描绘心中的明星植物——植物科学画

<正>艺术是人类表达思想和情感的一种有效形式,而植物科学画师的使命则是描绘出科学家的研究成果。植物科学家与画家冯晋庸和蒋祖德认为:"植物科学画,是既要求有严格的科学性,也要求有强烈的艺术性的一种绘画""它能在方寸之内,集中概括各种植物的全部特征,科学地再现植物的原貌,这是摄影艺术所不能替代的。"具体来说,植物科学绘画就是运用绘画技法,科学、客观、形象且艺术地表达出植物     

中国植物科学画小史

植物科学绘画的形成和发展有着曲折而漫长的历史, 它与植物科学的研究和发展密切相关。植物科学绘画区别于其他艺术类绘画的显著特征是其绘画技法和作品应用。因此, 认识植物绘画历史的形成和发展问题, 在很大程度上取决于对植物科学绘画的绘画技法和作品应用的研究。本文综述了中国植物科学绘画的形成和发展中的主要人物及相关作品, 将其分为3个时期: 古代时期(本草研究时期)、近代时期(引进西方植物学时期)和现代时期(现代植物学时期)。同时, 简要阐述了各个时期的代表作品和主要研究特点。     

植物科学绘画中墨线图的绘画方法

墨线图是植物科学绘画中常用的表现形式之一,在植物学研究领域中得到广泛应用,它具有科学性强、真实自然、简洁明快、优美精致和印刷方便等特点,其绘法技法具有一定的特殊性。该文对植物科学绘画中墨线图的绘法作了详细的介绍和阐述。     

植物科学画在植物学研究中的意义

本文通过论述植物科学画在我国生物学发展史上所作出的突出贡献和其在植物学专著、发表新分类群中的重要作用,说明了植物科学画在植物学研究中的意义。并将其与摄影技术比较,表明了植物科学画在植物学研究中的重要性和不可取代性,阐明了植物科学画不仅现在是植物学研究中的主要辅助工具,而且将来仍然具有十分重要意义的观点。     

Drawing method of the black line chart in botanical scientific illustration

墨线图是植物科学绘画中常用的表现形式之一,在植物学研究领域中得到广泛应用,它具有科学性强、真实自然、简洁明快、优美精致和印刷方便等特点,其绘法技法具有一定的特殊性.该文对植物科学绘画中墨线图的绘法作了详细的介绍和阐述.     

胡先骕的《任公豆歌》——简介冯澄如绘画《任公豆图》

详细研究了冯澄如创作的一幅彩色植物绘画。结果表明其中的植物是豆科植物任公豆（即任豆）Zenia insignis Chun。1946年陈焕镛为纪念著名学者任鸿隽而以其名字命名建立了任公豆（即任豆）属,并由冯澄如进行彩色绘画,胡先骕为赞颂此事在画中赋诗《任公豆歌》。介绍了与此画相关的我国近代植物分类学的奠基人胡先骕、陈焕镛,我国近代植物科学绘画的奠基人冯澄如,以及我国近代科学的奠基人之一任鸿隽四人在植物科学发展工作中的履历。这幅《任公豆图》生动地表现出了四位科学工作者的友好情谊和杰出贡献。     

植物的分子生物学研究进展

分子生物学是现代发展起来的一门新兴科学,其以微生物为研究对象,相比较而言,对于木本植物的研究发展则比较慢。近年来在木本植物的育种培育上逐渐运用上则取得了实质性的突破。此外,科研实践表明转基因的木本植物不仅能够提高植物自身的抗性,还对抵抗环境污染加速世代交替等方面效果显著。尤为重要的是,随着木本植物转基因技术的应用,植物在维持生态平衡也发挥着不可估量的作用。以此我们可以来研究当前分子标记技术木本植物科学研究的进展,对分子生物学研究中出现的问题来进行讨论,为科学研究提供参考。     

单克隆抗体在植物研究中的应用

单克隆抗体是现代生命科学研究的重要工具。随着分子生物学的发展,单克隆抗体在植物研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文综述了单克隆抗体在蛋白表达、蛋白定位、蛋白相互作用、植物成分的定性与定量、植物成分纯化、植物病害检测、标签抗体等方面研究中的应用。     

生物科学画探讨

生物科学画在生物科学领域里是十分重要的,尤其在分类学、形态学、生态学、解剖学和胚胎学诸学科方面。它是对生物科学观察的客观纪实,是深化了的文字描述。具有精确、简练、具体和形象化的特点,能使读者一目了然,加深理解和记忆。纵观生物科学书籍无一不是汇集了大量的生物插图。生物科学画不同于一般的绘画艺术,它必须具有严谨的科学性及完美的绘画技法,两者缺一不可。生物科学画就是使用绘画的技法和技巧,以严谨的科学态度客观地、形象地表达研究生命科学为内容的图画。是以逻辑思维和形象思维的方式,通过线条或者色彩准确无误的反映出观察、研究的结果。是借助形体的反映以阐明生物科学的内涵。显然,生物标本画的造型的优美,必须是在真实、     

2010年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2010年中国植物科学研究继续快速发展。中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的具有原创意义的研究成果,尤其是在水稻产量决定的遗传机制和作物基因组研究方面获得了一系列突破,农业生态学研究等方面也取得了重大进展,获得国内外的高度评价。该文对2010年中国本土植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述,旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件,并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

One hundred years of botanical research and scholarly publishing at The New York Botanical Garden. An introduction to the historical issue of Brittonia

An overview of the articles presented in this special historical issue ofBrittonia is given, followed by a synopsis of the general trends in the development of The New York Botanical Garden’s scientific program preliminary to a definitive account of same. Finally, a profile of the NYBG Scientific Publications program, celebrating 100 years in 1996, gives an indication of the breadth and depth of the institution’s historical and ongoing mission to disseminate information about plants and their usefulness to people.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Lloyd Kenyon, Viburnum
Kenneth Cox (ed.), Frank Kingdon Ward's Riddle of the Tsangpo Gorges
Graham Duncan, Grow Nerines
H. Walter Lack, Garden Eden. Masterpieces of Botanical Illustration     

植物园发展的动向

对国内外植物园近十余年来发展的动向进行评述,列举了近年来一系列重要的植物园国际会议与重大活动,指出当前国际植物园工作的中心任务首先是物种保护。总结和分析我国植物园发展的历史和现状、存在问题以及在园貌建设上与国际先进植物园的差距。这些差距主要表现在：（１）植物的收集量;（２）活植物数据的积累;（３）罕见植物的引种;（４）现代技术的应用。作者最后提出,我国植物园发展应把握的几个主要问题是：（１）既是多功能全方位发展,又应各具特色;（２）生物多样性是植物园永恒的主题;（３）植物园应着重物种迁地保护的研究和实践;（４）植物园应重视栽培和利用植物并着重以药用植物为对象。     

Scientific Wealth in Middle East and North Africa: Productivity,Indigeneity, and Specialty in 1981–2013

Several developing countries seek to build knowledge-based economies by attempting to expand scientific research capabilities. Characterizing the state and direction of progress in this arena is challenging but important. Here, we employ three metrics: a classical metric of productivity (publications per person), an adapted metric which we denote as Revealed Scientific Advantage (developed from work used to compare publications in scientific fields among countries) to characterize disciplinary specialty, and a new metric, scientific indigeneity (defined as the ratio of publications with domestic corresponding authors) to characterize the locus of scientific activity that also serves as a partial proxy for local absorptive capacity. These metrics—using population and publications data that are available for most countries–allow the characterization of some key features of national scientific enterprise. The trends in productivity and indigeneity when compared across other countries and regions can serve as indicators of strength or fragility in the national research ecosystems, and the trends in specialty can allow regional policy makers to assess the extent to which the areas of focus of research align (or not align) with regional priorities. We apply the metrics to study the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)—a region where science and technology capacity will play a key role in national economic diversification. We analyze 9.8 million publication records between 1981–2013 in 17 countries of MENA from Morocco to Iraq and compare it to selected countries throughout the world. The results show that international collaborators increasingly drove the scientific activity in MENA. The median indigeneity reached 52% in 2013 (indicating that almost half of the corresponding authors were located in foreign countries). Additionally, the regional disciplinary focus in chemical and petroleum engineering is waning with modest growth in the life sciences. We find repeated patterns of stagnation and contraction of scientific activity for several MENA countries contributing to a widening productivity gap on an international comparative yardstick. The results prompt questions about the strength of the developing scientific enterprise and highlight the need for consistent long-term policy for effectively addressing regional challenges with domestic research.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Ornamental Grasses. Rogcr Grounds. viii + 232 pp., 20 colour plates, 35 figures.
Meconopsis. James L. S. Cobb. 125 pp., 20 colour plates, 27 text figures
Campanulas. Peter Lewis and Margarct Lynch
The Art of Botanical Illustration. Lys de Bray     

军队医院科研创新存在的问题及对策分析

科学技术是第一生产力,科技的进步是医学不断发展的基础。随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的不断推进,医院科研管理的作 用越来越突出。近年来,军队医院的科研实力和水平面临着巨大的挑战。因此,建立完善的科研机制,实施科研创新战略是推动卫 生事业改革与发展的动力。科研创新是指在立项、论证、研究方法、数据处理等科研活动中所表现出的与前人不同的思维方式和 行为方式。科研活动本身是以现有的现象、认知和习惯为基础的活动,凭借知识和经验预测科研可能达到的科学目的。在不同层 次对人们熟悉的思维方式高度抽象或转换,是科研创新的主要特征。本研究分析现阶段军队医院科研管理存在的问题,探讨科研 创新的必要性,强调医院科研管理应贯彻系统化思想,建立多元化科研模式。     

Unconventional allies: interdisciplinary approaches to science policy and funding

Scientific research is an often misunderstood, undervalued and yet essential activity. Many nonscientists think that research is quick and easy, and that science is a compilation of established facts rather than rigorous conclusions based on available evidence. In addition, many nonscientists, and perhaps many scientists as well, forget that our social and financial investment is small relative to the massive and expensive problems that we all want scientific research to solve. Using biomedical research in the United States as an example, I will argue that countering this underinvestment in science will require broadening perspectives in the scientific community as well as coupling expanded individual advocacy and education efforts to an interdisciplinary advocacy approach. This approach is in many ways analogous to the unique solutions that emerge when scientists working in different disciplines leave their intellectual silos and work together.     

研究型军队总医院科研建设的实践与思考

医院的发展模式随着内外环境的变化而从粗放型向集约型过渡,科研水平的提高将对医院全面建设起到良好的支撑引领作用。立足研究型军队总医院建设需求,从科研管理体系、平台构建、品牌打造、技术创新和人才储备建设等方面进行了初步探讨。     

Seeing Is Believing

Seeing Is Believing: 700 Years of Scientific and Medical Illustration. New York Public Library, New York, October 1999–February 19,2000.     

The role of botanical gardens in scientific research,conservation, and citizen science

Plant diversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, resulting in an associated decrease in ecosystem services. About a third of the world's vascular plant species face the threat of extinction due to a variety of devastating activities, including, over-harvesting and over exploitation, destructive agricultural and forestry practices, urbanization, environmental pollution, land-use changes, exotic invasive species, global climate change, and more. We therefore need to increase our efforts to develop integrative conservation approaches for plant species conservation. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation of plants, as well as making the world's plant species diversity known to the public. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and providing well-being. In this minireview, a framework for the integrated missions of botanical gardens, including scientific research, in/ex situ conservation, plant resource utilization, and citizen science are cataloged. By reviewing the history of the development of Kunming Botanical Garden, we illustrate successful species conservation approaches (among others, projects involving Camellia, Rhododendron, Magnolia, Begonia, Allium, Nepenthes, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and Plant Species with Extreme Small Populations), as well as citizen science, and scientific research at Kunming Botanical Garden over the past 80 years. We emphasize that Kunming Botanical Garden focuses largely on the ex situ conservation of plants from Southwest China, especially those endangered, endemic, and economically important plant species native to the Yunnan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains. We also discuss the future challenges and responsibilities of botanical gardens in a changing world, including:the negative effects of outbreeding and/or inbreeding depression; promoting awareness, study, and conservation of plant species diversity; accelerating global access to information about plant diversity; increasing capacity building and training activities. We hope this minireview can promote understanding of the role of botanical gardens.