海水胁迫对菠菜（Spinacia olerancea L.）叶绿体活性氧和叶绿素代谢的影响

以海水敏感品种圆叶菠菜和耐海水品种‘荷兰3号'为试材,采用水培方法,研究了海水胁迫对菠菜(Spinacia olerancea L.)叶绿体活性氧(ROS)和叶绿素(Chl)代谢的影响.结果表明,海水胁迫下,2个菠菜品种叶绿体内超氧阴离子(O-·2)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,并且圆叶菠菜的提高幅度大于‘荷兰3号';圆叶菠菜叶绿体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均低于‘荷兰3号',而过氧化物酶(POD)活性高于‘荷兰3号';光氧化剂甲基紫精(MV)进一步使2个菠菜品种叶绿体内O-·2产生速率加快、H2O2含量提高、膜质过氧化加重,活性氧清除剂AsA明显降低了菠菜叶绿体内ROS水平,缓解了由MV造成的严重的膜质过氧化伤害.海水胁迫下,2个菠菜品种叶片叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素a(Chla)及其合成前体物质原叶绿素酸(Pchl)、镁原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoIX)、原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)和尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UroⅢ)含量明显降低,而胆色素原(PBG)和δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)积累,Chl合成受到阻碍,并且圆叶菠菜的受阻程度大于‘荷兰3号';MV进一步加剧了这种受阻程度,而AsA部分缓解了由海水胁迫和MV造成的阻碍作用.海水胁迫明显提高了圆叶菠菜叶片叶绿素酶(Chlase)活性而对‘荷兰3号'没有影响,MV处理对圆叶菠菜Chlase活性的影响程度大于‘荷兰3号',但AsA对2个品种叶片Chlase活性没有明显影响.上述结果说明,海水胁迫下,菠菜叶绿体内ROS与Chl代谢密切相关,不仅通过叶绿体膜的氧化伤害使Chl降解,而且使Chl合成的PBG向UroⅢ转化步骤受阻.耐海水品种‘荷兰3号'叶绿体清除ROS主要通过SOD和AsA-GSH循环系统,清除能力较强,减轻了ROS对叶绿体膜的氧化损伤和Chl合成的受阻程度,并且海水胁迫对其Chlase活性的影响较小;而海水敏感品种圆叶菠菜叶绿体清除ROS主要依赖于SOD和POD,对ROS的清除能力有限,从而导致了ROS大量积累,叶绿体膜的氧化损伤和Chl合成的受阻程度严重,并且海水胁迫显著提高了Chlase活性,加剧了Chl降解.     

芥菜型油菜黄化突变体叶片叶绿素合成代谢变化

以芥菜型油菜黄化突变体(L638-y)及其野生型(L638-g)为材料,测定了叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Caro)、Chl合成代谢中间产物含量变化,及叶绿素分解代谢的关键酶叶绿素酶(Chlase)和叶绿素合成代谢相关的氨基乙酰脱氢酶(ALAD)、胆色素原脱氨酶(PBGD)、粪卟啉原Ⅲ氧化酶(CPOX)和原卟啉原Ⅸ氧化酶(PPOX)的活性变化,以揭示芥菜型油菜黄化突变体L638-y叶片缺绿的生化机制.结果显示:(1)从油菜苗期到现蕾期,L638-y叶片总Chl和Caro含量均显著低于L638-g,且Chl b含量降低程度大于Chl a,总Chl含量降低程度大于Caro;(2)L638-y叶片Chlase活性在3～5叶期显著低于L638-g, 其它各生长时期二者Chlase活性均无显著差异;(3)L638-y叶片叶绿素合成代谢中间产物氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)、胆色素原(BPG)、尿卟啉原Ⅲ(Urogen Ⅲ)和粪卟啉原Ⅲ(Coprogen Ⅲ)含量均显著大于L638-g,而原卟啉Ⅸ(Proto Ⅸ)、镁原卟啉(Mg-Proto)、原脱植基叶绿素(Pchlide)的含量却显著低于L638-g;与L638-g相比,L638-y叶片ALAD活性无显著差异,BPGD活性显著增加,而COPX和PPOX活性却显著降低.研究表明,L638-y叶片叶绿素缺乏的主要原因是叶绿素合成代谢受阻,而并非其叶绿素降解所致,受阻位点在由Coprogen Ⅲ-Proto Ⅸ的反应.这是一种不同于前人报道的新型缺绿突变体.     

叶面喷施亚精胺对高温胁迫下番茄叶绿素合成代谢的影响

以设施番茄栽培品种‘金棚朝冠’幼苗为试验材料,研究叶面喷施0.25 mmol·L~(-1)亚精胺(Spd)对高温胁迫下(38℃/28℃,昼/夜)番茄幼苗生长及叶绿素合成过程中前体物质含量、关键酶活性和叶绿素含量的影响,探讨Spd缓解番茄高温胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果表明:(1)高温胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长,叶面喷施Spd可有效缓解高温胁迫对番茄幼苗地上部生长的抑制作用,但对于地下部的生长无显著缓解作用。(2)高温胁迫下番茄叶片叶绿素合成前体物质δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)和胆色素原(PBG)的含量显著提高,而尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UroⅢ)、原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)、镁-原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)和原叶绿素酸(Pchl)的含量显著降低,证明叶绿素前体由PBG向UroⅢ的转化受阻,导致叶绿素a(Chla)、总叶绿素(Chlt)含量和Chla/Chlb显著降低。(3)叶面喷施Spd能增强高温胁迫下胆色素原脱氨酶(PBGD)活性,有效缓解了高温胁迫对PBG到UroⅢ转化的阻碍作用,促进PBG之后叶绿素合成前体物质的合成,Chla含量和Chla/Chlb显著增加。研究发现,高温胁迫显著抑制番茄幼苗的生长,叶面喷施Spd可通过显著增强PBGD活性来缓解由PBG向UroⅢ的受阻程度,促进高温胁迫下番茄叶片的叶绿素前体合成,提高叶绿素含量和番茄植株的生长量,减轻高温胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的伤害。     

不同菠菜品种对海水胁迫的生理响应差异

以耐海水菠菜品种荷兰3号和海水敏感品种圆叶菠菜为材料,采用水培方法,研究了海水胁迫对菠菜叶片、根系质膜的伤害作用以及叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:(1)海水胁迫对荷兰3号单株干重影响不大,而显著降低圆叶菠菜的单株干重,并使2个品种植株的叶片和根系MDA含量增加,质膜透性增大,叶片光合色素含量降低,但荷兰3号的变化幅度(叶片MDA除外)小于圆叶菠菜.(2)海水胁迫下,短期内2个品种由于气孔限制引起叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,净光合速率(Pn)下降;长期胁迫下,荷兰3号Pn恢复到对照水平,而圆叶菠菜同化力下降,Pn降低.(3)海水胁迫对荷兰3号光化学猝灭系数(qP)影响不大,实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)明显升高,而圆叶菠菜的qP和ΦPSⅡ均下降;荷兰3号初始荧光(F0)的下降幅度和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)上升幅度比圆叶菠菜大;2个菠菜品种的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均下降,但荷兰3号光抑制程度(1-qP/qN)的升高幅度比圆叶菠菜小.研究结果说明,海水胁迫下,2个耐性不同的菠菜品种植株都产生了光合作用的光抑制和光氧化伤害,使膜质过氧化和叶绿素含量降低;耐性强的品种能够较多地将光能用于光化学反应,热耗散能力较强,光抑制程度较低,膜系统和光合色素受到活性氧的破坏程度较低,保持了较高的净光合速率,最终可明显降低海水胁迫对植株生长的影响.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下菠菜叶绿素合成前体含量的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,以耐盐性较弱的菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)品种‘全能菠菜’为试材,研究外源亚精胺(Spd)对盐胁迫下菠菜生长及叶绿素前体含量的影响。结果显示:(1)菠菜植株在250mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下生长受到显著抑制,单株总鲜重、总干重、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、地下部鲜重和地下部干重分别较对照降低57.23%、53.08%、63.14%、55.05%、42.22%和42.86%,叶面喷施1.0mmol·L-1Spd使其分别比盐胁迫处理提高62.83%、71.19%、60.57%、71.74%、70.31%和69.23%;(2)250 mmol·L-1盐胁迫使菠菜叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)及总叶绿素Chl(a+b)含量分别较对照显著降低42.31%、54.55%和44.53%,叶面喷施1.0mmol·L-1 Spd使其分别较单纯盐胁迫处理显著提高46.24%、51.85%和47.11%;(3)盐胁迫使菠菜叶片Chl a、Chl b、叶绿素酸(Pchl)、镁原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)、原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)和尿卟啉Ⅲ(UroⅢ)含量均显著降低,而使胆色素原(PBG)和δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)含量升高,而叶片Chl a、Chl b、Pchl、Mg-protoⅨ、ProtoⅨ和UroⅢ含量在施用外源Spd后均显著提高,而其PBG和ALA含量有所降低。可见,盐胁迫条件下,菠菜叶片叶绿素合成受阻,受阻位点在PBG向UroⅢ的转化过程,外源Spd能够缓解盐胁迫下菠菜叶片叶绿素合成受阻的程度,促进叶绿素合成,从而提高叶绿素含量。     

叶面喷施亚精胺对盐碱胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及其叶绿素合成前体含量的影响

以盐碱敏感型番茄品种‘中杂9号’幼苗为试验材料,研究叶面喷施0.25mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对75mmol·L-1盐碱溶液胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、净光合速率及叶绿素合成前体物质含量的影响,探讨Spd在缓解番茄盐碱胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果显示:(1)盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片叶绿素合成前体物质原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)、镁-原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)、原叶绿素酸(Pchl)含量均显著降低,而δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)、胆色素原(PBG)、尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UroⅢ)显著积累,UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻,引起叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量显著降低,以及幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶面积、叶片相对含水量、地上和地下部干鲜重的生长指标均显著降低。(2)盐碱胁迫下,叶面喷施Spd可显著促进番茄幼苗的生长,抑制叶片内ALA、PBG、UroⅢ的积累,并提高ProtoⅨ、Mg-protoⅨ、Pchl、Chl a、Chl b、Chl含量和相应Pn值。研究表明,盐碱胁迫显著抑制番茄幼苗的生长,叶面喷施Spd可通过缓解UroⅢ到ProtoⅨ的转化受阻程度,促进盐碱胁迫下番茄叶片的叶绿素合成,提高叶绿素含量和净光合速率,减轻盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的伤害。     

SO_2胁迫对金色叶植物叶片叶绿素合成代谢的影响

以金叶女贞(Ligustrum×vicaryi)和金森女贞(Ligustrum japonicum‘Howardii’)2种金色叶女贞为试材,采用人工静态熏气的方法,研究SO2胁迫对金色叶植物叶片叶绿素含量及其合成代谢的影响,探讨SO2胁迫影响金色叶植物叶绿素合成的可能位点。结果表明:20和40 mg·m-3的SO2熏气提高了叶绿素、尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UrogenⅢ)、原卟啉Ⅸ(ProtoⅨ)、镁原卟啉Ⅸ(Mg-protoⅨ)的含量,使δ-氨基酮戊酸脱水酶(ALAD)和尿卟啉原Ⅲ合酶(UROS)活性升高,δ-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)和胆色素原(PBG)含量降低;80 mg·m-3的SO2熏气使叶绿素含量降低,引起ALA和PBG含量的积累,降低了UrogenⅢ、ProtoⅨ和Mg-protoⅨ的含量,抑制了ALAD和UROS的活性。研究发现,金叶女贞叶绿素合成关键前体物质含量和相关酶活性随熏气浓度的变化趋势较金森女贞明显,前者对SO2较为敏感,后者抗SO2的能力强于前者,SO2胁迫影响金色叶植物叶绿素合成的可能位点位于UrogenⅢ的合成过程。     

小麦突变体返白系返白阶段叶绿素代谢的变化

小麦 ( Triticum aestivum)返白系在返白阶段 Chl、胡萝卜素 ( Caro)含量均下降 ,但 Caro/ Chl的比值大于对照 ,表明叶片白化不是因 Caro减少引起的。Chl下降的同时 ,Chla和 Chlb均下降 ,表明该突变体属阶段性缺总 Chl型。返白初期 Chlase活性增高 ,返白中期活性下降 ,表明 Chl降解不是造成叶片失绿的主要原因 ;Chl合成中间物 δ-氨基酮戊酸 ( ALA)、胆色素原 ( PBG)积累 ,尿卟啉 ( Uro )、原卟啉 ( Proto )、镁 -卟啉 ( Mg- Proto )、原叶绿素酸 Pchl减少 ,特别是 Uro 在返白中期含量最低 ,复绿初期却急剧积累 ,表明叶绿素合成受阻于尿卟啉原 ( Urogen )的形成上。     

文心兰浅绿条纹突变体的生理生化及叶绿素荧光特性研究

以文心兰浅绿条纹突变体为材料,分析叶片光合色素含量和组成、叶绿素合成前体物质含量以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,观察突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,以探寻其叶色变异的生理基础。结果表明:(1)突变体叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总叶绿素(Chl)含量分别比叶色正常植株显著降低了37.1%、34.0%、30.8%和36.3%。(2)突变体叶绿素生物合成受阻于胆色素原(PBG)到尿卟啉原Ⅲ(UrogenⅢ)的反应步骤。(3)突变体叶绿体发育存在明显的缺陷,基粒数目及基粒片层的垛叠层数明显减少,嗜锇颗粒及囊泡较多。(4)突变体初始荧光(Fo)比正常植株高39%,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著低于正常植株,但光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)与正常植株无显著差异。研究结果说明,文心兰叶绿素生物合成受阻和叶绿体结构发育不良,导致叶绿素的含量下降,致使突变体叶片呈现浅绿条纹,光能利用率降低。     

外源ABA对楸树幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解效应及其生长生理响应特征

以2年生楸树(苏楸1号和008-1)扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽试验法,分析盐胁迫(0.5%NaCl)处理下楸树幼苗生长、生理的变化,并分析不同浓度外源ABA(15、25、35 mg/L)对盐胁迫(30 d)楸树幼苗的缓解效应及其生理生化特性,以探索重度盐胁迫下适合楸树幼苗生长的适宜外源ABA浓度,为增强盐碱地楸树的耐盐性、提高盐碱地的利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)0.5%NaCl胁迫下,两品种楸树幼苗叶片表现出不同程度的盐害症状,且‘苏楸1号’叶片盐害症状较‘008-1’严重;随胁迫时间延长,两品种楸树幼苗的相对电导率(REC)均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素(Chl)、相对含水量(RWC)均呈降低趋势,可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,但‘008-1’的REC显著低于‘苏楸1号’,Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD均显著高于苏楸1号,表明‘008-1’的耐盐性较‘苏楸1号’更强。(2)喷施外源ABA使得盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树的苗高显著增加、新叶提前萌发,表明外源ABA在一定程度上能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树生长的影响;喷施外源ABA降低了盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树幼苗叶片的REC,提高了Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,促进了内源激素生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累。研究表明,楸树品种‘008-1’的耐盐性更强;外源喷施适宜浓度ABA能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树幼苗生长的影响,降低幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,促进幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,增强渗透调节能力,并提高盐胁迫下幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,促进植物对内源激素含量的调节,从而提高楸树的耐盐性,且以25 mg/L ABA处理的效果最好。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.