降低则是由叶绿素合成受阻和叶绿素降解共同作用的结果。     

干旱胁迫对小紫珠光合生理的影响

以小紫珠(Callicarpa dichotoma)幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽控水法设置4个水分梯度,分别为田间最大持水量的95%(对照)、75%(轻度干旱)、55%(中度干旱)和35%(重度干旱),研究土壤水分对小紫珠光合参数的影响。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,小紫珠的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和水分利用效率(WUE)逐渐下降,其胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下逐渐下降,在重度干旱胁迫下显著升高。(2)随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠的光饱和点(LSP)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和表观量子效率(AQY)显著减少,光补偿点(LCP)极显著增加(P0.01)。(3)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠的最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ的量子效率(Fv/Fo)逐渐减少,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高(P0.01);随着干旱胁迫的加剧小紫珠能量分配比率参数φPo、Ψo、φEo逐渐下降,φDo逐渐增加;代表单位反应中心活性的参数ABS/RC、TRo/RC、ETo/RC和DIo/RC逐渐升高。(4)随着胁迫程度的增加,小紫珠叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和叶绿素a/b逐渐减少。研究表明,干旱胁迫下小紫珠光合速率的降低既有气孔因素也有非气孔因素,但轻度和中度干旱胁迫下以气孔限制为主,而在重度干旱胁迫下以非气孔限制为主。