植物科学画在植物科学研究发展中的重要性

植物科学画是一门专业技术性较强的学科,所描绘出的画面内容,是艺术性与科学性的有机结晶。植物科学绘画以其特殊的应用和辅助功能,能科学、客观、真实、艺术地表达植物科学内容。随着人们对植物科学研究的不断深入和发展,植物科学画已经形成了独特的、直观性的艺术语言表达方式,在世界各国不同时期编著的各类植物学研究志书、专著、期刊和杂志中,植物科学绘画具有了举足轻重的地位。该文对植物科学绘画的特性进行了研究,并分析其科学性与艺术性的内涵; 阐述了植物科学画在欧洲各国和中国本草药学时期和植物分类学研究时期的发展与应用。研究表明植物科学画在植物科学研究发展过程中发挥了重要作用。     

植物科学画在植物学研究中的意义

本文通过论述植物科学画在我国生物学发展史上所作出的突出贡献和其在植物学专著、发表新分类群中的重要作用,说明了植物科学画在植物学研究中的意义。并将其与摄影技术比较,表明了植物科学画在植物学研究中的重要性和不可取代性,阐明了植物科学画不仅现在是植物学研究中的主要辅助工具,而且将来仍然具有十分重要意义的观点。     

描绘心中的明星植物——植物科学画

<正>艺术是人类表达思想和情感的一种有效形式,而植物科学画师的使命则是描绘出科学家的研究成果。植物科学家与画家冯晋庸和蒋祖德认为:"植物科学画,是既要求有严格的科学性,也要求有强烈的艺术性的一种绘画""它能在方寸之内,集中概括各种植物的全部特征,科学地再现植物的原貌,这是摄影艺术所不能替代的。"具体来说,植物科学绘画就是运用绘画技法,科学、客观、形象且艺术地表达出植物     

2019年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2019年中国植物科学家在国际综合性学术期刊及植物科学主流期刊发表的论文数量大幅增加, 在光生物学、植物抗逆和分子进化等若干领域取得了重要成果。其中, 硅藻光合膜蛋白超分子结构和功能研究入选2019年度中国科学十大进展和中国生命科学十大进展; 植物抗病小体的结构与功能研究入选2019年度中国生命科学十大进展。该文评述了2019年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展, 以期追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的前沿和热点及展示中国科学家所取得的辉煌成果。     

2012年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2012年中国植物科学研究继续快速发展。中国科学家在植物科学多个领域中取得了大量的原创性、高水平研究成果, 包括植物基因组研究、植物天然免疫抗性及其应答环境的信号转导机制以及植物去甲基化作用和DNA双链断裂修复机制研究等, 受到国内外的高度评价。该文对2012年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件, 并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2013年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2013年中国植物科学研究继续快速发展。中国科学家在植物科学多个领域中取得了大量的原创性、高水平研究成果, 包括水稻(Oryza sativa)株型调控的激素信号转导机制、水稻育性的遗传调控机理、重要物种的基因组解析、植物天然免疫分子机制的结构生物学研究以及植物生态与环境生物学等。该文对2013年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件, 并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

拟南芥—植物界的“果蝇”

自 2 0世纪 80年代中期开始 ,没有任何经济价值的植物拟南芥 (Arabidopsis thaliana) ,被广泛用于植物遗传学、发育生物学和分子生物学的研究。近年来 ,植物科学中许多有价值的发现几乎都是以拟南芥为实验材料取得的 ,拟南芥已成为 1种典型的“模式”植物 ,被誉为植物界的“果蝇”。拟南芥之所以受到如此重视是由其自身特点所决定的。现就拟南芥的生物学特性、在植物科学研究中的应用及其基因组计划的进展情况作一简介。1　拟南芥的生物学特性拟南芥属十字花科拟南芥属的 1个种。其植株小、成熟个体高约 30 cm左右 ,形态特征简单。拟南芥的…     

高频率的波动对于种子的萌发和植物的发育的影响

本文主要是以理论和试验来说明音波对植物的生长发育和种子萌发所起的影响。在农业实践上音波所起的作用,据现在所知:有缩短植物成熟期,加速萌芽和增强植物的生长发育等。这一些非但具有理论和实践上的意义,同时在今後把物理科学应用到农业科学中开辟了极广阔的前程。     

植物代谢速率与个体生物量关系研究进展

植物的各项生理生态功能（例如,呼吸、生长和繁殖）都与个体生物量成异速生长关系。West, Brown及Enquist基于分形网络结构理论所提出的WBE模型认为：植物的代谢（呼吸）速率正比于个体生物量的3/4次幂。然而,恒定的“3/4异速生长指数”与实测数据、植物生理生态学等研究之间存在矛盾,引发激烈的争论。论文分析了不同回归方法对代谢指数的影响,重点对植物代谢速率与个体生物量异速生长关系研究进展进行了综述,分析并得出了植物代谢指数在小个体时接近1.0,并随着生物量的增加而系统减小,且其密切依赖于氮含量的调控的结论。据此,提出了进一步深入研究植物代谢速率个体生物量关系需要解决的一些科学问题。     

种子植物受精摆脱水束缚应归因于花粉管的起源吗？——植物学教材质疑(一)

几乎所有中文植物学教材都把花粉管当成是种子植物对受精摆脱水束缚的适应特征,并得出粉管受精使种子植物更适应于陆生生活的结论。但是,某些灭绝的(种子蕨和科得荻植物)和一些现存的(银杏和苏铁)裸子植物行游动受精,需要特别指出的是其受精并不需要液态水。种子蕨和科得荻植物不形成花粉管,银杏和苏铁的花粉管是吸器而无输送精子的功能。其实,正是小孢子在小孢子囊中的原位发育导致植物演化出花粉和传粉,花粉的形成及其传播才使受精真正摆脱了水的限制。澄清花粉管的功能可作为植物学批判性教学的案例,以促进学生们科学精神和科学思维的发展。     

Handwriting: Hand–pen contact force synergies in circle drawing tasks

This study investigated synergistic actions of hand–pen contact forces during circle drawing tasks in three-dimensional (3D) space. Twenty-four right-handed participants drew thirty concentric circles in the counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) directions. Three-dimensional forces acting on an instrumented pen as well as 3D linear and angular positions of the pen were recorded. These contact forces were then transformed into the 3D radial, tangential, and normal force components specific to circle drawing. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis was employed to calculate the magnitude of the hand–pen contact force synergy. Three hypotheses were tested. First, hand–pen contact force synergies during circle drawing are dependent on the angular position of the pen tip. Second, hand–pen contact force synergies are dependent on force components in circle drawing. Third, hand–pen contact force synergies are greater in CCW direction than CW direction. The results showed that the strength of the hand–pen contact force synergy increased during the initial phase of circle drawing and decreased during the final phase. The synergy strength was greater for the radial and tangential components as compared to the normal component. Also, the circle drawing in CW direction was associated with greater hand–pen contact force synergy than the CCW direction. The results of this study suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) prioritizes hand–pen contact force synergies for the force components (i.e., radial and tangential) that are critical for circle drawing. The CNS modulates hand–pen contact force synergies for preparation and conclusion of circle drawing, respectively.     

Drawing from Memory: Hand-Eye Coordination at Multiple Scales

Eyes move to gather visual information for the purpose of guiding behavior. This guidance takes the form of perceptual-motor interactions on short timescales for behaviors like locomotion and hand-eye coordination. More complex behaviors require perceptual-motor interactions on longer timescales mediated by memory, such as navigation, or designing and building artifacts. In the present study, the task of sketching images of natural scenes from memory was used to examine and compare perceptual-motor interactions on shorter and longer timescales. Eye and pen trajectories were found to be coordinated in time on shorter timescales during drawing, and also on longer timescales spanning study and drawing periods. The latter type of coordination was found by developing a purely spatial analysis that yielded measures of similarity between images, eye trajectories, and pen trajectories. These results challenge the notion that coordination only unfolds on short timescales. Rather, the task of drawing from memory evokes perceptual-motor encodings of visual images that preserve coarse-grained spatial information over relatively long timescales as well.     

植物科学绘画中墨线图的绘画方法

墨线图是植物科学绘画中常用的表现形式之一,在植物学研究领域中得到广泛应用,它具有科学性强、真实自然、简洁明快、优美精致和印刷方便等特点,其绘法技法具有一定的特殊性。该文对植物科学绘画中墨线图的绘法作了详细的介绍和阐述。     

Fractal dimensions of pacing and grip force in drawing and handwriting production

We performed a repeated measures experiment to show that the pacing of a cyclic, ballistic drawing task has a fractal dimension. We also estimated the dimensionality of the force used to grip the drawing implement. Finally, we present an analysis of pediatric data to show that grip force has a fractal dimension in an actual handwriting task. In our experiment, subjects drew circles of varying sizes and at varying rates on a digitizing tablet, using a pen instrumented to measure radial force applied to its barrel. Subjects also drew circles in synchrony with a metronome. We found strong evidence for fractal scaling of both drawing period and grip force in the circle-drawing study. The dimensionality ranged from fractal Gaussian noise (fGn) to fractal Brownian motion, with Hurst coefficients clustering around the value for 1/f noise. When the subjects were required to synchronize their drawing with a metronome, the Hurst coefficient for the drawing period decreased, while the coefficient for grip force did not. This result indicates that independent processes control the variations in pacing and grip force. Grip force in the handwriting study also displayed fractal properties, with Hurst coefficients in the range of correlated fGn. We draw parallels between our handwriting measurements and studies of human gait.     

冯澄如与生物绘图

在中国近现代生物学史上,冯澄如开创了中国生物科学绘图,并培养了一批生物科学绘图人才。该文对冯澄如生平和绘图成就予以介绍,对其绘图技法、印刷工艺及创新之处予以总结。     

Un premier schéma de l’inconscient par Charcot dès 1892

The recent discovery of a drawing of the mind sheds new light on Charcot’s contribution to the discovery of the unconscious. This particular drawing, given by his son Jean-Baptiste, was found in Charcot’s personal notes related to a lecture he gave in June 1892 and was kept in the Salpêtrière historical collection of the University Pierre and Marie Curie. Is this drawing an anticipation of Freud’s first topology of the Unconscious? This is the main issue raised. In order to understand its full meaning, we will focus on Charcot’s scientific thoughts, the specific position he held on hypnosis, his studies on the force of the idea and experimental paralysis, his relationships with Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud during the years 1885–1992, and finally, his view on Sigmund Freud that is shared in their correspondences.     

An Evaluation of Exercise Pen Use by Circus Tigers (Pathera tigris tigris)

This study quantified the behavior of 11 tigers during periodic access to an exercise pen throughout the day and night. The study determined the amount of time spent in the pen and the percentage of time spent performing stereotypic pacing, normal locomotor behavior, and lying down while in the pen. Average access to the exercise pen was 10 hr 49 min overnight and 5 hr 30 min during the day. At night, the tigers spent 29.1% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 19.6% and performed normal locomotor behavior for 23.1% of that time. By day, they spent 40.4% of their time in the exercise pen, during which they paced 10.0% and performed normal locomotor behavior 35.7% of that time. The tigers spent the rest of the time in the pen lying down. Overall, tigers will utilize an exercise pen, spending a greater percentage of time in the pen during the day than at night and also performing less stereotyped pacing than at night.     

Review: Factors affecting fouling in conventional pens for slaughter pigs

This review assesses factors affecting fouling in conventional pens for slaughter pigs. Fouling of the pen happens when pigs change their excretory behaviour from occurring in the designated dunging area to the lying area. This can result in a lower hygiene, bad air quality, extra work for the farmer, disturbance of the pigs’ resting behaviour and an increase in agonistic interactions. A systematic search was conducted and results narrowed down to 21 articles. Four factors were found to affect fouling directly: insufficient space allowance, the flooring design of the pen, the thermal climate and pigs’ earlier experience. Further, these primary factors are affected by secondary factors such as the shape of the pen, the weight of the pigs and especially the heat balance of the pigs, which is affected by several tertiary factors including, for example, temperature, humidity and draught. Results indicate that the most important factor to control when trying to prevent fouling of a pen is the pen climate. An appropriate climate may be accomplished through floor cooling in the designated lying area, sprinklers above the designated dunging area and by ensuring a more optimal ambient temperature curve that also fits the weight of the pigs in different stages of the production. All in all, fouling of the pen in conventional slaughter pigs is a multifactorial problem, but it is important to focus on increasing the comfortability, and especially the climate, of the designated lying area.     

The forces behind the words: development of the kinetic pen

This paper describes the creation of a Kinetic Pen capable of measuring the six-component force and torque that each of four individual contacts applies to the pen during writing. This was done by staggering the mounting of the four sensors along the long axis of the pen and having an extended arm run from the sensor to the grip site, preventing a clustering of the sensors where the digit tips meet while grasping. The implications of this tool allow handwriting studies to be expanded from two-dimensional pen-tip kinematics to three-dimensional dynamics at each contact point between the hand and pen.