盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以盐柳1号为试验材料,将2种中性盐NaCI、Na_2SO_4和2种碱性盐NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3,按不同比例混合成A(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶2∶1∶0)、B(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶9∶9∶1)、C(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶1∶1∶1)3种组合,设4个浓度梯度(50、100、150、200 mmol/L),模拟出12种盐度和碱度各不相同的盐碱条件,对盐柳1号幼苗进行处理,测定了株高生长量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量4项指标。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增大和碱性盐比例的增高,盐柳1号幼苗的株高生长量呈降低趋势,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量则有不同程度的升高。A、B、C处理组的株高生长量在盐浓度200 mmo/L时分别相对CK降低了61.32%、68.67%、73.02%,差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)。A处理组(pH值为8.04),随着盐浓度的增大,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高趋势不明显;B处理组(pH值为8.66),叶片MDA含量在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L时呈显著升高趋势,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在盐浓度超过150 mmol/L时急剧增加;C处理组(pH值为9.47),盐浓度大于150 mmol/L时,盐柳1号幼苗的叶片全部枯黄。综合分析结果表明,在混合盐碱胁迫下,盐柳1号幼苗的生长受到了不同程度的抑制;盐柳1号可以耐受不超过100 mmol/L的3种组分盐碱胁迫,且盐浓度150 mmol/L、pH9.51的盐碱条件不适宜盐柳1号的生长。     

亚精胺浸种对番茄幼苗抗盐碱的生理特性研究

以番茄耐盐碱品种‘金鹏一号’和盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’为试验材料,采用营养液水培的方法,设置正常营养液栽培(对照CK)、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.1mmol/L亚精胺(Spd)浸种、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.25mmol/L Spd浸种4种处理,研究外源Spd对番茄幼苗株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素含量的影响。结果显示:(1)单独盐碱胁迫下,两品种番茄幼苗叶绿素含量、株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系相对含水量较对照均降低,而其MDA、Pro含量、SOD和POD活性显著增加。(2)外源Spd浸种处理较盐碱胁迫下能够增加番茄幼苗的株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系的相对含水量、Pro及叶绿素含量,进一步提高SOD和POD的活性,降低其MDA含量,能有效缓解盐碱胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害。(3)在100mmol/L盐碱胁迫条件下,0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理对番茄幼苗受到的盐碱胁迫伤害的缓解效果更佳,并且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗的效果更加明显。研究表明,在盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但外源Spd浸种能够通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻盐碱胁迫的伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而提高番茄幼苗抵抗盐碱胁迫能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫的伤害,并以0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理缓解效果更佳,且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗效果更明显。     

Na2SO4和Na2CO3胁迫下苦楝幼苗的形态及光合生理特性

为探索苦楝应对盐胁迫的响应机制,该文以1年生苦楝(Melia azedarach)实生苗为材料,在盆栽条件下设置中性盐Na_2SO_4和碱性盐Na_2CO_33个盐浓度(200、400、600 mmol·L~(-1))处理40 d,研究苦楝的抗盐碱水平及在不同程度盐碱胁迫条件下的生长及光合生理变化。结果表明:随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的苗高、地径和生物量的增长量均呈现下降趋势,且碱性盐胁迫条件下降程度更大,盐胁迫提高苦楝的根冠比。处理10 d时,苦楝幼苗的所有光合指标随中性盐和碱性盐浓度的提高呈相似的下降特征,碱性盐胁迫条件下的降低幅度显著大于中性盐胁迫,且随处理时间的增加,中性盐和碱性盐处理下苦楝幼苗的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著降低。随着盐浓度的提高,苦楝的叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,200 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫对叶绿素含量影响较小,400、600 mmol·L~(-1)盐胁迫均对叶绿素含量有显著影响。600 mmol·L~(-1)碱性盐胁迫条件下,苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺最高,显著高于其余处理。同等浓度下,碱性盐胁迫的苦楝叶片相对电导率和饱和水分亏缺显著高于中性盐胁迫处理。综上结果认为,苦楝具有一定的耐盐碱能力,碱性盐比中性盐对苦楝幼苗的影响更大。     

外源褪黑素对复合盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解效应

以黑果枸杞种子为实验试材,将中性盐NaCl、Na₂SO₄和碱性盐NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃按碱性盐占比由小到大模拟组成中性复合盐L(1∶1∶0∶0)、中度碱性复合盐M(1∶9∶9∶1)和重度碱性复合盐H(9∶1∶1∶9),采用纸上萌发法,研究外源褪黑素浓度(0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0 mmol/L)对不同盐碱组成(L、M、H)及其盐碱浓度(50、100、200 mmol/L)组合胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果显示：(1)黑果枸杞幼苗的生长表型(长势)随盐碱浓度及碱性盐占比升高明显减弱;适当低中浓度外源褪黑素(0.1、0.3、0.5 mmol/L)能在一定程度上缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的伤害,过高浓度外源褪黑素(1.0 mmol/L)则使伤害加剧;施加外源褪黑素使黑果枸杞幼苗侧根数量明显增多。(2)黑果枸杞种子的萌发进程与盐碱组成、盐碱浓度及褪黑素浓度密切相关,随盐碱浓度和碱性盐占比升高,黑果枸杞种子萌发的起始时间延迟,萌发总时长缩短;施加适当浓度外源褪黑素能使盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发起始时间提前,并延长萌发总时长。(3)在L复合盐处理中,随盐碱胁迫浓度升高,黑果枸杞种子的发芽率(GR)、发芽势(GP)、发芽指数(GI)、活力指数(VI)、芽长(SL)、根长(RL)均先升后降,但在M和H复合盐碱处理中,各项萌发指标均随盐碱胁迫浓度升高呈逐渐下降趋势。(4) 外源褪黑素对黑果枸杞种子各项萌发指标具有明显“低促高抑”现象,L复合盐中,在3种盐碱浓度胁迫下,褪黑素浓度为0.1和0.3 mmol/L时对GP、GR、GI、VI、SL、RL有促进作用,并以0.1 mmol/L综合促进效果最佳,褪黑素浓度为0.5和1.0 mmol/L时对GP、GR、GI、VI产生抑制作用,褪黑素浓度为1.0 mmol/L对SL、RL有抑制作用;M和H复合盐中,在3种盐碱浓度胁迫下,褪黑素浓度为0.1、0.3、0.5 mmol/L时对各指标均有促进作用,并以0.3 mmol/L综合促进效果最佳,褪黑素浓度为1.0 mmol/L时则产生抑制。研究表明,低浓度中性复合盐处理对黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长有一定促进作用,高浓度中性复合盐及中度和重度碱性复合盐则产生抑制作用;外源褪黑素对盐碱胁迫下黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解具有明显剂量效应,0.1 mmol/L褪黑素对中性复合盐胁迫的综合促进效果更佳, 0.3 mmol/L褪黑素则对中度和重度碱性复合盐胁迫有最佳促进效果。     

盐碱胁迫下香椿幼苗光合及抗逆生理特性

将1年生香椿实生苗进行盆栽,设置A_Ⅰ(pH=7.16)、A_Ⅱ(pH=8.47)、A_Ⅲ(pH=9.91) 3个碱水平,每个碱水平下设S_(50)(50 mmol/L)、S_(100)(100 mmol/L)、S_(150)(150 mmol/L)、S_(200)(200 mmol/L) 4个盐浓度,测定不同处理下香椿叶片光合参数、叶绿素含量、膜损伤程度、保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量等指标,探究盐碱胁迫对香椿幼苗光合及生理生化特征的影响,为盐碱地香椿抗逆栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在A_ⅠS_(50)和A_ⅡS_(100)处理下,香椿幼苗地上部整体长势良好。(2)随着盐碱浓度增加,香椿叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合参数和叶绿素含量总体呈下降趋势,而胞间二氧化碳浓度呈上升趋势。其中,在S_(50)和S_(100)盐浓度处理下,A_Ⅰ碱水平处理香椿幼苗的各光合指标与对照相比无显著差异(P0.05),A_Ⅱ和A_Ⅲ处理时幼苗叶片光合效率有所下降;而较高盐浓度处理时(S_(150)和S_(200))各碱水平下叶片光能利用率均受到显著抑制。(3)随盐碱胁迫的加剧,叶片相对电导率、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量均显著上升,其SOD活性以及可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量则先升后降。研究认为,香椿幼苗对碱胁迫的敏感性比盐胁迫更强,土壤pH值是影响香椿幼苗生长的重要因素;盐碱混合胁迫显著抑制了香椿幼苗叶片光合作用,但香椿可以通过调控抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质来适应盐碱胁迫环境,从而具备一定的耐盐碱能力。     

盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应

为了研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应,本试验对不同盐胁迫浓度(0 mmol/L,50 mmol/L,160 mmol/L)条件下长至两叶一心的番茄幼苗叶片进行不同浓度的赤霉素(0 mg/L,20 mg/L,80 mg/L,150 mg/L)喷施处理,对其叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量以及干物重进行测定并进行分析。结果表明,番茄中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加,施加赤霉素后,可溶性糖含量的上升的幅度明显变大;盐胁迫条件下,番茄叶片干物重下降,且盐浓度越高干物质下降幅度越大,施加赤霉素后,干物重下降幅度减缓;随着盐胁迫浓度增加,番茄叶片的叶绿素含量降低,且浓度越高叶绿素含量下降趋势越明显,赤霉素的施加同样使叶绿素含量降低。以上结果为研究盐胁迫下番茄幼苗对赤霉素处理的响应提供了实验依据。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以1年生“青龙桑”幼苗为试验材料,研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗的生长和叶片光合特性.结果表明:盐胁迫明显降低了桑树幼苗的株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片的光合能力.随着Na+浓度的增加,桑树叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数明显降低,过剩光能以非光化学猝灭形式耗散的比例增加,桑树叶片的光能转化效率和光合能力下降.在Na+浓度＜150 mmol·L-1时,桑树幼苗的光合能力和生长受到的抑制较小,通过增加根冠比进一步适应盐胁迫,但这种保护机制随着盐浓度的增加逐渐降低.在Na2CO3胁迫下,＞50 mmol·L-1 Na+浓度对桑树的生长和光合能力表现出较强的抑制作用,并随Na+浓度的增加,抑制程度加大.在NaCl＜ 150mmol·L-1时,桑树的光合能力主要依赖植株形态和光合代谢双重途径适应中性盐逆境,而在NaC1浓度＞150 mmol·L-1和碱性盐胁迫下,其主要依赖光合代谢来适应逆境.     

盐碱胁迫对枸杞幼苗生物量积累和光合作用的影响

以内陆高寒区盐碱地重要的经济树种枸杞2年生幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽控制试验方法,设置50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1)共4个盐和碱(NaCl和NaHCO3)胁迫浓度,研究盐、碱胁迫对枸杞苗木生长和光合的影响,以明确枸杞幼苗生长的耐盐、碱浓度范围,探讨土壤盐碱含量与土壤水分含量的关系,为不同类型盐碱条件下枸杞的种植和水分管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增大,枸杞幼苗根茎叶生物量及叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)等光合作用参数逐渐受到显著抑制,且碱胁迫的抑制作用更强烈;但低浓度(50mmol/L)NaCl胁迫下,枸杞幼苗叶绿素含量和净光合速率并未受到显著影响。(2)在盐碱胁迫条件下,枸杞幼苗的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、暗呼吸速率(RD)、初始量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)均低于对照,而光补偿点(LCP)高于对照,且随着胁迫浓度的增加,碱胁迫处理下的变幅大于盐胁迫。(3)随着胁迫浓度的增大,影响净光合速率的因素由气孔限制转向非气孔限制的临界值,在盐胁迫下的临界浓度约为200mmol/L,在碱胁迫下的临界浓度约为100mmol/L。(4)按照指标值超过对照组50%标准,经回归分析确定,枸杞耐盐和耐碱阈值分别为(246.3±2.1)mmol/L和(126.7±2.7)mmol/L;在此阈值的基础上,得到土壤含水量与土壤含盐量回归曲线方程。研究认为,枸杞幼苗具有一定的耐盐能力,但过高浓度的盐碱胁迫会损坏其光合结构,降低光环境适应能力和光合作用效率,从而影响其正常生长。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗抗氧化能力以及光合作用效率的影响

紫花苜蓿为多年生豆科优良牧草,土壤盐碱化是其产量的重要限制因素。该研究以‘中苜1号’紫花苜蓿为材料,在盐胁迫浓度和褪黑素浓度筛选试验基础上,设置盐(150 mmol/L NaCl)和褪黑素(30、50、80μmol/L)单独及复合处理,采用水培根灌褪黑素的方法,探究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗生长特性、膜透性、渗透调节、抗氧化物酶以及光合作用指标的影响。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿幼苗生长受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,而在单独褪黑素处理下无显著变化;各浓度褪黑素处理均可有效缓解盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长造成的伤害,并以150 mmol/L NaCl+80μmol/L褪黑素处理(NaCl+MT2)效果最佳,其幼苗根长、根鲜重和根干重分别比盐胁迫处理显著增加了34.52%、41.93%和19.61%。(2)盐胁迫显著增加了紫花苜蓿幼苗细胞膜系统的透性和膜脂过氧化程度,NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的相对电导率和MDA含量分别比盐胁迫处理显著降低了27.18%和30.24%,同时使幼苗叶片的相对含水量显著提高,脯氨酸含量却显著降低,表明外源褪黑素有效缓解了盐胁迫下细胞失水危害和细胞膜损伤的程度。(3)NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的POD和SOD活性分别比盐胁迫处理显著提高31.45%和41.41%,其CAT活性却无显著变化,表明外源褪黑素可显著增强紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片POD、SOD活性,提高其活性氧的清除能力,减轻盐胁迫诱导的过氧化伤害。(4)盐胁迫显著抑制了紫花苜蓿幼苗光合作用效率,而NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较盐胁迫处理分别显著增加了30.27%、45.1%、42.15%。研究发现,盐胁迫致使紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片的活性氧积累显著增加,抗氧化物酶活性显著降低,显著降低了其光合作用效率,外源褪黑素通过提高紫花苜蓿的抗氧化能力和光合作用效率来促进幼苗生长,从而增强了紫花苜蓿的耐盐性。     

硫酸铈对硝酸钙胁迫下番茄叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合性能的影响

以番茄品种‘合作908’幼苗为材料,研究了80 mmol/L硝酸钙胁迫下叶面喷施10 mg/L硫酸铈对番茄幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合性能的缓解效应。结果显示：硝酸钙胁迫导致番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、地上和地下部干重显著降低,叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性减弱,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及胞间CO₂浓度均显著下降,而MDA含量和质膜透性显著升高;与硝酸钙胁迫处理相比,叶面喷施硫酸铈处理对硝酸钙胁迫下的番茄幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重和干重等营养生长具有不同程度的促进作用,同时显著提高叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性,有效降低叶片MDA含量和细胞膜透性,并且显著提高了叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率。研究表明,叶面喷施硫酸铈可诱导增强硝酸钙胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性,有效降低膜脂过氧化程度,维持较高水平的光合性能,从而一定程度上缓解硝酸钙胁迫对番茄幼苗生长造成的伤害,增强其耐受盐胁迫的能力。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.