高粱种质资源抗蚜性评价

利用苗期室内鉴定和成株期田间自然感蚜鉴定相结合的方法对292份高粱育种材料进行麦二叉蚜和高粱蚜的抗性鉴定,旨在为高粱抗蚜品种的聚合育种及品种抗蚜性改良提供精准抗源。抗性鉴定结果显示,PB14648-6、PI550607、Tx2737的抗性比较稳定,在苗期和成株期均对麦二叉蚜表现出一定的抗性;3765白B、L27(粉)、R1027、冀蚜2号在苗期和成株期均表现抗高粱蚜;仅在成株期鉴定中筛选到河北糯R、青稞洋、Tx2737同时对高粱蚜和麦二叉蚜有较好抗性,也仅达到抗(R)级水平。从统计结果来看,苗期接种麦二叉蚜14 d抗性呈极显著差异;而接种高粱蚜7 d抗性呈显著差异,接蚜后10 d、14 d抗性呈极显著差异。接蚜14 d后,高感材料出现死亡、干枯现象,抗感性易于鉴别,因此,接蚜后14 d是进行苗期抗、感性分析的最佳调查时期;在高粱成株期抗蚜鉴定中,全生育期平均蚜量与盛发期平均蚜量有较高正相关关系(麦二叉蚜相关系数为0.844,高粱蚜为0.954),盛发期蚜量能够较好的代表供试材料的田间抗性,可以用于高粱抗蚜鉴定复筛试验。     

麦蚜在不同抗级小麦上刺吸行为的比较

应用EPG(E1ectrical Penetration Graph)技术记录了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae F.及禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi L.在不同抗性级别的小麦品种(红芒红、小白冬麦、kok1679和L₁)上的取食行为。结果表明,麦蚜在参试品种上刺吸的各种特征波型基本相同,但其出现时间、重复出现的次数及历期长短存在差异,其中自开始记录至第一次出现E₁：波的时间及E₂。波历期比率可做为参试品种是否抗蚜的主要生理性指标。依据主要波型统计参数用聚类分析方法对参试品种抗蚜性进行分类,其结果与室内生命表参数研究及田间鉴定结果基本一致。本文还对EPG在抗性因子定位、抗蚜鉴定中作用及EPG记录的影响因素略作讨论。     

两种麦蚜取食诱导小麦抗性品种后对后来取食蚜生物学特性的影响

刺吸式昆虫在刺吸作物韧皮部取食后会影响作物的正常生长发育,随着作物抗性及昆虫种类的不同,作物反过来也会对昆虫造成或正或反的影响,然而一种刺吸式昆虫取食后对后来者有什么样的影响目前尚不确定。本研究通过严谨的实验方法,即选定3个不同国家的小麦抗性品种98-10-30、Amigo和Batis,在所有条件严格统一的人工智能控制温室内,通过各处理在同一植株上先后不同的接蚜方式,分别测定了麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fab.在前期被蚜虫危害的抗虫品种98-10-30、Amigo和Batis上的发育历期、体重差及相对日均体重增长率(mean relative growth rate MRGR)等生物学参数。结果表明：品种不同,蚜虫在不同处理条件下取食作物时受到的影响也不同,即在品种98-10-30上,通过与前期不接虫的对照及前期接不同麦蚜的相关处理比较,麦长管蚜对后期取食的麦二叉蚜(MRGR=0.0974±0.0071)具有抑制作用,而麦二叉蚜对后期取食的麦长管蚜(MRGR=0.1614±0.0048)却有促进作用;在品种Amigo上,前期麦蚜的危害对麦长管蚜的取食具有促进作用,而在品种Batis上前期危害对麦二叉蚜的取食具有促进作用。同时明确了3个品种对两种蚜虫的抗性状况,即在前期无蚜虫危害时,品种98-10-30和Batis对两种麦蚜的抗性相当;在前期有麦蚜危害时,品种98-10-30对麦二叉蚜的抗性较好,而品种Batis对麦长管蚜的抗性较好;品种Amigo无论在任何处理下均对麦二叉蚜的抗性较好。     

高粱抗蚜研究进展

高粱(Sorghum bicolour)是世界上最重要的粮食、饲料、酿造和能源作物之一, 也是C₄植物研究的模式植物。蚜虫是农业生产上的重要害虫, 几乎危害所有的栽培作物。危害高粱的蚜虫主要包括高粱蚜(Melanaphis sacchari)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)和玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)。高粱的抗蚜资源尚不丰富且缺乏深入系统的研究。目前研究较多的是麦二叉蚜的抗性遗传方面, 已定位20个抗性QTLs, 单一QTL对抗性差异贡献率最高可达80.3%, 对高粱蚜和玉米蚜的研究尚需进一步加强。高粱的理化特性与其抗蚜性能相关, 故可与育种实践相结合。高粱和蚜虫(Acyrthosiphon pisum)的全基因组测序工作已经完成, 这将有助于蚜虫-植物间的相互作用关系及植物对蚜虫的抗性机制研究。目前已克隆到2个抗蚜基因, 且多个抗蚜基因(位点)已被定位在染色体上。该文重点综述了上述研究成果并对高粱抗蚜的研究前景进行了展望。     

小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性的模糊综合决策

应用50个小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性鉴定指标值进行模糊统计回归分析,提出了品种自然感蚜量、蚜虫在品种上的累积存活率、平均发育历期、产仔率、内禀增长率(r_m)及品种耐害性等抗性指标的模糊隶属函数,建立了品种抗性的模糊综合决策模型。对10个品种的抗蚜性综合决策结果表明,陕167的综合抗蚜性最强,83(37)65、(87)113、82246次之,小偃6号最差。同时,综合型决策模型的决策结果最优,精度高,保留较多信息。     

我国小麦抗蚜机理研究进展

小麦蚜虫是我国重要的害虫类群,应用麦类作物品种抗虫性能有效减少化学杀虫剂的使用,减少天敌杀伤,保护农田生态环境。本文从经典的抗蚜三机制,物理抗性、化学抗性、诱导抗性,蚜虫地理种群(或生物型)与抗蚜性的关系,抗性遗传,抗蚜小麦品种和非寄主抗性的合理应用等方面综述了我国小麦抗蚜机理的研究成果,提出了研究的重点方向。     

高CO2浓度、干旱及其互作对不同持绿型小麦幼苗的影响

以小麦持绿型品种‘烟农19'和非持绿型品种‘旱选3号'为试材,在开放式气室(OTC)内设置正常CO₂浓度(370 μmol·mol^-1)和高CO₂浓度(550 μmol·mol^-1),干旱(田间持水量的45%～55%)和灌溉(田间持水量的75%～85%),共4个环境处理,采用盆栽法研究高CO₂浓度、干旱及其互作对不同持绿型小麦幼苗生长性状、生物量积累和生理性状的影响。结果表明: 干旱显著抑制了小麦幼苗的生长发育;高CO₂浓度对小麦幼苗的生长发育有明显的促进作用,对分蘖数的影响更显著,干旱条件下高CO₂浓度使旱选3号和烟农19的分蘖数分别增加了61.0%和42.3%。两种水分条件下,高CO₂浓度显著增加了小麦幼苗的生物量,降低了幼苗叶片过氧化物酶和脯氨酸的含量。干旱条件下,高CO₂浓度表现出更好的“肥效作用”。此外,不同持绿型小麦品种对高CO₂浓度的响应存在差异,旱选3号对CO₂的响应更敏感。因此,在未来气候变化背景下,CO₂浓度升高时可以适当减少田间灌水量,合理利用水资源,还需注意选择适宜的品种。     

主要抗蚜小麦品种(系)的抗性类型及其生化抗性机制

通过对10个抗麦蚜品种(系)室内苗期生命参数、抗性类型和抗蚜次生物质的研究,明确了不同抗性级别的品种对麦蚜种群控制力及部分生化抗蚜机制。实验结果表明,参试的抗蚜品种(系)中30%左右为不选择性：表现为爬行频繁,定殖率低,但是定殖个体生长发育良好;70%为抗生性;表现为使麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)和禾谷缢管蚜只Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)的发育历期分别延长2.1%～28.2%和3.7%～13.9%,若蚜死亡率增加1.0～3.6倍和1.0～2.25倍,平均寿命缩短10.2%～96.5%和37.5～97,1%,繁殖力下降3.4%～72.8%和25%～97.2%。苗期生化测定结果表明：不同抗源的单宁和总酚含量明显高于感蚜品种,其总酚含量与抗麦长管蚜级别呈显著负相关,以抗生性为主的品种其总酚含量亦与麦长管蚜的内禀增长力(r_m)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明总酚是小麦抗长管蚜的关键因子之一,而与禾谷缢管蚜抗性水平无关;单宁含量与麦蚜抗性关系不密切。     

水分和氮源类型对小麦根际土壤酶活性和氮素利用效率的影响

本研究以‘郑麦366'(强筋)和‘百农207'(中筋)两个小麦品种为试验材料,分别在全生育期不灌水(W₁)和拔节+抽穗灌两水(W₂)条件下,研究了氯化铵(NT₁)、硝酸钙(NT₂)、尿素(NT₃)和硝酸铵钙(NT₄)4种氮源类型对小麦土壤供氮能力、产量和氮素利用效率的影响,以期为小麦高产高效生产提供理论和技术支撑。结果表明: 1)随着土层深度的增加,开花期土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈下降趋势。在W₂条件下,0～60 cm土层铵态氮、硝态氮含量,根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均低于相应W₁条件下,其中强筋小麦郑麦366平均分别下降10.0%、13.3%、7.5%、2.8%和3.9%。2)两个小麦品种0～60 cm土层铵态氮含量均表现为在NT₁和NT₃处理下显著高于其他处理;而硝态氮含量则在NT₂和NT₃处理下显著高于其他处理。与NT₁和NT₂处理相比,NT₃和NT₄提高了灌浆中、后期土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。3)两个小麦品种在NT₃和NT₄处理下籽粒产量和氮素利用效率较高;其中在W₂条件下,郑麦366在NT₃和NT₄处理下的产量较NT₁处理分别增加14.9%和20.7%,NUE分别增加25.6%和13.9%。4)相关分析结果表明, 0～20 cm土壤硝态氮含量、20～40 cm土壤铵态氮含量分别与小麦产量、氮素利用效率呈显著正相关。两种水分条件下,施用尿素和硝酸铵钙均提高了灌浆中、后期根际土壤酶活性,有利于籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的提高。     

影响两种麦蚜成蚜有翅率的因子分析

对影响 2种麦蚜有翅率的因子分析表明 ,供试的 3种小麦品种 (系 )麦长管蚜成蚜有翅率间F值为 0 .31 82 ,F 相似文献   

Biotypic diversity in greenbug (Hemiptera: Aphididae): characterizing new virulence and host associations

Biotypic diversity of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), was assessed among populations collected from cultivated wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, and their associated noncultivated grass hosts. Greenbugs were collected during May through August 2002 from 30 counties of Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. Discounting the presumptive biotype A, five of the remaining nine letter-designated greenbug biotypes were collected; however, biotypes C, F, J, and K were not detected. Biotypes E and I exhibited the greatest host range and were the only biotypes collected in all four states. Sixteen greenbug clones, collected from eight plant species, exhibited unique biotype profiles. Eleven were collected from noncultivated grasses, three from wheat, and two from sorghum. The most virulent biotypes were collected from noncultivated hosts. The great degree of biotypic diversity among noncultivated grasses supports the contention that the greenbug species complex is composed of host-adapted races that diverged on grass species independently of, and well before, the advent of modern agriculture.     

Morphometric variation within apterous females ofSchizaphis graminum biotypes

The occurrence of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani ), biotypes is a constant threat to the development and stability of pest-resistant cereal crop varieties. Of the five biotypes (A, B, C, D, E) reported, only biotype B can be differentiated in life from the others by the physical characteristics of color. The other biotypes are differentiated on the basis of their ability to kill certain hosts or to withstand selected insecticides. The purpose of this research was to differentiate biotypes of apterous viviparous female greenbugs by multivariate techniques. Appendages from individuals of biotypes B, C, and E were measured. Some of the characters including the length of first and fourth flagellar segments, profemur, mesofemur, mesotibia, metafemur and metatibia differentiated the biotypes in multiple comparisons in univariate analyses. Using discriminant functions based on within-group covariance matrices, all greenbugs were classified into their correct group. The shortest Mahalanobis distance was between biotypes B and C. This suggests that biotype B is more closely related to biotype C than it is to biotype E. The coefficients of variation in the body measurements of biotype E were higher as compared to those of the other biotypes, indicating that a new biotype may evolve from biotype E in the future.     

Using high-throughput amplified fragment length polymorphism to distinguish sorghum greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes

Abstract 1 The greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) is a serious pest of Sorghum bicolor L. and small grains in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. Use of resistant cultivars, the major greenbug management strategy, has been challenged by the rapid development of new greenbug biotypes that overcome plant resistance. 2 We used a high‐throughput amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting method to examine genetic divergence among eight greenbug biotypes (B, C, E, G, I and K, New York and South Carolina). Clustering analysis based on 1775 scored AFLP markers clearly showed that biotypes (C, E, I and K), which are able to infest sorghum fields, share more common polymorphisms among themselves than with other biotypes. 3 This result suggests that common genetic factors exist among these biotypes, enabling them to predominate and thrive in monoculture crops. Our study demonstrated the sensitivity of AFLP in obtaining large quantities of biotype‐associated polymorphic information across the entire greenbug genome.     

Resistant Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase is a Mechanism of Herbicide Resistance in a Biotype of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana

A biotype of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana is highly resistantto a range of herbicides which inhibit a key enzyme in fattyacid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Possible mechanismsof herbicide resistance were investigated in this biotype. Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase from the resistant biotype is less sensitive toinhibition by herbicides to which resistance is expressed. I₅₀values for herbicide inhibition of ACCase were 52 to 6 timesgreater in the resistant biotype than in the susceptible biotype.This was the only major difference found between the resistantand susceptible biotypes. The amount of ACCase in the meristemsof the resistant and susceptible is similar during ontogenyand no difference was found in distribution of ACCase betweenthe two biotypes. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of [¹⁴C]diclofop-methylwere not different between the two biotypes. In vivo, ACCaseactivity in the meristems of the susceptible biotype was greatlyinhibited by herbicide application whereas only 25% inhibitionoccurred in the resistant biotype. Depolarisation of plasmamembrane potential by 50 µM diclofop acid was observedin both biotypes and neither biotype showed recovery of themembrane potential following removal of the herbicide. Hence,a modified form of ACCase appears to be the major determinantof resistance in this resistant wild oat biotype. (Received February 10, 1994; Accepted March 11, 1994)     

Triazine Resistance in Senecio vulgaris Parental and Nearly Isonuclear Backcrossed Biotypes Is Correlated with Reduced Productivity

Isonuclear triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris L. biotypes were developed by making reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant biotypes to obtain F₁ hybrids and backcrossing the hybrids to the appropriate pollen parent. The electrophoretic isozyme patterns of the enzyme aconitase obtained from leaf extracts of triazine-susceptible parental (S) and backcrossed (S×R_BC6) biotypes, and triazine-resistant parental (R) and backcrossed (R×S_BC6) biotypes verified that the biotypes had the expected nuclear genomes. Atrazine inhibition of chloroplast whole chain electron transport from water to methyl viologen was measured to verify susceptibility or resistance to triazine herbicides. The photosynthetic rate and biomass accumulation of greenhouse grown susceptible and resistant S. vulgaris biotypes were measured 28, 35, 42, 50, 57, and 64 days after planting to determine the effect of altered chloroplast function. S and S×R_BC6 biotypes had CO₂ assimilation rates of 16.2 and 16.6 micromoles CO₂ per square meter per second, respectively, and I₅₀ values (herbicide concentration producing 50% inhibition) of about 0.49 micromolar atrazine. The corresponding values for the R and R×S_BC6 biotypes were 14.7 and 14.6 micromoles CO₂ per square meter per second with I₅₀ values of 65.0 micromolar atrazine. The S biotype was larger and more productive than the R biotype at all harvests. At the harvest 57 days after planting, mean shoot dry weight was 33.2 and 8.7 grams for the S and R biotypes, respectively. The growth effect associated with chloroplast differences was shown in comparisons of the S biotype with the R×S_BC6 biotype and of the S×R_BC6 biotype with the R biotype. The R×S_BC6 biotype had 72% of the shoot dry weight of the S biotype while the R biotype had 55% of the shoot dry weight of the S×R_BC6 biotype. The R×S_BC6 and R biotypes produced about 73 and 62% of the leaf area of the S and S×R_BC6 biotypes, respectively. Relative growth rate was similar in biotypes with the same nuclear genome; however, instantaneous unit leaf rate was higher in the S compared to the R×S_BC6 biotype and in the S×R_BC6 compared to the R biotype. At 57 days after planting, the cumulative leaf area duration (i.e. photosynthetic opportunity) of the R×S_BC6 and R biotypes was 86 and 66% of that of the S and S×R_BC6 biotypes, respectively. Our data indicate that impaired chloroplast function in triazine resistant S. vulgaris biotypes limits growth and productivity at the whole plant level.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequences of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotypes

Sequence comparisons were made for 738-bp of mtDNA cloned from seven greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, biotypes (B, C, E, F, G, H and I) obtained from laboratory colonies maintained by USDA-ARS, Stillwater, OK. These sequences include parts of the genes for 16S ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA), tRNA^leu, tRNA^ser, cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits one and four. Sequence data revealed considerable variation in 86 (12%) nucleotide sites over the 738-bp sequenced among the seven greenbug biotypes. Nucleotide invariance was observed within the seven greenbug biotypes from both the laboratory colonies and field collected biotype E greenbugs from Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas.     

Categories of resistance to greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) biotype K in wheat lines containing Aegilops tauschii genes

The wheat lines (cultivars) 'Largo', 'TAM110', 'KS89WGRC4', and 'KSU97-85-3' conferring resistance to greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotypes E, I, and K were evaluated to determine the categories of resistance in each line to greenbug biotype K. Our results indicated that Largo, TAM110, KS89WGRC4, and KSU97-85-3 expressed both antibiosis and tolerance to biotype K. Largo, KS89WGRC4, and KSU97-85-3, which express antixenosis to biotype I, did not demonstrate antixenosis to biotype K. The results indicate that the same wheat lines may possess different categories of resistance to different greenbug biotypes. A new cage procedure for measuring greenbug intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) was developed, by using both drinking straw and petri dish cages, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of r(m)-based antibiosis measurements.     

An AFLP marker that differentiates biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae, Wood-Mason) is sex-linked and also linked to avirulence

In an attempt to identify a specific marker for biotype 2 of the Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae, Wood-Mason), we used AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) fingerprinting. We identified an AFLP marker that is specifically amplified in biotypes 1, 2 and 5 of the rice gall midge, but not in biotype 4. Biotypes 1, 2 and 5 are avirulent to hosts bearing the Gm2 resistance gene (found in rice variety Phalguna), whereas biotype 4 is virulent to Gm2. Based on the sequence of this AFLP marker, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) primers were designed and used in combination with previously developed SCAR primers to distinguish effectively all five biotypes in a multiplex PCR-based assay. The inheritance pattern of this marker in the progenies of inter-biotype crosses between biotypes 1, 2 and 4 shows that the marker can be amplified by PCR from all F₁ females, irrespective of the biotype status of their parents. However, the marker is present only in those male progenies whose mother was of a Gm2 avirulent biotype. The specific amplification of this marker in the avirulent biotypes and its pattern of inheritance show that avirulence with respect to carriers of the Gm2 gene in rice gall midge is sex-linked. Received: 16 August 1999 / Accepted: 27 December 1999     

Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Biotypes of the Weed Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) Resistant and Susceptible to the Herbicide Chlorotoluron

Response of two biotypes of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroidesHuds.) to the herbicide, chlorotoluron, was characterized inglasshouse and laboratory studies. ED₅₀values, defined as theamount (kg active ingredient ha^-1) of chlorotoluron requiredto reduce fresh mass by 50% under standard conditions, weredetermined for a resistant biotype (39.3 kg a.i. ha^-1) collectedfrom Peldon, Essex, UK and a susceptible biotype (0.93 kg a.i.ha^-1) obtained commercially, giving a resistance factor of 42.The resistance factor was calculated as the ratio of ED₅₀valuesand describes the increase in amount of herbicide needed toreduce fresh mass by 50% in the resistant, compared to the susceptible,biotype. Resistance was further characterized by measurementsof whole plant growth and photosynthesis. Relative growth rate,number of tillers, leaf area and mean fresh mass were the samein untreated plants of both biotypes, and rates of photosynthesisat both high and low photon flux were similar, with no differencein apparent quantum yield. Photosynthesis by whole plants wasstudied over a 24 h period following chlorotoluron treatment.Resistant plants showed no reduction in photosynthesis overthis period, whereas photosynthesis by susceptible plants ceased10 h after treatment and did not recover. Alopecurus myosuroides ; black-grass; herbicide resistance; chlorotoluron     

Host preference and suitability of some selected crops for two biotypes of Bemisia tabaci in Ghana

The economic importance of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is mainly due to its wide host range, variable kinds of damage, and great intraspecific variation. The delineation of two African biotypes of this pest has been carried by molecular, ecological, and host‐affiliation approaches, with largely consistent results. However, an understanding of its intricate host–pest interaction is necessary as a basis of its sustainable integrated control. This study investigated the host preference and suitability of cassava and okra biotypes of B. tabaci, based on multiple‐choice landing and oviposition preference assays and stage‐specific survival on eight common whitefly hosts. The cassava biotype significantly preferred cassava, Manihot esculenta, for landing and oviposition, but did not oviposit on okra, Abelmoschus esculentus. The okra biotype preferred okra, oviposited on eggplant, Solanum melongena, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, garden egg, Solanum integrifolium, and cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, but did not oviposit on cassava. The okra biotype developed on all hosts except cassava, but only survived marginally on cabbage, Brassica oleracea, and pepper, Capsicum annum var. grosum, while the cassava biotype did not develop on okra, cabbage, or pepper. Thus the observed host acceptance of the two biotypes is wider than earlier reported by host transfer experiments and molecular genetic surveys. Mortality was highest in the first instar nymphal stage, during which total mortality occurred on non‐hosts. Development time was slightly longer on marginal hosts than on the preferred hosts. Cowpea, garden egg, and tomato are additional common hosts of the two biotypes, whose role as reservoir hosts and biotype interbreeding grounds should be investigated further.