河南夏大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

以10个河南夏大豆主栽品种为材料,对与株粒重有关的10个农艺性状进行了遗传相关、遗传参数和通径分析。试验结果表明：株高、每节粒重、株有效荚数、粒茎比和株粒重呈高度正相关,与环境相关较小;株高与粒茎比的遗传力较大,每荚粒数与每节粒重的遗传力较小;各性状对株粒重的重要贡献的大小依次为每节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比。因此,大力提高节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比是河南夏大豆高产育种的方向。     

小麦数量性状遗传的初步研究

以7个小麦品种采用不完整双列杂交(3×4)配成12个杂交组合,对F_2杂种的株高等11个数量性状估算了遗传变异组成、平均显性度和遗传力等参数。试验表明,F_2各数量性状的遗传变异组成均以基因的加性效应为主。各性状组合间广义遗传力较高,狭义遗传力只有单株穗数、主穗粒数和千粒重较低。遗传变异系数以株、穗的粒数、粒重等性状较大。 根据试验结果,对F_2组合和单株的选择问题作了讨论。     

二棱大麦数量性状相关遗传力和选择指数的分析

以15个二棱大麦品种(系)材料,用相关遗传力研究大麦数量性状的相关遗传,并计算分析籽粒产量和产量构成性状所组合的各种选择指数。结果表明:各性状与单株粒重的相关遗传力均低于单株粒重的遗传力,故仅利用一个性状作间接选择的效率比对单株粒重作直接选择的效率低;在构成大麦产量的三要素中,着重提高单株穗数对产量的选择效率最大; 高产育种同时考虑与产量显著相关的性状比单纯对产量选择的效果好,其中以单株穗数、每穗粒数和籽粒产量结合起来选择的效果最佳。本文并对相关遗传力在相关遗传变异分析中的应用进行了讨论。     

吉林省主栽水稻品种产量因素的遗传分析和高产育种方向的探讨

利用吉林省主要栽培的9个水稻品种为材料,研究了与单株粒重有关的9个性状的基本遗传参数和遗传通径分析。结果表明:遗传变异系数以单株有效穗和单株粒重最大;株高和结实率最小。穗期、千粒重、穗长的遗传力较大;每穗颖花数、单株穗数、单株粒重遗传力较低。三要素对产量贡献的大小依次为每穗颖花数、千粒重、单株有效穗。在保证足够穗数基础上,大力提高每穗颖花数,适当增加粒重作为吉林省今后高产育种的主攻方向。     

吉林省主栽水稻品种产量因素的遗传分析和高产育种方向的探讨

利用吉林省主要栽培的9个水稻品种为材料,研究了与单株粒重有关的9个性状的基本遗传参数和遗传通径分析。结果表明：遗传变异系数以单株有效穗和单株粒重最大;株高和结实率最小。穗期、千粒重、穗长的遗传力较大;每穗颖花数、单株穗数、单株粒重遗传力较低。三要素对产量贡献的大小依次为每穗颖花数、千粒重、单株有效穗。在保证足够穗数基础上,大力提高每穗颖花数,适当增加粒重作为吉林省今后高产育种的主攻方向。     

Co~(60)-γ诱变水稻主要性状的遗传力和相关性的研究

用回归、相关和变量分析法,估算了水稻主要性状的遗传力,即粒重最高,株高和着粒密度次之。空壳率、实粒数、穗数、单株重等最低,r_2选择几乎无效。二九矮×团粒矮一般遗传相关高于表现型相关,其系数的正负号相同。同一性状的相关系数,因品种不同而异。二九矮×团粒矮的单株重与株高、穗数、粒数和百粒重有高度基因型相关,通过间接选择,可能选到好的个体或系统。     

籼型水稻主要经济性状遗传规律的研究 Ⅰ.亲本品种主要经济性状遗传变异及其相关性的测定

本文通过对供试亲本的14个籼稻品种主要经济性状的变异系数、遗传力和相关系数的分析表明:株高、抽穗日数、穗长、千粒重等4个性状表现了较小的变异系数和较高的遗传力。每穗粒数的变异系数和遗传力处于中间状态。单株产量、有效穗总分蘖数的变异系数较大,而遗传力低。秕粒数的变异系数大而遗传力中等。9个性状之间的相关系数测定结果,表现极显著相关的有6对性状,显著相关的有5对性状。     

江淮下游地区大豆地方品种的初步研究——Ⅱ.数量性状的遗传变异

本文研究了江淮下游大豆地方品种生育期、产量、机械化栽培方面共17种数量性状的遗传变异。试验材料为本地区有代表性的78个地方品种,四次重复,随机区组设计。 性状的遗传型变异系数(GCV)、遗传力(h~2)以及预期遗传进度(GS)表明本区大豆地方品种自然群体生育前期、后期、全生育期,产量、分枝数、主茎节数、每节荚数、百粒重、瘪粒率、一株荚数、一株粒数、一株粒重、株高、结荚高度、倒伏性等15种数量性状具有丰富的遗传变异、选择潜力和良好的预期选择效果。证明除每荚粒数、茎粗两性状外,本区大豆地方品种主要数量性状的多基因资源十分丰富,是大豆育种宝贵的基本材料。     

60Co-γ射线诱变连麦2号M3代主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析

用60Co-γ射线诱变小麦连麦2号,对M3代292个穗行进行了主要农艺性状的变异及多元分析.结果表明:各性状的变异幅度是不同的,变异系数从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞穗长＞小穗数＞株高＞行粒重＞退化小穗数＞穗粒数＞穗粒重;变异率从大到小依次为:穗数＞千粒重＞株高=行粒重＞穗粒数＞穗长＞穗粒重＞小穗数＞退化小穗数.穗数、...     

冬小麦三种粒重性状的遗传研究

采用Griffing方法Ⅰ,利用6×6完全双列杂交,对冬小麦单株粒重、单穗粒重和千粒重三个性状的配合力、基因效应及遗传组成进行了研究,结果表明这三种粒重性状的遗传同时受基因加性效应、非加性效应和母体效应的共同作用;千粒重、株粒重、穗粒重的狭义遗传力分别为72%、63%和45%,前两个性状以基因加性效应为主,后一性状基因加性、显性效应相当;细胞质作用对千粒重影响较小,株粒重和穗粒重则存在明显的核质互作.     

Cross prediction studies on spring barley

Summary Additive genetic, dominance genetic and environmental correlations between pairs of agronomically important characters in five spring barley crosses were calculated from estimates of the components of variance and covariance, obtained by Triple Test Cross analysis. Phenotypic correlations were calculated from the Triple Test Cross family means and compared to the additive genetic correlations. Phenotypic correlations were generally lower than the additive genetic correlations and, occasionally, of different sign. The highest phenotypic correlations between single plant yield and its components were found with number of tillers whereas these were the lowest additive genetic correlations, thousand grain weight giving the highest. High dominance genetic correlations were found between single plant yield and both grain number and thousand grain weight thus indirect early generation selection for single plant yield using these two characters would be ineffective. Additive and dominance genetic correlations confirm association of the erectoides dwarfing gene with low thousand grain weight and plant yield.     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

Variation in monoculture and in mixture for grain yield and other characters in spring barley

Fourteen north-west European spring barley cultivars were grown alone or in binary mixtures sampled according to a partial diallel scheme. On the basis of the association between cultivars in mixture and monoculture, three groups of characters were distinguished. Group A characters, plant height, ear weight/tiller, grain yield/tiller, number of grains/tiller and 1000-grain weight, showed strong positive associations between performance in monoculture and mixture. Group B characters, number of tillers/plant and harvest index showed incomplete positive associations, while for group C characters, dry matter/plant, ear weight/plant, grain yield/plant and number of grains/plant, associations were weak or non-existent. Compound characters in group C showed less genetic variation in monoculture and lower general competitive effects in mixture than component characters in groups A or B. These results clearly indicate that while selection for grain yield and other characters on a per plant basis (group C characters) is confounded by intergenotypic competition, characters such as the yield components number of grains/tiller and 1000-grain weight (group A characters) are hardly affected in this range of cultivars. Selection for opposing group A characters may start in the F₂ generation, while any selection for group B and C characters should be delayed until later generations. The merits of indirect selection for yield using visual assessment of yield components are discussed. Separate analyses obtained by the inclusion of spring wheat cv. Timmo in monoculture and in the set of mixtures indicated that the use of spring wheat plants to minimise intergenotypic competition ranges from superfluous (group A characters) to useless (group C characters). A large degree of mixture advantage and the lack of complementary dominance and suppression between competitor and associate was attributed to the relatively low density of plants in the experiment which, though suitable for single plant selection, is not typical of normal seed rates for cropping.     

激光诱变小麦后代的选择指数研究

本试验采用ＨｅＮｅ激光和Ｎ２激光辐照汉原小麦等四个材料的干种子,采用随机区组设计,重复三次,利用生物统计学和数量遗传学的方法,对单株籽粒产量及其与之密切相关的旗叶长等１２个性状构成的４３种选择指数分析表明：由单株籽粒产量和株高及由单株籽粒产量和旗叶长构成的选择指数的遗传进度的相对效率高出单株籽粒产量直接选择的２９．８５％和２９．０８％,仅涉及两个性状,实用性强,为较优选择指数。     

Inheritance of five quantitative characters of bread wheat

Summary Heritability estimates of five characters of the wheat plant were studied in five crosses involving six cultivars of bread wheat. Parents, F₁, F₂ and backcrosses to both parents were used in the estimation of the genetic parameters.Heritability was low for number of fertile spikes/plant, moderate for number of spikelets/spike, number of kernels/spike, 1000-kernel weight and moderately high for number of kernels/spike. Evidence for mainly nonadditive gene effects were observed in the expression of number of fertile spikes and 1000-kernel weight. Although nonadditives contributed to a lesser degree to the gene action, additives seemed to be the most important genetic expression regulating number of spikelets/spike, number of kernels/spike, and number of kernels/spikelet. Except for number of fertile spikes/plant, selection in F₂-populations seems to be promising.     

The use of phenotypic correlations and factor analysis in determining characters for grain yield selection in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of factor analysis in determining characters for yield selection in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate yield criteria in chickpea using phenotypic correlations and factor analysis. Factor 1 composed of biological yield, reaction to ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.), plant height, grain yield and harvest index. Factor 2 consisted of branches and pods per plant. Factor 3 encompassed of only the grain weight. The total factors explained 92.9% of the total variance caused in the characters. The grain yield was positively and statistically significant correlated with biological yield, harvest index, plant height, branches and pods per plant, while it was negatively and statistically significant related with reaction to ascochyta blight and grain weight. Biological yield, harvest index, plant height and reaction to ascochyta blight instead of many selection criteria should previously be evaluated in selection to increase the grain yield in chickpea breeding programs. Pods per plant should be handed together with and branches per plant. Apart from the other selection criteria, the grain weight should solely be evaluated to select large grained genotypes.     

9个小麦品种(系)比较试验中的主要农艺性状

目的:通过对9个小麦品种(系)的比较试验中的主要农艺性状统计分析,筛选出比较适宜现阶段在贵阳地区乃至贵州省栽培的高产优质小麦品种(系)。方法:9个小麦品种(系)在试验地里随机区组排列,3次重复,记录小麦的全生育期,出苗数,田间生育期,株高,有效分蘖数,每株干重,穗长,穗粒重等,并在Excell上进行统计分析。结果:全生育期在200天左右,出苗数有3个超过100万/ha,最低只有44．8万/ha,株高在50 cm以上的有6个品种(系),3个在40 cm-50 cm之间,有效分蘖数400万/ha以上的有3个,最低的是199．1万/ha,每株干重最高是8．5 g,最低是5．7 g,穗长整齐度除98-22外都优于对照,经LSR法测验表明,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与夏繁29,98-28,贵单5号,黔98284-82,黔0110都达到差异显著水平,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与98-22达到差异极显著水平,其余的差异皆不明显。结论:可以初步得出贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15目前可以作为在贵阳地区推广种植的较优品种(系)。     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三     

Prediction of progeny variation in oat from parental genetic relationships

Summary The ability to predict agronomic performance of progeny from a cross would be a great benefit to plant breeders in selecting parents. The predictive value of parental genetic relationships estimating F₁ progeny means and F₄ family variances of nine argronomic traits was tested in 76 oat crosses, using genetic distance measures based on coefficients-of-parentage, quantitatively inherited morphological characters, and discretely inherited biochemical and morphological characters. Coefficients-of-parentage were better predictors of F₁ performance than similarity measures derived from plant morphology or discretely inherited characters. Combined distance measures were better estimators of F₁ specific combining ability (SCA) effects than any single measure. Among cultivars of similar adaptation and quantitative morphology, crosses between parents with high coefficients-of-parentage gave higher SCA effect values than crosses of distantly related parents for grain yield and total biomass. The opposite was found for crosses among cultivars of different adaptation or quantitative morphology. The best predictor of trait variances among F₄ families was coefficients-of-parentage. Crosses between more distantly related parents produced larger variances among families than crosses between closely related parents for plant biomass. For grain yield, test weight, heading date, grain filling period, and maturity date, crosses between more closely related parents produced larger among-family variances than crosses of distantly related parents. Crosses between more distantly related parents involved at least one parent unadapted to central New York, and resulted in most of the progeny being generally unadapted. This, in part, may account for the low genetic variances for heading date, test weight, and grain yield in crosses of distantly related parents.     

Variability and covariability for plant height,heading date,and seed weight in wheat crosses

Summary Variability, covariability, heritability, and expected genetic gains from selection for heading date, plant height, and kernel weight were estimated in progenies derived from six wheat crosses. The crosses differed in the magnitude of the genetic variabilities of their progenies, but all crosses had significant variabilities for all traits. Heritability estimates were calculated by the variance components method. The estimates of heritability were relatively high for all three traits and averaged 86% for heading date, 77% for plant height, and 70% for kernel weight. The presence of significant genetic variabilities and high heritability estimates indicated that selection would be effective for the three traits.The segregates derived from crosses between medium tall parents showed transgressive segregation that would permit isolation of short-statured types. Transgressive segregation also occurred for heading date and kernel weight.Heading date and plant height were positively and highly significantly correlated in four crosses out of six. But both plant height and heading date had, in general, low negative correlations with kernel weight which would not preclude the development of short wheats with high kernel weight from these crosses. The association between characters was mostly genetic in cause.