棕引种试验初报

棕是国家二级保护植物。在我国,仅云南和广西的石灰岩山区有少量分布。本文对棕引种繁殖及生物学特性进行初步报道。     

加快棕种子萌发和幼苗生长的研究

棕种子萌发和幼苗生长十分缓慢 ,为了探索加快种子萌发和幼苗生长的方法 ,对棕种子进行不同处理、不同时间催芽和催芽后不同处理等试验 ,结果表明 :(1)生长调节剂 3号 ABT生根粉、吲哚丁酸和 2 ,4 - D可提高种子萌发率 ,促进幼苗生长。 (2 )播种前催芽可促使种子提前萌发 ,延长幼苗生长期 ,使当年生苗更粗壮 ;贮藏 3个月后催芽可提高 10 %～ 15%的发芽率。 (3)催芽后用 50 mg/ L和 10 0 mg/ L的 3号 ABT生根粉、或者 10 0 mg/ L的萘乙酸浸泡都可以提高幼苗出土率 ,但对幼苗生长没有明显影响。     

生态智慧引导下的太原市棕地修复逻辑与策略

城市生态系统是一个复杂的人工系统,城市经过快速掠夺式的发展已经造成绿地生态空间锐减,水体资源缺乏且污染严重,热岛效应突出和城市棕地面积大且污染严重等一系列生态问题。以资源枯竭型城市内大量存在的棕地为研究对象,认为城市棕地的修复需要生态智慧的引导,在建立生态智慧引导的城市棕地修复逻辑和框架的基础上,结合太原市棕地生态修复实践,建立从棕地安全性修复、棕地功能修复和棕地景观修复的综合修复框架,提出分期分类多元化再生,分类利用城市功能活化,去棕还绿抗污染植物配置棕地修复的生态智慧策略。     

中国棕麦蛾属七新种记述(鳞翅目:麦蛾科)(英文)

棕麦蛾属DichomerisHubner1818昆虫是一类重要的森林害虫,分布于世界各地,已记载上千种。本文记述该属7新种：窄翅棕麦蛾DichomerisangustipteraLietZheng,sp.nov.,孟达棕麦蛾Dichome-rismengdanaLietZheng,sp.nov.暗棕麦蛾DichomerisobscuraLietZheng,sp.nov.,直带棕麦蛾DichomerisrectifasciaLietZheng,sp．nov,思茅棕麦蛾DichomerissimaoensisLietWang,sp．nov,铁黑棕麦蛾DichomerisferrograLietWang,sp．nov．和带棕麦蛾DichomeriszonataLietWang,sp．nov.。至此,我国已有棕麦蛾属昆虫96种。模式标本保存在陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

一种红棕象甲人工饲料及其效果

【目的】为评价一种红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver人工饲料的饲养效果。【方法】以自然寄主大王棕和甘蔗饲养红棕象甲作对照,连续3代饲养红棕象甲,对红棕象甲各发育阶段的生长和发育指标进行调查。【结果】用人工饲料饲养的红棕象甲幼虫历期和蛹历期(40.20 d和33.99 d)显著低于对照组(60.87 d和36.12 d;109.00 d和42.70 d),用人工饲料饲养的红棕象甲幼虫存活率(63.87%)显著高于对照组(37.99%和48.60%)。人工饲料饲养的红棕象甲,在单雌产卵量和卵孵化率方面与对照组没有显著差异,在蛹重和成虫体重方面显著小于对照组,蛹重比对照组减少了25.55%和63.87%,成虫体重比对照组减少了24.18%和35.16%。【结论】该人工饲料可以很好的满足红棕象甲生殖发育的营养需求,且缩短了世代发育历期,适于红棕象甲种群规模化、长期饲养。     

棕果蝠微卫星位点的筛选及其对近缘种的通用性

棕果蝠在我国热带和亚热带地区分布广、种群数量大,对龙眼、荔枝等水果种植业造成巨大危害。近年来,棕果蝠在国内被大范围捕杀,造成其种群数量急剧下降。为了获得用于研究棕果蝠的种群结构和遗传多样性的分子标记,我们利用探针富集法构建了棕果蝠部分微卫星基因组文库,筛选出棕果蝠的4 个高度多态性位点;并结合前期本研究组已经发表的棕果蝠微卫星位点,共检测了10 个棕果蝠特异的微卫星标记在其它4 种果蝠(短耳犬蝠、犬蝠、大长舌果蝠、小长舌果蝠)内的通用性,为不同果蝠种群遗传学研究提供了更多的微卫星分子标记。     

棕背的实验室繁育

目的建立棕背的实验室繁育方法,测定棕背生长和繁殖数据,为开展棕背实验动物化研究提供基础。方法将黑龙江省牡丹江市牡丹峰林地的野生棕背引入实验室,于大型硬壁式啮齿动物负压隔离器内进行人工饲育、繁殖,测定棕背生长和繁育数据,评价棕背实验室繁育效果。结果棕背在实验室条件下可以实现人工饲育、繁殖。妊娠率54.55%,平均妊娠期为20.4 d(18~22 d);一个繁殖期内平均繁殖2.9次,最高繁殖次数为7次,远远超过自然条件下所统计到的繁殖次数(1~4次);平均窝产仔数(4.3±1.22)只,单窝最高产仔数为8只;幼仔离乳率94.8%,生长发育状况良好。结论实现了棕背的实验室繁育,测定了棕背在实验室条件下的生长和繁育数据,为棕背实验动物化打下了基础。     

棕颈钩嘴鹛分子系统发育及分类关系初探

棕颈钩嘴鹛(Pomatorhinus ruficollis)各亚种间系统发育关系一直存在分歧。该文测定了棕颈钩嘴鹛10个亚种20个样本的完整线粒体Cyt b和ND2基因序列(共2184bp),以棕颈钩嘴鹛(P.ruficollis)和灰头钩嘴鹛(P.schisticeps)为内群;栗背钩嘴鹛(P.montanus)、棕头钩嘴鹛(P.ochraceiceps)、红嘴钩嘴鹛(P.ferruginosus)和剑嘴鹛(Xiphirhynchus superciliaris)为外群,通过最大简约法、最大似然法以及贝叶斯推断法,构建了棕颈钩嘴鹛亚种间的系统发育树。结果显示:棕颈钩嘴鹛是并系群,灰头钩嘴鹛聚合在其内部;棕颈钩嘴鹛可分为3个地理支序,即中国西南部支序、中国东南部支序和中国中部支序;棕颈钩嘴鹛亚种间系统发育关系与形态特征不完全一致,并澄清了一些分类问题。     

渐危植物■棕的保护研究

本文通过对棕生态学、生物学特性的研究,分析了棕的渐危原因,有以下几方面：人类活动的影响、开花后即死亡、花期不遇和生殖过程缓慢。认为作为绿化观赏树种推广利用是棕保护和持续利用的最佳途径。     

五种丛生状棕榈植物叶热值的月变化研究

对5种丛生状棕榈植物一欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕、玲珑椰子、缨络椰子的叶片热值和灰分含量的月变化进行了研究,结果表明,5种植物具有较高的灰分含量,但灰分含量的月变化趋势各不相同;欧洲棕、细叶棕竹、小箬棕3种植物干重热值的月变化趋势有些差异,同属的缨络椰子、玲珑椰子干重热值的月变化趋势基本相似;缨络椰子、小箬棕的干重热值与灰分含量具有显著的线性相关(P<0．05),而其余3种植物的干重热值与灰分含量相关性不显著(P>0．05);从去灰分热值的月变化来看,细叶棕竹与小箬棕,缨络椰子与玲珑椰子的月变化趋势相似。     

Glutathione transferase activity with a novel substrate mimics the activation of the prodrug azathioprine

Azathioprine is a prodrug that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressive agent. The pharmacological action of azathioprine is associated with the release of 6-mercaptopurine by a reaction involving glutathione. This biotransformation of azathioprine is catalyzed by glutathione transferases (GSTs). The nonenzymatic reaction with glutathione is minimal in comparison with the GST-catalyzed process, but azathioprine is still a slow substrate in comparison with the most effective GST substrates. Novel GSTs with higher catalytic efficiency toward azathioprine could be useful in novel therapeutic applications; therefore, directed evolution of GSTs for enhanced activities is desirable. However, screening for variants having higher catalytic activity with azathioprine is a time-consuming process due to the low activity with this substrate. A new chromogenic and faster substrate, 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-(4-nitrophenylthio)-1H-imidazole (NPTI), has been synthesized and characterized by assays with several GSTs. The novel substrate mimicked azathioprine in the reaction with glutathione catalyzed by alpha class GSTs and, therefore, is a valuable surrogate in the screening of large mutant libraries. NPTI may also find use in the elucidation of the exact mechanism of immunosuppression effected by azathioprine where there is evidence that the imidazole moiety of azathioprine, rather than 6-mercaptopurine, is involved.     

The dynamics of two viral infections in a single host population with applications to hantavirus

An SI epidemic model for a host with two viral infections circulating within the population is developed, analyzed, and numerically simulated. The model is a system of four differential equations which includes a state for susceptible individuals, two states for individuals infected with a single virus, one which is vertically transmitted and the other which is horizontally transmitted, and a fourth state for individuals infected with both viruses. A general growth function with density-dependent mortality is assumed. A special case of this model, where there is no coinfection and total cross immunity, is thoroughly analyzed. Several threshold values are defined which determine establishment of the disease and persistence at equilibrium for one or both of the infections within the host population. The model has applications to a hantavirus and an arenavirus that infect cotton rats. The hantavirus is transmitted horizontally whereas the arenavirus is transmitted vertically. It is shown through analysis and numerical simulations that both diseases can be maintained within a single host population, where individuals can be either infected with both viruses or with a single virus.     

A new monotypic genus of a parmulariaceous dictyosporous ascomycetes from Taiwan

A new monotypic ascomycete genus, Dictyocyclns gen. nov. with D. hydrangeae sp. nov. as its type, is described and illustrated. It is placed in the family Parmulariaceae and it is the second genus in that family with dictyoseptate ascospores. It is compared with Aldonata the only other member of the family with similar ascospores.     

Ponderal indices at birth

At birth, the index weight/height is the highest correlated with weight, height and cephalic perimeter, for the index of Quételet (BMI) the correlations are also significant although lower. In both cases, the variation with age is significant. For the Rohrer index, the situation is different, the changes with age being almost absent. In front of these results, can we decide which index would be adequate to establish the nutritional status at birth? For Cole (1986), for such a ponderal index the correlation with height would have to be absent. Rolland-Cachera (1982) proposed also that the correlations with height would be absent but would be high with weight. In the case of the newborns of our study the only index being not correlated to height is the Rohrer index with low correlation also with the cephalic perimeter and high correlation with weight (although here the correlation is even higher with BMI and W/H). During the utero-placentary disfunction the foetal weight is affected but not height and cephalic perimeter: in this case, the advantage is also to an index correlated with weight but not with height.     

海藻糖合成酶活性受固定化处理过程影响的研究*

在麦芽糖苷基海藻糖合成酶(MTSase)和麦芽糖苷基海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)双酶的作用下,淀粉可转化为海藻糖,但是其转化率较低。中采用多种固定化载体进行酶固定化研究,发现通过经戊二醛与壳聚糖交联后的载体与酶液作用,可吸附与海藻糖合成无关的杂酶和杂质,从而提高海藻糖合成酶的活性。通过比较固定化过程中与反应条件中多个因素的影响,得到了如下最佳作用条件：将酶液与经3％戊二醛交联18h后的滤纸作用18h,再与10％的淀粉溶液反应9h,与未经固定化作用比较,海藻糖的产率提高10倍,达到27．22g／L转化率从5．33％提升到54．43％。     

杜鹃花属的子叶形态分类

通过对杜鹃花属中4个亚厲104种或变种的广叶形态观察发现:1、杜鹃花属中4个亚属间的子叶形态差异较大,杜鹃花鳞片的有无从子叶上就可以清楚地看出。2、常绿无鳞杜鹃亚属Subgenus Hymenanthes(BL)K.Koch的子叶边缘多只腺体状毛或白、棕色单毛,极少无毛。背面多为暗紫红色或为灰白及灰绿色,叶片多具侧脉少数仅具中脉;有鳞杜鹃亚屈SubgenusRhododendron的子叶边缘无毛或仅少数有白色单毛,背面基部或边缘具可数片,背面多为灰绿色极少暗紫色,叶片多具中脉少有侧脉;映山红亚属Subgeuus Tsutsusi(Sweet)Pojar-kova的子叶边缘无毛或仅一种有毛,背面灰绿色,具侧脉;马银花亚属Subgentis AzaleaslrumPlanch.的子叶近圆形,边缘无毛,具侧脉3-4对,背面白绿色。 有关杜鹃花属子叶形态研究,国外虽有报道,但仅涉及少数种类,最多的也不超过35种,其中野生种仅有7种,其代表性显然是不够的。在国内,有关杜鹃花属于叶形态分类方面的研究目前尚未见报道。杜鹃花是久负盛誉的世界名花,云南是杜鹃花的分布中心之一。观察杜鹃花和子叶形态并进行分类,不仅为杜鹃花的系统发育及杜鹃花属的分类提供佐证而且为杜鹃花的育种提供一个早期的鉴定指标。     

Carnitine-acyltransferase activity of mitochondria from mung-bean hypocotyls

Carnitine-acyltransferase activity assayed with acetyl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA, or palmitoyl-CoA is associated with the mitochondrial but not with the peroxisomes of mung-bean hypocotyls. Using mitochondria as an enzyme source, a half-maximal reaction rate is obtained with a palmitoyl-CoA concentration approximately twice that required with acetyl-CoA. In the presence of a saturating acetyl-CoA concentration the carnitine-acyltransferase activity is not enhanced by palmitoyl-CoA as additional substrate. However, palmitoylcarnitine is formed in addition to acetylcarnitine, and the formation of acetylcarnitine is competitively inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA. It is concluded that the mitochondria of mung-bean hypocotyls possess a carnitine acyltransferase of broad substrate specificity with respect to the chainlength of the acyl-CoA and that the demonstration of a carnitine-palmitoyltransferase activity in plant mitochondria does not indicate the presence of a specific carnitine long-chain acyltransferase.     

A method for estimating three-dimensional human arm movement with two electromagnetic sensors

Measurement of upper-limb movements is important in various domains. In this article, an upper-limb three-dimensional movement recording technique is proposed based on only two electromagnetic sensors. Two joints are considered with a total of seven degrees of freedom (DoF; three translations and four rotations). The chosen sequence of joint rotations is compliant with ISB recommendations: the shoulder is modelled with a ball and socket joint with three DoF and the elbow with a one DoF revolute joint. This article is focused on the procedure used to calibrate and sense the upper-limb movements from the raw data coming from the flock of birds sensors. The principle of the method is to define the centre of the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints in the frame of the adequate sensor. This operation is done by performing calibration gestures. Results are proposed and commented.     

Replication bands and nucleoli in the macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus: an ultrastructural and cytochemical study

The principal structural compartments of the macronucleus of Euplotes eurystomus were examined by ultrastructural and cytochemical procedures. Interphase chromatin is condensed in highly compact granules that stain intensely with the DNA-specific osmium-amine procedure. Nucleoli react strongly with silver and with thiol-specific reagents, but are almost completely unstained by osmium-amine. The organelle of DNA synthesis, the replication band, is composed of 2 zones. The forward zone consists of highly ordered chromatin fibers, stains strongly with osmium-amine, with silver, and with thiol-specific reagents. The rear zone, which is the site of DNA synthesis, is impoverished in DNA, and is very sensitive to collapse induced by in vivo heat shock, or during nuclear isolation.     

A New Species of Amphirhagatherium (Choeropotamidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of Southern England and Phylogeny of Endemic European 'anthracotherioids'

A new species of artiodactyl, Amphirhagatherium edwardsi sp. nov., is described from the Late Eocene (Priabonian) Headon Hill Formation of the Hampshire Basin, southern England. The Haplobunodontidae, in which Amphirhagatherium is usually placed, has recently been combined with the monotypic Choeropotamidae, both essentially European endemic families. New anatomical information is forthcoming from both the new species and recently published data on related species. A cladistic analysis of taxa included in the two families, the possible anthracotheriid Thaumastognathus and the enigmatic Tapirulus , was conducted to test the relationships implied by observed morphological similarities. The genus Anthracobunodon is shown to be paraphyletic and is here synonymized with Amphirhagatherium . Choeropotamus and Thaumastognathus are sister taxa nested with three species of Haplobunodon and Haplobunodon is paraphyletic and polyphyletic, but this clade is too weakly resolved internally for reliable taxonomic changes. Lophiobunodon Tapirulus are sister taxa nested with a fourth species of Haplobunodon . The synonymy of the Haplobunodontidae with the Choeropotamidae is upheld and close relationship of the family with the Anthracotheriidae is argued to be unlikely. Choeropotamids are inferred to have had mixed frugivorous and browsing herbivorous diets. They seem to have diversified in the northern parts of Europe, some terminal taxa having originated following southward dispersal.