西双版纳种子植物物种多样性的垂直格局及机制

物种多样性海拔分布格局及其形成机制的研究是生物地理学和宏观生态学的重要议题之一。本文利用西双版纳植物专著资料, 结合高分辨率的地形和气候等数据, 探讨了面积、边界限制和现代气候对西双版纳野生种子植物物种丰富度及物种密度海拔分布格局的影响。结果表明: (1)物种丰富度呈单峰分布格局, 面积(81.9%)、边界限制(17.5%)和气候(60.0-69.3%)都不同程度地解释了物种丰富度的单峰格局; (2)利用幂函数种-面积关系计算的物种密度沿海拔大致呈减小的分布趋势, 气候的解释率降低为32.6-40.6%, 与边界限制无显著相关关系; (3)利用等面积高度带划分得到的物种密度沿海拔呈单峰变化趋势, 物种密度与边界限制无显著相关性, 但气候对物种密度的解释率为81.6-89.9%。研究结果有助于准确全面地理解物种多样性的海拔分布格局及其成因机制, 为西双版纳生物多样性保护提供理论支撑和实践指导。     

北京房山发现华南水鼠耳蝠

目前我国基础资源调查中有关翼手目物种多样性及其分布的项目正在开展,着手建立翼手目物种多样性和分布数据库,对翼手目物种在中国的分布情况亟需广泛调查和深入研究。我们于2021年9月在北京市开展翼手目物种调查时,在北京房山十渡镇四御洞使用竖琴网捕获8只蝙蝠,经过COI和Cyt b序列比对和系统发育关系重建以及外部形态数据鉴定为华南水鼠耳蝠（Myotis laniger）。此次发现华南水鼠耳蝠是北京市翼手目物种分布新记录种。     

高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化

物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局成为生物多样性研究的热点。为探讨中尺度区域物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布,本文以高黎贡山为研究对象,利用该地区的地方植物志资料,结合通过GIS生成的区域数字高程模型(DEM)数据,分析了该区域全部种子植物和乔木、灌木、草本三种生活型种子植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局以及物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。结果表明：(1)全部种子植物和不同生活型植物物种丰富度随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最大值出现在海拔1500—2000m的范围;(2)物种密度与海拔也呈现单峰曲线关系;(3)物种丰富度和物种密度分布格局的形成主要受海拔所反映的水、热状况组合以及物种分布的边界影响。     

雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸地上生物量与多样性沿海拔梯度的变化特征

【目的】雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原最重要的河流,研究雅鲁藏布江的地上生物量和物种多样性对了解该区域的草地资源和生态保护具有重要意义。【方法】文章根据海拔梯度对雅鲁藏布江上游高寒草甸植被特征进行调查,研究不同海拔梯度下地上生物量和物种多样性的分布差异、地上生物量与物种多样性之间的关系,以及相关环境因子对地上生物量和物种多样性的影响。【结果】(1)海拔与地上生物量无显著关系;(2)海拔与多样性指数呈显著负相关关系,随海拔升高Shannon-Weiner指数、Patrick指数表现为下降趋势;(3)地上生物量与多样性之间表现为负相关关系,Shannon-Weiner指数对地上生物量的解释达到70%(P＜0.01);(4)物种多样性与温度和降水呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),物种多样性与海拔呈负相关关系(P＜0.05),地上生物量与海拔、温度和降水无显著关系(P＞0.05)。【结论】该研究结果有助于为雅鲁藏布江上游流域草地资源的合理利用和物种多样性保护提供依据。     

辽宁省翼手目分布新记录种大耳菊头蝠

翼手目（蝙蝠）物种独特的飞行能力、夜间活动模式及相近的形态学特征,增大了科研人员在野外对其进行准确鉴别和调查的难度,因此翼手目物种的多样性和分布信息亟需综合多种调查技术开展广泛深入研究。2019年8月,作者在辽宁省朝阳市野外调查发现1种蝙蝠,经分子标记比对、系统发育关系重建及形态学数据鉴定为大耳菊头蝠（Rhinolophus macrotis）,是辽宁省翼手目物种新记录。     

中国翼手目地理分布的环境因子影响分析

利用地理信息系统提取了中国翼手目90个物种已知地理分布点的环境因子数据,并利用主成分分析和逐步回归分析研究了这些环境因子对中国翼手目动物地理分布和种数密度分布的影响程度。结果表明,按其影响程度大小,影响中国翼手目动物地理分布的连续型环境因子依次为年平均气温、大于零度日数、一月份平均气温、无霜期日数、年降雨量、年平均相对湿度、七月份平均气温、海拔高度和年日照时数,其中年日照时数和海拔高度为负影响;影响翼手目种数密度分布的决定环境因子是年降雨量,但年平均气温也有明显作用。作者认为,气候因子影响翼手目动物地理分布的机制是限制性因子的作用,主要受冬眠和活动及摄食时间长短的限制,而种数密度分布则决定于环境资源的丰富度,即主要受到由降雨量决定的食物种类多少的影响。另外,对类别环境因子的研究表明：植被类型对翼手目的种数分布没有明显影响;具有多洞穴特点的喀斯特和火山熔岩地貌具有较多的翼手目种类,但红层地貌由于分布于南方和分散分布的特点而具有最高的翼手目种数密度[动物学报51(3)：413—422,2005]。     

四川米仓山自然保护区台湾水青冈群落学特征沿海拔梯度的变化

为了解不同生境中台湾水青冈(Fagus hayatae)的群落特征,对四川米仓山国家级自然保护区不同海拔的台湾水青冈群落的物种组成、区系特征、生活型谱、重要值和物种多样性等进行了研究。结果表明,台湾水青冈群落中的植物种类随海拔存在差异。群落中植物区系均以北温带分布类型为主,且其分布比例与海拔呈正相关关系。不同海拔群落的物种生活型谱主要以高位芽植物为主,其它生活型较少。群落乔木层中台湾水青冈的重要值随海拔上升不断增大。中海拔群落中的物种多样性指数均低于高海拔和低海拔,具有物种种类少、多样性低的特点。因此,不同海拔段上的台湾水青冈群落学特征有明显的差异。     

云南西部地区地带性植物群落物种多样性的地理分布格局

利用样方数据和文献资料,探讨了云南西部地区地带性植物群落的物种多样性。结果表明：在纬度梯度上,从南到北,物种密度呈递减趋势;在海拔梯度上,从高海拔到低海拔,物种密度呈递增趋势;在经度梯度上,从东到西,物种密度呈递减格局。总体上,在群落尺度上,南部地区物种密度较高;北部地区,即滇西北地区物种密度相对较低,这可能与研究区域内热量和水分条件的空间分异有关,但热量因子可能扮演着更为重要的角色。海拔梯度上的物种变化速率远高于经度梯度和纬度梯度,这可能与海拔梯度上热量条件的变化速率远高于其他地理梯度有关。区域尺度上单位面积物种多样性的分布格局与群落尺度明显不同,这可能源于群落尺度上单位面积的物种多样性主要受制于能量水平;但在区域尺度上,单位面积的物种多样性可能与区域内的生境异质性有关。表明“尺度效应”在塑造物种多样性地理分布格局中的重要作用。     

秦岭小陇山保护区维管植物丰富度和种域海拔梯度格局及其对Rapoport法则验证

物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局及其形成机制一直是生物地理学和生物多样性研究的重点.海拔Rapoport法则认为,物种丰富度随海拔升高而逐渐降低,种域逐渐变宽.本文分析了秦岭小陇山国家级自然保护区维管植物物种丰富度及其种域宽度的海拔梯度格局;采用4种常用方法,验证不同类群、不同生长型和不同阶元的物种丰富度与其分布中点间的关系,并检验其是否支持海拔Rapoport法则.结果表明: 除窄域种外,秦岭小陇山维管植物物种丰富度随海拔升高呈先升后降的单峰分布格局;狭域种主要分布在低海拔和高海拔段,低海拔段的丰富度高于高海拔段;物种海拔分布宽度与海拔关系因不同类群和验证方法而异,随分类阶元的增大更容易支持Rapoport法则,这可能与不同分类阶元所占据的生态位不同有关;被子植物的平均种域呈单峰分布格局,蕨类植物和裸子植物的种域海拔梯度格局无明显规律;藤本植物平均种域随海拔升高而变宽,灌木能适应不同的环境条件,因此,灌木分布对海拔梯度的变化不敏感.Pagel验证方法最容易支持Rapoport法则,Stevens方法次之,中点法受中域效应的影响物种平均种域分布呈单峰分布格局而不支持Rapoport法则,逐种法受散点图分布格局的影响线性模型拟合结果解释力很低.
     

丹江口水库消落带土壤种子库与地上植被和环境的关系

以丹江口水库消落带为研究区域,利用层次聚类法将海拔140～145 m区域内37个样地的土壤种子库分为6个组,比较不同组间的种子库物种组成、密度及多样性指数之间的差异;利用相似性指数分析土壤种子库与地上植被的差异;运用主成分分析和多元回归分析土壤种子库密度与地上植被、环境因素的关系.结果表明: 在丹江口水库消落带同海拔区域内,土壤种子库在物种组成上呈明显的异质性,不同组间的种子库密度、多样性指数均存在显著差异;土壤种子库与地上植被的差异较大,而且土壤种子库中的物种数明显少于地上植被中的物种数;土壤种子库密度与地上植被盖度、地上物种数和土壤质地呈显著正相关,而与田间持水量和土壤孔隙度呈显著负相关.     

Within-season dynamics of red palm mite (Raoiella indica) and phytoseiid predators on two host palm species in south-west India

Field surveys were conducted monthly between December 2008 and July 2009 in Kerala, south-west India to compare the population dynamics of the red palm mite Raoiella indica (RPM) on two host plants Areca catechu and Cocos nucifera during one non-monsoon season when, in general, RPM populations increase. The aim was to examine the effects of host plant, host plant locality and the impact of climatic factors on RPM and related phytoseiid predators. There were significantly higher RPM densities on areca in peak season (May/June) compared to coconut; although significantly more coconut sites were infested with RPM than areca. Although no one climatic factor was significantly related to RPM numbers, interactions were found between temperature, humidity and rainfall and the partitioning of host plant locality showed that where conditions were warmer and drier, RPM densities were significantly higher. Specifically on coconut, there was a significant relation between RPM densities and the combined interaction between site temperature, site humidity and phytoseiid densities. There was a marked difference in the density of phytoseiids collected between areca and coconut palms, with significantly more on the latter, in several months. Amblyseius largoensis was the most commonly collected phytoseiid in association with RPM, although Amblyseius tamatavensis species group and Amblyseius largoensis species group were collected in association with RPM also. There was also evidence of a weak numerical response of the combined phytoseiid complex in relation to RPM density the previous month on coconut but this was not observed on areca.     

陕西省啮齿动物区系与区划

陕西省地处我国的中部偏东,气侯和植被兼具亚热带和暖温带特点,在动物地理上横跨古北与东洋两大界,啮齿动物种类比较丰富。计有53种另附9亚种,分隶于2目8科6亚科,几乎占全国啮齿动物总种数的三分之一。大足鼠为陕西省首次记录。文中就区系特征作了分析。根据自然地理要素和动物区系的差别,陕西省可划为六个三级地理省。     

宁夏哺乳动物区系与地理区划研究

宁夏现有哺乳动物75种,隶属于6目19科52属 。本文分析了宁夏哺乳动物区系特征,将宁夏划分为3个动物地理省、6十动物地理州,并对各省及各州动物区系之间的相似性等问题进行了探讨。     

新疆平茶渍属地衣生态分布与地理区系成分分析

根据多年的实地调查资料和前人研究资料,对新疆平茶渍属（Aspicilia）地衣的种类以及它们的分布区、区系特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,分布在新疆的平茶渍属地衣共有33种,主要分布在天山、阿勒泰山、昆仑山和准噶尔盆地。根据它们对环境的适应特征和选择性,将新疆平茶渍属地衣的地理区系划分为广布种、环极北极高山种、环极低北极及北方种、北美东部种、中亚种、中国特有种、分布范围不清楚的种等7种类型。同时把新疆平茶渍属地衣的地理分布区域划分为欧亚森林植物亚区、亚洲荒漠植物亚区、青藏高原亚区等三种分布区域。研究还发现分布在阿勒泰山、天山、昆仑山和准噶尔盆地的平茶渍属主要生长在岩石上面,生长基物比较单一。     

西藏扎木地区高山松松脂产量与温,湿度的关系

初步探讨了西藏扎木地区高山松产脂过程随温、湿度变化的泌脂规律．回归分析结果表明,在适宜温度下,相对湿度是影响该地高山松松脂日产量的主要气候生态因子,水分供给对于松脂产量有着极其重要的意义．     

大别山区霍山、金寨两县的常绿植物与常绿阔叶林

本文根据大别山区霍山和金寨两县植物考察所积累的标本,提出一个包含近70种的常绿植物名录,其中有6种为华东或安徽新记录,9种为该区的新记录;这些植物中,约3／4—4／5均以该地为分布的北界。文中再次报道了以苦槠为优势的常绿阔叶林类型,证明该地区低海拔地带有耐寒性常绿阔叶林的分布。最后扼要讨论了华东区常绿植物和常绿阔叶林北部边缘的分布与当地气候条件的关系,除温度的主导作用外,还受水湿条件的制约,水湿条件起到补偿温度的作用。     

Shell polymorphism in a southern peripheral population of Cepaea nemoralis (L.) (Pulmonata: Helicidae) in Spain

Populations of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis have been investigated at the southern limits of its range in Spain, the Upper Tajo region, in order to analyse the distribution of the species and the variation of polymorphism in relation to environmental conditions. For this purpose two natural subareas, which differ in topography, soil nature, climate and vegetation have been considered. Cepaea nemoralis is confined to the river banks of the area; it is found in open and shaded biotopes of subarea 1 where it is relatively common, and it is almost restricted to shaded biotopes of subarea 2 where it becomes progressively rarer towards the south. Relative abundance of the species may be related to the amount of calcareous soils and climate, the restriction in its southern distribution being probably the result of extreme solar radiation, high temperature and low humidity. The two subareas differ in the frequency of the main polymorphic characters. These differences may be related to the kind of biotope. Subarea 1 richer in more open and exposed biotopes have higher frequencies of yellow, 00000, 00300, and unfused bands, whereas the restriction to poplar groves because of the lack of suitable exposed biotopes in subarea 2 may account for the higher proportion of pink five-bandeds with the bands fused together. This kind of variation with biotope is consistent with an explanation in terms of differences in the temperature absorbance of different morphs and a metabolic response to differences in temperature amplitude of the biotopes. Other characters (lip colour, punctate bands, hyalozonate bands, etc.) are not polymorphic in this region, thus, suggesting that at the periphery environmental conditions are important not only in determining the distribution of the species but exerting a marked effect on the genetic structure of the populations.     

A comparative evaluation of end-emic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

In visceral leishmaniasis, phlebotomine vectors are targets for control measures. Understanding the ecosystem of the vectors is a prerequisite for creating these control measures. This study endeavours to delineate the suitable locations of Phlebotomus argentipes with relation to environmental characteristics between endemic and non-endemic districts in India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 25 villages in each district. Environmental data were obtained through remote sensing images and vector density was measured using a CDC light trap. Simple linear regression analysis was used to measure the association between climatic parameters and vector density. Using factor analysis, the relationship between land cover classes and P. argentipes density among the villages in both districts was investigated. The results of the regression analysis indicated that indoor temperature and relative humidity are the best predictors for P. argentipes distribution. Factor analysis confirmed breeding preferences for P. argentipes by landscape element. Minimum Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, marshy land and orchard/settlement produced high loading in an endemic region, whereas water bodies and dense forest were preferred in non-endemic sites. Soil properties between the two districts were studied and indicated that soil pH and moisture content is higher in endemic sites compared to non-endemic sites. The present study should be utilised to make critical decisions for vector surveillance and controlling Kala-azar disease vectors.     

Patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of termites along a tropical elevational gradient

Patterns of termite richness along elevation gradients may be related to different responses by termite functional groups to changes in environmental conditions. We investigated the distribution of termite species richness along an elevational gradient of cerrado and rupestrian grasslands in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, in Brazil. Fifty termite species were recorded, with the family Termitidae being dominant; 16 species are endemic to open areas of cerrado and 1 species, Cortaritermes rizzinii, is endemic and restricted to mountaintop grassland habitats. Termite richness declined with increasing elevation, with the main factors associated with the reduction being climactic (air temperature, air and soil humidity, and radiation) and vegetation variables. Different termite communities were found along the elevational gradient, which were also strongly influenced by changes in climate and vegetation. On the other hand, the same functional groups were present at the different elevations, although represented by different species.     

短尾猴和猕猴距骨形态的研究

本文对短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和(M．mulatta)猴猕的距骨形态进行了比较研究。结果表明,距骨的一些变量,如楔形指数\距一腓骨连接面长、距骨颈长及总长在两种间存在明显差异。从距骨形态结构和多变量(三维空间模式)分析,短尾猴比猕猴具有更多的地上活动时间的可能性。